Plumbing Bank 1 PDF

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CushyCaricature9777

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Mindanao State University – General Santos

ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO

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Plumbing Piping Pipe Engineering

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This document is a collection of plumbing questions and answers, covering topics such as nominal pipe size, schedule numbers, OD and wall thickness, and more. It appears to be a set of practice questions, rather than a past paper.

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PLUMBING BANK 1 1. It specifies nominal pipe size and schedule number. a. Pipe c. Schedule b. Tube d. diameter nominel 2. It specifies OD and wall thickness. a. Pipe c. Schedule b. Tube...

PLUMBING BANK 1 1. It specifies nominal pipe size and schedule number. a. Pipe c. Schedule b. Tube d. diameter nominel 2. It specifies OD and wall thickness. a. Pipe c. Schedule b. Tube d. diameter nominel 3. It specifies wall thickness. a. Pipe c. Schedule b. Tube d. diameter nominel 4. It identify pipes in metric equivalent. a. Pipe c. Schedule b. Tube d. diameter nominel 5. It defines tubes are often more expensive to produce than pipes. a. nominal bore c. NPS b. tolerances d. diameter nominel 6. It is the specific ration of the average specified outside diameter to the minimum wall thickness for outside controlled diameter plastic pipe. a. tolerances b. proportional pipe c. SDR d. nominal bore 7. It refers to STD (Standard) of a pipe. a. schedule 10 b. schedule 40 c. schedule 80 d. schedule 160 8. It refers to XS (Extra Strong) of a pipe. a. schedule 10 ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 1 b. schedule 40 c. schedule 80 d. schedule 160 9. It refers to XXS (Double Extra Strong) of a pipe. a. schedule 10 b. schedule 40 c. schedule 80 d. schedule 160 10. The combination of fittings that may be used to make an offset and is considered a vertical pipe are ______. a. 1 - 90⁰ & 1 - 45⁰ b. 2 - 90⁰ & 1 - 45⁰ c. 1 - 45⁰ & 1 - 60⁰ d. 1 - 45⁰ & 1 - 45⁰ 11. A mixing valve that senses outlet temperature and compensates for fluctuation in incoming hot or cold water temperature is a ______. a. thermostatic (temp. control) valve b. combination thermostatic/pressure-balancing valve c. pressure balancing valve d. none of the above 12. The rest room facilities in a private day care center are classified as public use. a. True b. False 13. The discharge from clinical sinks and conveyed to the building drain is defined as a waste pipe. a. True b. False 14. The combination building sewer is (a) ____. a. combination of all sewer and drainage piping from inside and outside of the building b. building sewer that conveys industrial waste and domestic waste c. building sewer that conveys both sewage and storm water d. building drains that convey waste and storm water ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 2 15. A device and system of piping that maintains a water seal in a remote trap is called a trap primer. a. True b. False 16. An unconfined space is a room or space having a volume equal to at least ____ of the aggregate input rating of all the fuel-burning appliances in that space. a. 50 ft3 per 1,000 Btu/hr b. 25 ft3 per 1,000 Btu/hr c. 100 ft3 per Btu/hr d. 10 ft3 per Btu/hr 17. A permanently installed mechanical device, other than an ejector, for removing sewage or liquid waste from a sump is called a sewage pump. a. True b. False 18. A standard that is an extensive compilation provision covering broad subject matter is the definition for _____. a. standard b. listed c. legal document d. code 19. A joint obtained by joining of metal parts with metallic mixtures or alloy that melt at a temperature up to and including 840⁰F is a ______. a. brazed joint c. mechanical joint b. soldered joint d. wiped joint 20. The organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard is the _____. a. administrative authority b. building department c. plumbing inspector/department d. authority having jurisdiction 21. A pipe inside a building that conveys storm water from the roof to a storm drain is called a (an) _____. a. conductor b. building storm drain ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 3 c. adductor d. rain leader 22. An outlet on a boiler to permit emptying and discharging of sediment is called a(an) _______. a. relief valve b. atmospheric check valve c. aspirator d. boiler blowoff 23. A pressure surge-absorbing device operating through the compressibility of air is called a(an) _____. a. backflow preventer b. air chamber c. flushometer valve d. hammer arrestor 24. Unsanitary and insanitary share the same meaning. a. True b. False 25. When a backflow prevention device does not bear a critical level marking, the part of the device that shall constitute the critical level is the _____. a. top c. center b. bottom d. outlet invert 26. Disposal of sewage, or other liquid waste, shall be by means of _____. a. chemical toilets b. sewage retaining tanks c. drainage system of the building d. subsurface leaching pits 27. Roofs, inner courts, vent shafts, light wells or similar areas having rainwater drains shall discharge to (a) ____. a. sanitary sewage system b. private sewage disposal system c. sump with pump discharge into the house drain d. outside of the building or street gutter ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 4 28. Piping, fixtures or equipment that are installed so that they interfere with normal operation and use of windows or doors shall be ______. a. protected from damage b. identified for restricted use c. relocated to avoid interference d. approved if acceptable by the owner 29. All design, construction, and workmanship shall be in conformity with _____. a. accepted engineering practices b. practices of the contractor c. standard shop procedures d. job plan and specifications 30. When supporting horizontal piping 5” in diameter with hangers of a ____ inch diameter shall be used. a. 3/8 b. 1/2 c. 5/8 d. 1 31. Building drain from the front building may be extended to the rear building when both buildings are located ____. a. on a corner lot b. on an interior (when driveway cannot be used) c. 200 ft from the public sewer d. 300 ft from the public sewer 32. Cast iron soil pipe, installed vertically shall be supported at its base and _____. a. each floor not to exceed 15 ft b. every other story c. 5 ft intervals d. 10 ft intervals 33. All trenches deeper than the footing of any building or structure and paralleling the same shall be at least ____. a. 45⁰ therefrom ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 5 b. 90⁰ therefrom c. 4 ft therefrom d. 12 ft therefrom 34. Threaded pipe (IPS) ¾“except for gas piping, installed horizontally shall be supported at approx. _____. a. 5 ft intervals b. 10 ft intervals (3 m) c. 12 ft intervals d. 15 ft intervals 35. Piping in the ground shall be laid on ______. a. a firm bed b. concrete blocks c. redwood stakes d. common bricks 36. PEX piping may be coupled together with shielded couplings. a. True b. False 37. The type of acceptable joints for PEX shall be _____. a. metal insert or metal compression b. solvent cemented c. shielded coupling d. mechanical 38. Copper tubing installed vertically shall be supported at each story or at maximum intervals of ____. a. 4 ft c. 8 ft b. 10 ft (3 m) d. 6 ft 39. Mechanical devices may be used to complete backfilling where covering above any piping is at least ____ inches. a. 6” c. 30” b. 12” (300 mm) d. 36” 40. 2” horizontal copper tubing drain pipe shall be supported at _____. a. 4 ft intervals c. 10 ft intervals (3 m) ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 6 b. 6 ft intervals d. 12 ft intervals 41. Horizontal hubless pipe shall be braced at not more than (12 m) 40 ft intervals to prevent _____. a. noise c. vertical movement b. leaking d. horizontal movement 41. Voids around piping passing through concrete floors on the ground shall be ____. a. flanged c. sealed b. protected d. packed 42. All materials, fixtures, or devices used or entering into the construction of plumbing and drainage systems shall _____. a. conform to approved applicable standards b. conform to the job specifications c. conform to price of job d. conform to material availability 43. The provision of the code allow an alternate material or method of construction provided it is ____. a. approved by the architect as an alternate b. accepted by the owner as an alternate c. approved by the authority having jurisdiction as an alternate d. manufactured by a reputable organization 44. Pipe joint material shall insoluble in water, nontoxic, and applied ____. a. on male threads only b. on pipe threads and inside fittings c. on inside fitting threads only d. in warm weather only 45. Wipe joint are permitted with ______. a. lead b. steel c. plastic d. cast iron 46. Tub waste openings in framed construction shall be protected by _____. ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 7 a. completely covering the opening with plywood collars b. metal collars or screens c. flashings d. filling the annular space with approved fiber material 47. Surfaces to be joined by soldering or brazing shall be cleaned bright by ______. a. mechanical or manual means b. a self-cleaning flux c. corrosive flux d. sulfuric acid 48. Closet bends or stubs shall be cut off so as to present smooth surface, even with the ______. a. top of the rough floor b. top of the closet ring c. top of the finish floor d. bottom of the closet ring 49. Tanks flushing more than one urinals shall be _______. a. automatic in operation b. continual in operation c. manual in operation d. acid-resistant enamel 50. Every water supply to a urinal shall be protected by an approved ______. a. relief valve b. vacuum breaker c. metering valve d. automatic switch 51. Trough urinals shall be _____. a. permissible if constructed of concrete b. required in large associations c. prohibited d. allowed in bus stations ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 8 52. To provide watertight joint in the floor, shower drains and floor drains are required to be ____. a. extra-heavy cast iron b. suitably flanged c. coated with asphalt d. set in waterproof cement 53. With two noted exceptions, all shower compartments and receptors shall be capable of encompassing a _____ diameter circle. a. 24” c. 33” b. 30” (762 mm) d. 36” 54. The curb or threshold of a shower compartment may be eliminated _____. a. to comply with accessibility standards b. for gang showers c. in hospitals only d. not permitted 55. Shower pan linings may be constructed with _____. a. 26 B & S gauge copper b. 3 lbs per square foot lead c. 15 lbs asphalt felt d. zinc-coated steel 56. Joints in copper shower pan liners shall be _____. a. burned b. swaged c. sealed with epoxy cement d. soldered or brazed 57. Water closets set side by side shall be no closer than _____. a. 15” center to center b. 18” center to center c. 24” center to center d. 30” center to center ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 9 58. The minimum distance from a side wall or partition to the center of a urinal shall be ______. a. 6” c. 18” b. 12” (300 mm) d. 24” 59. No manually controlled flushometer valves shall be used to flush more than ______. a. one urinal c. three urinals b. two urinals d. four urinals 60. Automatically controlled flushometer valves may be substituted for automatic _____. a. flush tanks c. gate valves b. flow control d. lever valves 61. Gutters in public shower rooms shall be sloped not less than _____. a. 5 percent c. 2 percent b.10 percent d. 3 percent 62. No dry or chemical closet (toilet) shall be installed in any building used for human habitation unless first approved by the ____. a. owner c. city clerk b. plumbing inspector d. health officer 63. Joints at the roof, around pipes, shall be made watertight by the use of ____. a. sealing compound c. 15 lb felt b. flashing material d. calcium 64. The minimum wall thickness for threaded plastic pipe shall be ____. a. schedule 40 c. 1/8 inch b. schedule 80 d. 1/16 inch 65. Wall-mounted water closets shall be securely bolted to ____. a. the wall b. double two by six studs c. a carrier fitting d. closet bend 66. In seismic zones 1 & 2, hubless cast iron piping 5 inches or larger suspended in exposed locations over high traffic areas, and over 4 feet in length, shall be provided with support on both sides of the coupling. ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 10 a. true b. false 67. When installing _____, the Authority Having Jurisdiction shall require evidence of the competency of the installers. a. potable water piping b. fuel gas piping c. medical gas piping d. plumbing appurtenance 68. When brazing the alloys shall have a melting temperature of at least ______ degrees F. a. 800 c. 1,000 b. 840 d. 1,200 69. Drain pipes subject to condensation over food storage in food-handling establishments shall be _____. a. installed with a spill pan b. thermally insulated c. rerouted out of the area d. tested with 5 psi of air 70. Test gauges shall not have a pressure range more than ____ the test pressure. a. equal b. twice c. 15 psi d. 60 psi 71. Screws or bolts for securing floor mounted fixtures shall be ____. a. brass c. galvanized steel b. aluminum d. die cast zinc 72. Fixtures having concealed slip joint connections shall be provided with ____. a. a utility space or access panel b. a ladder and a light fixture c. red brass fittings d. rubber gaskets 73. The overflow pipe from a fixture shall be connected on the _____. ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 11 a. house or inlet side of the fixtures trap b. sewer or outlet side of the fixture trap c. downstream side of the fixture tee d. upstream side of the fixture tee 74. The diameter of a waste and overflow for a bathtub shall not be less than ____. a. 1 1/4 inches OD b. 1 3/8 inches OD c. 1 1/2 inches OD (38 mm OD) d. 1 3/8 inches OD 75. Wipe lead joints shall have an exposed surface on each side of a joint not less than _____ at least as the material being joined. a. 3/4" (19 mm) b. 1/2” c. 1” d. 1 1/4" 76. In caulk joints, after caulking the finished joint shall not extend more than ____ below the rim hub. a. 3.2 mm (0.125 in) b. 2.3 mm c. 4 mm d. 5 mm 77. It shall be lubricated with water-insoluble, non-hardening material in threaded joints. a. p-trap plugs and caps b. cleanout plugs and caps c. water seal p-trap d. long sweep 78. Caulked joints in centrifugally cast iron (CCIP) BELL-AND-SPIGOT water pipe shall be made with? a. non-toxic materials b. soluble materials c. in-soluble materials ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 12 d. toxic materials 79. It is acceptable for use on male threads, only if screwed pipe joint. a. tape b. silicon c. lead d. rugby 80. Joints between lead pipe and cast iron, steel or wrought iron pipe shall be made by means of a caulking ferrule or? a. soldering nipple b. soldering coupling c. shielded coupling d. brazed nipple 81. Soft copper water tubing shall be expanded with a proper: a. flaring tool b. pipe wrench c. monkey wrench d. soldering tool 82. It is prohibited on new building sewer except for repairs and connections to existing line construction. a. cement mortar joints b. burned lead joint c. wiped joint d. threaded joint 83. Joints between asbestos cement pipe and other approved pipe shall be made by means of an: a. approved male thread b. approved adapter coupling c. press fitting d. push on fitting ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 13 84. Plumbing fixtures shall be manufactures of dense, durable, non-absorbent materials and must have smooth, impervious surfaces, free from unnecessary concealed fouling surfaces. a. true b. false 85. All porcelain enamel surfaces on plumbing fixtures shall be acid resistant. a. true b. false 86. Water closet seats shall be of smooth non-absorbent material and properly sized for the water closet bowl used. a. true b. false 87. Special use fixtures may be made of soapstone, chemical stoneware, lined with lead, copper base alloy, nickel-copper alloy, and corrosion-resisting steel. a. true b. false 88. The overflow pipe from a fixture shall be connected to the house or inlet side of the fixture trap. a. true b. false 89. The strainers serving shower drains shall have waterway equivalent to the area of the tailpiece. a. true b. false 90. Continuous waste and fixture tailpiece where exposed or accessible may be of seamless drawn brass not less than? a. G.A 20 (0.8 mm THK) b. G.A 16 (1.6 mm THK) c. G.A 18 (1.0 mm THK) d. G.A 12 (2.0 mm THK) 91. Sinks, dishwashers, laundry tubs, bath tubs, urinals and similar fixtures of each tailpiece, continuous waste or waste and overflow shall not be less than? a. 1 1/2” OD (38 mm OD) b. 1 1/4” OD c. 2” OD d. 1” OD 92. Lavatories, drinking fountains and similar small fixtures of each tailpiece, continuous waste or waste and overflow shall not be less than? a. 1 1/2” OD ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 14 b. 1 1/4” OD (32 mm OD) c. 2” OD d. 1” OD 93. Brass or Copper shall not be used for urinal tailpiece or trap. a. true b. false 94. It shall be installed in all continuous waste connecting or receiving the discharge from food waste disposal units, dishwashers, clothes washers or other forced-discharge fixtures or appliances. a. wye or other directional type branch fittings b. street tee or other un-directional type branch fittings c. tee or other directional type branch fittings d. 1/8 bend 95. No dishwasher drain shall be connected to a sink tailpiece, continuous waste or trap on the discharge side of a food waste disposal unit. a. true b. false 96. Any water closet that permits siphonage of the contents of the bowl back into the water tank, shall be prohibited as well as trough urinals. a. true b. false 97. Fixed wooden, concrete, cement or tile wash trays or sinks for domestic use shall not be installed in any building designed for human habitation. a. true b. false 98. No sheet metal lined wooden bathtubs shall be installed or reconnected. a. true b. false 99. No dry or chemical closet (toilet) shall be installed in any building for human habitation, unless first approved by the Health Officer or AA. a. true b. false 100. All plumbing fixtures shall be run parallel and close to the nearest wall or building line. a. true b. false 101. Fixtures comes in contact with the wall or floor, the joint between the fixtures and wall or floor shall be made watertight. a. true b. false ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 15 102. Securing fixtures shall be rigidly with the use of adequately-sized screws or expansion bolts of copper, brass or other equally corrosion-resistant material. a. true b. false 103. Wall hung fixtures shall be rigidly supported by metal supporting members or chairs so that no bending or pullout strain is transmitted to the wall. a. true b. false 104. Approved non-corrosive screws or bolts shall be secure water closet and urinal flush tanks and similar appurtenances. a. true b. false 105. Fixtures shall be set level and in proper alignment with reference to adjacent walls. a. true b. false 106. Supply lines or fittings for every plumbing fixture shall be installed to prevent backflow. a. true b. false 107. Automatically controlled flushometer valves may be substituted for automatic flush tanks. a. true b. false 108. No manually controlled flushometer valve shall be used to flush more than one urinal and each such urinal flushometer valve shall be self-closing type discharging predetermined quantity of water. a. true b. false 109. Floor drains, floor receptors and shower drains shall be the body provided with integrally-cast water stop outside flange around the body at mid depth and with an inside caulk outlet to provide a watertight joint in the floor. a. true b. false 110. Each shower receptor shall be constructed of vitrified china or earthenware, ceramic tile, porcelain-enameled metal or such other material. a. true b. false 111. Clothes washers in group of three or more shall be rated at ______ each for the common horizontal and vertical waste pipe sizing. a. 6 DFU b. 2 DFU c. 1 DFU d. 4 DFU ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 16 112. Each shower receptor shall be constructed, except: a. vitrified china b. ceramic tile c. porcelain enameled metal d. unearthenware 113. Threshold shall be of sufficient width to accommodate a minimum _____ wide door. a. 22 inches (559 mm) b. 20 inches c. 18 inches d. 24 inches 114. The finished floor of the receptor shall slope uniformly from the sides towards the drain not more than: a. 40 mm/m (4%) b. 20 mm/m c. 10.5 mm/m d. 5.3 mm/m 115. The finished floor of the receptor shall slope uniformly from the sides towards the drain not less than: a. 40 mm/m b. 20 mm/m (2%) c. 10.5 mm/m d. 5.3 mm/m 116. The minimum threshold depth in a shower receptors shall be: a. 1 inches b. 2 inches (51 mm) c. 3 inches d. 1/2 inches 117. The maximum threshold depth in a shower receptors shall be: a. 9 inches (228 mm) b. 12 inches ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 17 c. 10 inches d. 8 inches 118. The minimum distance between the door or entry to the drain opening of special shower compartments shall be? a. 1.2 m (4 ft) b. 1.5 m c. 1.0 m d. 0.9 m 119. All shower compartments, regardless of shape, shall have a minimum finished interior area of? a. 0.3 sqm. b. 0.6 sqm (6.45 ft2) c. 0.9 sqm. d. 0.5 sqm. 120. The minimum area and dimensions shall be maintained from a point above the shower drain outlet to a height of ____ with no protrusions. a. 1.5 m b. 1.6 m c. 1.78 m d. 1.9 m 121. Shower receptors built directly on the ground shall be constructed, except: a. approved type dense b. non-absorbent c. non-corrosive d. acid-resistant 122. Each receptor built directly on the ground shall have, except: a. smooth b. impervious c. durable surfaces d. firm bed ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 18 123. Shower receptors that built above ground the sub-floor and rough side of walls to a height of ___ above the top of the finished dam. a. 3 inches (76 mm) b. 4 inches c. 2 inches d. 1 1/2 inches 124. Shower receptor that built above ground the sub-floor and rough side of walls shall be lined with? a. sheet lead b. brass c. tin d. copper flux 125. In shower compartment, all lining materials shall be pitched at a slope of _____ to weep holes in subdrain of a smooth and solidly formed sub-base. a. 40 mm/m b. 20 mm/m (2%) c. 10.5 mm/m d. 5.3 mm/m 126. In shower compartment, all folds, laps and reinforcing webbing shall extend to at least ______ in all directions from the corner and all webbing shall be of approved type and mesh, producing a tensile strength of not less than 0.9 kg/mm in either direction. a. 76 mm b. 101 mm c. 51 mm d. 125 mm 127. Lead and copper sub-pans or linings shall be installed from all conducting substances other than their connecting drain by? a. 6.8 kg asphalt felt b. 19.6 kg/m2 c. GA. 24 B & S (0.5 mm thk) d. be burned 128. No lead pan or liner shall be constructed material weighing less than? ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 19 a. 6.8 kg asphalt felt b. 19.6 kg/m2 c. GA. 24 B & S (0.5 mm thk) d. be burned 129. Thickness of copper pans or liners shall be at least? a. 6.8 kg asphalt felt b. 19.6 kg/m2 c. GA. 24 B & S (0.5 mm thk) d. be burned 130. Joints in lead pans or liners shall be? a. 6.8 kg asphalt felt b. 19.6 kg/m2 c. GA. 24 B & S (0.5 mm thk) d. burned 131. All whirlpool bathtubs shall comply with a removable panel of sufficient dimension shall be provided for? a. access to the pump b. circulating pump c. pop up d. flow limiting features 132. All whirlpool bathtubs shall comply with the pump and the circulating piping shall be? a. self-draining to minimize water retention b. automatic flush to achieve low water consumption c. flow limiting features d. pop-up 133. The total number of water closets for females shall be at least equal to the total number of water closets and urinals required for males. a. true b. false 134. There shall be a minimum of 1 drinking fountain per occupied floor in schools, theaters, auditoriums, dormitories offices or public building. a. true b. false ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 20 135. Shower receptors shall be tested for water-tightness by? a. filling with water to the level of the rough threshold b. filling water all over c. lowest point to highest d. air test 136. Who shall maintain the plumbing and drainage system of the client premises? a. owner’s agent b. Authority Having Jurisdiction c. journeyman d. laborer 137. A kind of test shall be used in testing the tightness condition of the drainage or plumbing system of any building premises when there is reason to believe that it has become defective. a. water test b. air test c. smoke test d. bomb test 138. After the plumbing fixtures have been set and their traps filled with water, they shall be submitted again for a final test. a. true b. false 139. If the Administrative Authority finds that the work will not pass the test and the work shall then be resubmitted for another test and be assessed an appropriate fee appearance. a. true b. false 140. Water test procedures, except: a. all openings in the piping shall be tightly closed except the highest opening b. no section shall be tested with less than 10 ft of water c. The water shall be kept at least 15 mins before inspection starts. d. The system shall be tight at all points. 141. Air test procedures, except: a. attaching an air compressor testing apparatus to any suitable opening b. having uniform gauge pressure of 5 psi at least 15 mins. ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 21 c. having uniform gauge pressure of 35.4 kPa at least 15 mins. d. the inlet and outlet of the system shall be closed and sufficient balance a column of 254 mm Hg in height 142. A 50 psi air pressure may be substituted for the water test. a. true b. false 143. In either method of test, the piping shall be withstand the test without leaking for a period of not less than 15 minutes. a. true b. false 144. Water piping shall be tested and proved tight under a water pressure not less than the working pressure under which it is to be used plus 50%. a. true b. false 145. The building sewer shall be watertight at all points. a. true b. false 146. Whenever compliance fails to eliminate due to insanitary condition, the owner or his agent shall install such additional and drainage facilities or shall make such repairs or alteration as may be ordered by the plumbing authority. a. true b. false 147. Backflow preventers shall not be located in any area containing fumes that are toxic, poisonous and corrosive. a. true b. false 148. Some water-cooled equipment may produce back pressure and shall be equipped with the approved protection. a. true b. false 149. Potable water make up connection to steam or hot water boilers shall be provided with a listed backflow protection assembly. a. true b. false 150. Backflow prevention for hot water over 43.3⁰C shall be listed type assembly designed to operate at a temperature of 43.3⁰C or higher without rendering any portion of the assembly inoperative. a. true b. false ENGR. ROEL A. ABAO 22

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