Week-2-Piping-Fixtures-fittings-and-valves PDF

Plumbing Acronyms and Abbreviations Refer to word file. Plumbing symbols used on construction drawings. Refer to word file. Pipe It is a round, hollow channel used to transport liquids such as water or solid– liquid mixtures such as wastewater from one point to the next. In a building plumbing sys...

Plumbing Acronyms and Abbreviations Refer to word file. Plumbing symbols used on construction drawings. Refer to word file. Pipe It is a round, hollow channel used to transport liquids such as water or solid– liquid mixtures such as wastewater from one point to the next. In a building plumbing system, pipes transport hot and cold water and remove liquid and solid wastes. Piping in buildings is also used in transporting natural and liquefied petroleum gases, fuel oil, compressed air, refrigerants, and irrigation water. Two categories of water pipe: 1.Pressure Pipe - Delivers supply water. - Must be heavy enough to hold continuous pressure without rupture, and all connections must be leak proof. - This pipe tends to be of a smaller diameter, and it must be made of material that will not react with the chemicals or minerals in the water. Two categories of water pipe: 2.Drain, waste and vent Pipe - carries waste and soil water away. - provides a channel for waste materials to flow freely away from the fixtures and the building by the force of gravity. - It is typically lighter weight with thinner walls than pressure pipe, and joints do not need to be as tightly sealed because there is no pressure exerted on them. - is generally larger in size than pressure pipe to allow for free gravity flow, and it must not react to common chemicals that might be poured down a drain. Comparison of common pipe materials: Piping Materials Cast Iron Pipe Cast iron pie is the most common and the most generally used material in the drainage systems. It is durable and can be installed easily. These materials are commonly used for the drainage needs of around 250-feet high buildings. However, for buildings above 250 feet, cast iron might not be the suitable material. Cast iron have two types, SV Type for building installations and XV Type for underground installations. Asbestos Pipe Asbestos as compared to cast iron pipe has twice the thickness. It is made up of asbestos fiber and Portland cement. Usually installed for soil, waste ventilation and downspout use. For its durable and embedment properties, this material is often used with concrete structures. Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe Along the other materials used as sewers, this is the cheapest. Readily available to the market and is recommended for house sewer and septic tank installation. Its properties include flexibility and it is also light in weight. It is not intended for use in contact with hot substances because the flow might soften the material and cause damage. Vitrified Clay Pipe Also used for sewer systems, vitrified clay pipe is made out from clay, casted in lengths of 75 cm and treated with a glazing compound and one of the oldest materials. It is proven to be resistant to acid wastes thus usually found in installations like house sewer, public sewers and storm drains. Its disadvantage is its brittle property which means these materials should be placed in a stable condition. Lead Pipe Another commonly used material for plumbing is the lead pipe. Just like the Vitrified Clay Pipe, it is also one of the oldest materials in plumbing. This material is usually used for underground installations since it is highly resistant to acids. However, due to its toxic or deleterious effect to human health, it is prohibited to be used for pipes conveying potable and non-potable water. Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanization is the process of wrapping around zinc to materials such as iron and steel to improve its corrosive resistance. In plumbing, galvanized materials had been a popular choice due to its extreme durability. For galvanized steel pipes, the zinc coating acts as a protective barrier between the steel and the working substance. This material is highly suitable for outdoor pipes and heating pipes. While it has been proven useful, it also has its own disadvantages. Galvanized steel pipe are easily corroded by alkaline and acid water. Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe Compared to the Galvanized Steel Pipe, Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe is better in quality. It is more acid resistant than the former. Brass Pipe One of the factors in selecting the piping material is the cost and when we talk about one of the most expensive materials, it’s the Brass Pipe. Composed of 15 percent Zinc and 85 percent Copper, it has a smooth interior surface which makes it highly suitable for waste and supply purposes. Copper Pipe The most common application of copper pipes is for heating systems in a building. Its physical properties include durability and it is also extremely corrosive resistant. Copper Pipe It is classified into three types. 1. Type K - Heaviest. Used for underground installations. 2. Type L - Compared to Type K is lighter. Used commonly for residential supply and heating systems. Available in flexible and rigid form. 3. Type M - Thinnest and available in rigid form. Also used for heating and is specifically designed for small water supply lines. Types of Commercially Available Copper Tubing: Types of Commercially Available Copper Tubing: Stainless Steel Pipe Stainless steel pipes are used to carry substances such as natural gas, oil, steam and water. These pipes can be threaded or unthreaded and are widely used in gas and oil industries.Threaded stainless steel pipes are screwed into a threaded fitting whereas unthreaded pipes slide inside the fitting and are often secured with solder. Plastic or Synthetic Pipes One pipe that is familiar in our homes is the PVC pipes. These pipe falls under the Plastic or Synthetic Pipes category. In cold water lines, this pipe is widely accepted for utilization. Due to its high resistance to rust and corrosion, it produces no metallic taste. It also provides better flow rate for water for its smooth interior property. Lastly, plastic pipes are easy to install. Plastic pipes have two types: Rigid Plastic Pipes examples are: Flexible Plastic are: 1. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 1. Polybutylene (PB) 2. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride 2. Polyethylene (PE) (uPVC) 3. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) 4. Polypropylene (PP) 5. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) 6. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR) Types of Thermoplastic Pipe Materials: Types of Thermoplastic Pipe Materials: Example of ABS Pipes and fittings: Example of CPVC: Types of Thermoplastic Pipe Materials: Example of PB: Example of PE: Types of Thermoplastic Pipe Materials: Example of PEX: Example of PP: Types of Thermoplastic Pipe Materials: Example of PVC: Example of S or RS:  Pipe Fittings Pipe Fittings are materials used as connectors for pipes. It can extend the length, change a flow’s direction or increase and decrease the speed of flow. Listed in this section are the most common types of fittings used in plumbing. 1. Elbows Is a curved connector which can connect pipe in 22.5, 45 and 90 degrees connection. Only connects pipe of the same size. 2. Tee Is a “T” shaped connector. It has an inlet and outlet and commonly used as diverters. 3. Cross-type As the word itself “cross”, it has four openings. This fitting is usually used in fire sprinkler systems. 4. Barbs Used for connecting hoses to pipes, male at one end and tapered on the other end. Usually secured using a clamp. 5. Nipple Nipple is different among other types of fittings since it connects two fittings rather than pipes. 6. Adaptor Plain in one end and threaded on the other (could be male or female). 7. Reducer Among one uses of fittings which changes the flow rate of the water, adaptor connects piping with two different sizes and by changing the size, it changes the flow rate of the water passing through it. 8. Coupling Used for connecting pipes with smaller diameter permanently. 9. Union Same purpose with the coupling only that union has female threads making it removable. 10. Olets When basing to its structure, these fittings are in unconventional shapes, these are utilized for usages where standard fittings can’t provide. 11. Wye Is a type of fitting in “Y”shape. Usually used for Sanitary and waste pipings. 12. Plug and Cap Are fittings placed at the end of a piping connection. To shut- off or close the piping.  Valves Are devices installed in the piping system to open or close, regulate, or change the flow of water. Different valves are presented in this section to specify each usage and purpose. 1. Gate valves Gate valve is one of the mist popularly used shut off valve. Consisting of a wedged-shape metal gate which is driven upward or downward to open and shut off the valve respectively. The wheel-shaped knob used as the handle governs these actions. Twisting this knob also regulates the flow gradually, only when the valve is drawn upward entirely thus is allows full flow without pressure restrictions. Reducing the flow usually prevents water hammer or rupture sound caused when there is abrupt changes in the flow of water which is one of its advantages. The disadvantages on the other hand includes wear and tear of the material and the slow operation. 2. Globe Valves Globe valves are used for regulating, completely shutting off or opens for the flow of fluid. It has a ring seat which opens or close partially until entirely to modulate or throttle the flow. When the knob is turned upward, the disc inside creates a Z-shaped opening to allow passage of the fluid. Imagine the function of a kitchen faucet, in a similar working principle can we compare the function of the globe valve. Advantages include its throttling capability. Disadvantages are the sudden pressure drop and flow restriction. 3. Angle Valves Angle valve also known or other terms such as corner valve, stop valve, shut-off angle valve or angle stop valve is used to control the flow of fluids. This valve is usually seen on applications such as in pipelines supplying water to sinks, toilets, lavatories, urinals, etc. It has an L- shaped design or a 90 degrees orientation for the inlet and outlet. It works on the same principle as the globe valve. A washer is compressed against a metal seat cutting the flow of water. 4. Ball Valves Ball valves are used to control the flow of fluid. Inside its body as a ball which has hollow centers responsible for controlling the flow. When the handle is turned making the ball move inside and positions it to the flow of water, it creates an opening letting the water pass. When the ball is rotated perpendicular to the line of pipe, it restricts or completely blocks the flow. Ball valves offers many advantages than this of other valves, few of which are its speed, durability and reliability. Due to these advantages, it is the most common used valve for residential and industrial settings. Disadvantages are its incapability for throttling and clogging. 5. Check Valve Another valve included in this section serves a different purpose than the rest previously explained. Check valves are valves which permits only one direction of flow thus making it an effective solution in preventing backflow of water. Inside its body is a pressure_x0002_controlled disc that swings open letting flow of fluid and swings back to close the passage and fully block any return. Usually check valves are fully automated meaning it does not have a manual control. It is designed to absorb shock. The only disadvantage for this valve is it requires steady flow. Two Types of Check Valve: 1. Swing check valve - the pressure of the water forces the valve gate to swing open, but once the flow stops, gravity causes the gate to fall closed, preventing a reversal of the flow. This type of valve must be mounted vertically or horizontally to work properly. Two Types of Check Valve: 2.Spring check valve - the gate is spring loaded. Water pressure forces the gate open much like the swing type, but when the flow stops, a spring (not gravity) forces the gate closed. This enables the valve to be mounted in any position and at any angle. This valve is used in such places as the water feed line to a boiler (heating unit) where the water from the boiler might pollute the system if it backed up. 6. Toilet and Urinal Valve There are also other valves which are only used for applications in plumbing. For instance, a float valve inside a flush tank. This valve is used for monitoring the level of the water inside a tank. When water inside the tank is lower than the set level, it opens the valve then lets water inside a tank and when the water rises, the float also rises. When a pre-determined amount of water is reached, it automatically closes the lever to prevent overflowing. Another example of a valve which is used solely in plumbing is the Flush Valve. The flush valve is used for flushing the water closets and urinals by supplying the ample amount of fluid. 6. Toilet and Urinal Valve Float Valve Flush Valve  Plumbing Fixtures Plumbing fixtures are referred to as receptacles in plumbing which receives water. 1. Water Closets Are receptacles which receives human wastes and deposits and conveys it to a waste receiving system. There are many types of water closets available in the market. Included in the modernization of technology are the sensor water closets. Which you do not have to actuate manually to flush. Water Closets classified by type: 1. Pail Flush 2. Squat 3. Wash Down 4. Reverse 5. Siphon Jet 6. Siphon Vortex 7. Direct Flush Valve Type 2. Urinals Are also receptacles which receives human wastes except that it only receives liquid waste from males. 3. Lavatories Are receptacles used for washing the hands or face. It also comes in different types. Types of Lavatories include: 1. Round 2. Square 3. Oval 4. Rectangular 5. Trapezoidal 6. Triangular Types of Lavatories: 4. Bathtubs Bathtubs is a receptacle used for soaking the whole body in it because of its size. Some innovations are bathtubs including seats, shelves for soap and shampoo. The design of the bathtub must align with the standards provided in the code. 5. Bidets Bidet are devices attached beside a water closet used to clean the most delicate private parts. 6. Showers Showers are usually overhead devices which discharges fresh water. Used in taking a bath. Showers today are installed with the portable heating system to regulate the temperature of water coming from it. 7. Kitchen Sinks Kitchen Sinks- are fixtures used in the kitchen. Same orientation with the lavatory only that it receives discharges from dishwashing or cooking.  Plumbing Symbols Plumbing symbols comprise standardized representations of various pipes, fittings, valves, equipment, and fixtures integral to the plumbing system. These symbols ensure uniformity and facilitate clear communication within the industry. Basic Design Considerations for Restrooms A restroom is a personal hygiene facility provided to allow use of a water closet by members of the public, or by patrons or customers. In other parts of the world, the restroom is known as a washroom (Canada), public toilet (Great Britain, Australia, and Hong Kong) or comfort station (Africa, Middle East, and Southeast Asia). Plumbing Symbols Refer to PDF file Additional Plumbing Symbols Minimum Number of Fixtures Minimum Toilet Requirement: