Medical Terminology (MD 101) Past Paper PDF

Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Part 2 Medical Terms Related to Disease, Diagnosis and Treatment Objectives After study of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the main methods used in examination of a patient. Name possible routes o...

Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Part 2 Medical Terms Related to Disease, Diagnosis and Treatment Objectives After study of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the main methods used in examination of a patient. Name possible routes of drug administration. Define basic terms pertaining to medical examination, diagnosis, and treatment. Identify and use the roots and suffixes pertaining to diagnosis and surgery. Body Structures Directional Terms Anterior (Ventral) Toward the front of the body Posterior (Dorsal) Toward the back of the body Superior Above Inferior Below 37 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Proximal nearer to the point of attachment or from a given reference point Distal farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point Medial toward the midline of the body Lateral toward the side of the body Superficial close to the surface of the body Deep close to the center of the body Which term describes a location closer to the point of attachment or a given reference point? A. Proximal B. Distal C. Medial D. Lateral What is the term for a location farther away from the point of attachment or a given reference point? A. Proximal B. Distal C. Medial D. Lateral Which term refers to a position closer to the side of the body? A. Proximal B. Distal C. Medial D. Lateral What is the term for a position closer to the surface of the body? A. Proximal B. Distal C. Superficial D. Deep 38 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Body cavities  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Body Regions Disease and Treatment What is the meaning of the word drug? A drug is a substance that alters body function. Traditionally, drugs have been derived from natural plant, animal, and mineral sources. Today, most are manufactured synthetically by pharmaceutical companies. Drug Names Drugs may be cited by either their generic or their trade names. The generic name is usually a simple version of the chemical name for the drug and is not capitalized. The trade name (brand name, proprietary name) is a registered trademark of the manufacturer and is written with an initial capital letter.  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program The same drug may be marketed by different companies under different trade names. Key Terms Related to drugs Prescription Written and signed order for a drug with directions for its administration Substance A condition that may result from chronic use of a drug, in Dependence which a person has a chronic or compulsive need for a drug regardless of its adverse effects: dependence may be psychological or physical Tolerance A condition in which chronic use of a drug results in loss of effectiveness and the dose must be increased to produce the original response Synergy Combined action of two or more drugs working together to produce an effect greater than any of the drugs could produce when acting alone; also called synergism Potentiation Increased potency created by two drugs acting together Antagonist A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug Contraindication factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous Side Effect An undesirable effect of treatment with a drug or other form of therapy Withdrawal A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly Anaphylaxis An extreme allergic reaction that can lead to respiratory distress, circulatory collapse, and death 41  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program What is a 'prescription'? A. A condition that may result from chronic use of a drug B. An extreme allergic reaction that can lead to respiratory distress C. Written and signed order for a drug with directions for its administration D. A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug What is 'substance dependence'? A. A condition that may result from chronic use of a drug, in which a person has a chronic or compulsive need for a drug regardless of its adverse effects B. A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly C. A condition in which chronic use of a drug results in loss of effectiveness and the dose must be increased to produce the original response D. An extreme allergic reaction that can lead to respiratory distress 'Tolerance' refers to: A. A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly B. A condition in which chronic use of a drug results in loss of effectiveness and the dose must be increased to produce the original response C. An extreme allergic reaction that can lead to respiratory distress D. A condition that may result from chronic use of a drug, in which a person has a chronic or compulsive need for a drug regardless of its adverse effects What does 'synergy' mean in pharmacology? A. Combined action of two or more drugs working together to produce an effect greater than any of the drugs could produce when acting alone B. Increased potency created by two drugs acting together C. A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug D. A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous 42  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 'Potentiation' is: A. A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous B. A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug C. Increased potency created by two drugs acting together D. A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly An 'antagonist' is: A. A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous B. A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug C. A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly D. Increased potency created by two drugs acting together A 'contraindication' is: A. A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous B. A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug C. A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly D. Increased potency created by two drugs acting together A 'side effect' is: A. A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous B. A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug C. A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly D. An undesirable effect of treatment with a drug or other form of therapy 'Withdrawal' refers to: A. A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous B. A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug C. A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly D. An undesirable effect of treatment with a drug or other form of therapy 43  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program What is an 'anaphylaxis'? A. A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly B. A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug C. An extreme allergic reaction that can lead to respiratory distress, circulatory collapse, and death D. An undesirable effect of treatment with a drug or other form of therapy Routes of Drug Administration 44 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 45  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Route Description Drug taken into the circulation through the digestive Absorption tract or by transfer across another membrane Administration though the respiratory system, as by Inhalation breathing in an aerosol or nebulizer spray Liquid is dropped or poured slowly into a body cavity or Instillation on the surface of the body, such as into the ear or onto the conjunctiva of the eye Oral Given by mouth; per (po) Rectal Administered by rectal suppository or enema Sublingual (SL) Administered under the tongue Topical Applied to the surface of the skin Absorbed through the skin, as from a patch placed on Transdermal the surface of the skin Administered by a needle and syringe ; described as Injection parenteral routes of administration injected into the space between the meninges Epidural (membranes around the spinal cord) and the spine 46 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program What does 'absorption' refer to in the context of drug administration? A. Drug taken into the circulation through the digestive tract or by transfer across another membrane B. Administration though the respiratory system C. Liquid is dropped or poured slowly into a body cavity D. Applied to the surface of the skin In which method of administration does a patient breathe in an aerosol or nebulizer spray? A. Absorption B. Inhalation C. Instillation D. Epidural 'Instillation' refers to: A. Administration by rectal suppository or enema B. Administered under the tongue C. Liquid is dropped or poured slowly into a body cavity or on the surface of the body D. Administration through the respiratory system Which method of administration is given by mouth? A. Oral B. Rectal C. Sublingual (SL) D. Topical 47 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program What does 'rectal' administration involve? A. Given by mouth B. Administered by rectal suppository or enema C. Administered under the tongue D. Applied to the surface of the skin Which method of administration involves placing a drug under the tongue? A. Oral B. Rectal C. Sublingual (SL) D. Topical 'Topical' administration refers to: A. Given by mouth B. Administered by rectal suppository or enema C. Administered under the tongue D. Applied to the surface of the skin Which method of administration involves absorption through the skin? A. Oral B. Rectal C. Sublingual (SL) D. Transdermal 'Injection' is a method of administration that is: A. Administered by a needle and syringe; described as parenteral routes of administration B. Given by mouth C. Administered under the tongue D. Applied to the surface of the skin Which method of administration involves injection into the space between the meninges and the spine? A. Oral B. Rectal C. Sublingual (SL) D. Epidural 48 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Terms Pertaining to Injectable Drugs Term Description Ampule a small, sealed glass or plastic container used for sterile intravenous solutions Vial a small glass or plastic container Catheter a thin tube that can be passed into a body cavity, organ, or vessel (Fig. 8-5) Syringe an instrument for injecting fluid 49 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Key terms related to diseases Word Definition of Example Acute Sudden, severe; having a short course Chronic Of long duration; progressing slowly Not recurrent or malignant; favorable for recovery; Benign describing tumors that do not spread Growing worse; harmful; tending to cause death; Malignant describing tumors that spread (metastasize) Necrosis Death of tissue A product of inflammation consisting of fluid and Pus white blood cells (root py/o) 50 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program What does 'acute' mean in medical terms? A. Of long duration; progressing slowly B. Growing worse; harmful; tending to cause death C. Sudden, severe; having a short course D. Not recurrent or malignant; favorable for recovery If a condition is 'chronic', it is: A. Sudden, severe; having a short course B. Of long duration; progressing slowly C. Not recurrent or malignant; favorable for recovery D. Growing worse; harmful; tending to cause death What does 'benign' refer to in medical context? A. Growing worse; harmful; tending to cause death B. Not recurrent or malignant; favorable for recovery; describing tumors that do not spread C. Sudden, severe; having a short course D. Death of tissue What is the definition of 'malignant'? A. Growing worse; harmful; tending to cause death; describing tumors that spread B. Of long duration; progressing slowly C. Sudden, severe; having a short course D. Not recurrent or malignant; favorable for recovery 51  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Roots for Disease Root Meaning Example Definition of the example Alg/o, algi/o, Pain Algesia Condition of having pain algesi/o Carcin/o Cancer, carcinoma Carcinogen Substance that produces cancer Cyst/o, cyst/i Filled sac or pouch, Cystic Pertaining to or having cysts cyst, bladder Lith Calculus, stone Lithiasis Stone formation Onc/o Tumor Oncogene Gene that causes a tumor Path/o Disease Pathogen Organism that produces disease Py/o Pus Pyocyst A sac or cyst containing pus Pyr/o, pyret/o Fever, fire Pyretic Pertaining to fever Scler/o Hard Sclerosis Hardening of tissue Tox/o, toxic/o Poison Exotoxin Toxin secreted by bacterial cells 52  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Prefixes for Disease Prefix Meaning Example Definition of the example Brady- Slow Bradypnea Slow breathing (-pnea) Dys- Abnormal, Dysplasia Abnormal development of tissue painful, difficult Mal- Bad, poor Maladaptive Poorly suited to a specific use or to the environment Pachy- Thick Pachydermia Thickness of blood (-emia) Tachy- Rapid Tachycardia Rapid heart (cardi) rate Xero- Dry Xerosis Dryness of the skin or membranes Suffixes for Disease Suffix Meaning Example Definition of the example -algia, -algesia Pain Myalgia Pain in a muscle (my/o) -cele Hernia, Hydrocele Localized dilation localized containing fluid dilation -clasis, -clasia Breaking Osteoclasis Breaking of a bone (oste/o) -itis Inflammation Meningitis Inflammation of the membranes around the brain (meninges) -megaly Enlargement Hepatomegaly Enlargement of the liver (hepat/o) -odynia Pain Urodynia Pain on urination (ur/o) -oma Tumor Blastoma Tumor of immature cells -pathy Any disease of Cardiopathy Any disease of the heart (cardi/o) -rhage, -rhagia Bursting forth, Hemorrhage Profuse flow of blood profuse flow, hemorrhage -rhea Flow, Mucorrhea Discharge of mucus discharge 53 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Words for Disease Used as Suffixes Word Meaning Example Meaning Necrosis death of osteonecrosis death of bone tissue sudden contraction, spasm of a bronchus Spasm bronchospasm cramp (bronch/o) narrowing, Stenosis arteriostenosis narrowing of an artery constriction Key Terms Related to Diagnosis Medical diagnosis, the determination of the nature and cause of an illness, begins with a patient history. This includes a history of the present illness with a description of symptoms, a past medical history, and a family and a social history. A physical examination, which includes a review of all systems and observation of any signs of illness, follows the history taking. Practitioners use the following techniques in performing physicals: Inspection: visual examination. Palpation: touching the surface of the body with the hands or fingers. Percussion: tapping the body and listening to the sounds produced. Auscultation: listening to body sounds with a stethoscope. 54 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Vital signs (VS) are also recorded for comparison with normal ranges. Vital signs are measurements that reflect basic functions necessary to maintain life and include: 1. Temperature (T). 2. Pulse rate, measured in beats per minute (bpm). 3. Respiration rate (R), measured in breaths per minute 4. Blood pressure (BP), measured in millimeters mercury (mm Hg) 55 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 56 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 1. What does a physical examination include? a. A. Only inspection and palpation b. B. Review of all systems and observation of any signs of illness c. C. Listening to body sounds only d. D. Only patient history 2. What does the technique of 'inspection' involve in physical examination? a. A. Tapping the body and listening to the sounds produced b. B. Visual examination c. C. Touching the surface of the body with the hands or fingers d. D. Listening to body sounds with a stethoscope 3. What is the technique of 'palpation' in a physical examination? a. A. Listening to body sounds with a stethoscope b. B. Tapping the body and listening to the sounds produced c. C. Visual examination d. D. Touching the surface of the body with the hands or fingers 4. Which technique involves tapping the body and listening to the sounds produced? a. A. Inspection b. B. Palpation c. C. Percussion d. D. Auscultation 5. What does 'auscultation' involve in a physical examination? a. A. Visual examination b. B. Touching the surface of the body with the hands or fingers c. C. Tapping the body and listening to the sounds produced d. D. Listening to body sounds with a stethoscope 57  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Word Meaning Ophthalmoscope An instrument for examining the interior of the eye Otoscope Instrument used to examine the ears Sphygmomanometer The blood pressure apparatus An instrument used for listening to sounds produced Stethoscope within the body Any evidence of disease; sometimes limited to Symptom subjective evidence of disease, as experienced by the individual, such as pain, dizziness, weakness Objective evidence of disease that can be observed or tested; examples are fever, rash, high blood Sign pressure, and blood or urine abnormalities; an objective symptom A group of signs and symptoms that together Syndrome characterize a disease condition Diaphoresis Profuse sweating Malaise A feeling of discomfort or uneasiness Pallor Paleness; lack of color Acute abdominal pain associated with smooth Colic muscle spasms A lessening of the symptoms of a disease; the period Remission during which this decrease occurs or the period when no sign of a disease exists Prognosis Prediction of the course and outcome of a disease 58  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program The process of determining the cause and nature of Diagnosis an illness Prophylaxis Prevention of disease Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic Biopsy examination Loss of the ability to feel pain, as by administration of Anesthesia a drug 59  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 1. What is an ophthalmoscope used for? A. Examining the ears B. Examining the interior of the eye C. Measuring blood pressure D. Listening to sounds produced within the body 2. Which instrument is used to examine the ears? A. Ophthalmoscope B. Sphygmomanometer C. Otoscope D. Stethoscope 3. What is the purpose of a sphygmomanometer? A. Listening to sounds produced within the body B. Examining the ears C. Examining the interior of the eye D. Measuring blood pressure 4. Which term refers to a group of signs and symptoms that together characterize a disease condition? A. Symptom B. Sign C. Syndrome D. Diagnosis 60  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 5. What does the term 'diaphoresis' refer to? A. Acute abdominal pain B. Profuse sweating C. Feeling of discomfort or uneasiness D. Paleness; lack of color 6. What is the meaning of 'remission' in the context of a disease? A. Prevention of disease B. A lessening of the symptoms of a disease; the period during which this decrease occurs or the period when no sign of a disease exists C. The process of determining the cause and nature of an illness D. Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic examination 7. What is the definition of 'prophylaxis'? A. Prediction of the course and outcome of a disease B. The process of determining the cause and nature of an illness C. Prevention of disease D. Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic examination 8. What does 'anesthesia' refer to in medical terms? A. Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic examination B. Loss of the ability to feel pain, as by administration of a drug C. Prediction of the course and outcome of a disease D. The process of determining the cause and nature of an illness 61 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program A drug that is administered topically is: a. swallowed b. injected c. applied to the skin d. placed under the tongue e. inserted with a catheter Drug administration by injection is described as: a. partial b. instilled c. encapsulated d. a bolus e. parenteral Another term for trade name is: a. indicated name b. generic name c. prescription name d. chemical name e. brand name 62 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Part 3 63  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Part 3 Medical terms related to body systems Human Body Systems Organs of the human body are commonly grouped into eleven systems. Each body system includes organs and structures that serve a common purpose. The systems are highly interdependent, working together to sustain life and enable interaction with the surrounding environment. 64 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program The Digestive System Anatomy of the digestive system The major structures of the digestive system include the 1. The Gastrointestinal Tract 2. The accessory organs 65 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program The Gastrointestinal Tract The upper GI tract consists of the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. The lower GI tract is made up of the small and large intestines (sometimes referred to as the bowels), plus the rectum, and anus. The Accessory Organs Aid with digestion but are not part of the digestive system. These organs include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. 66 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Organs of Gastrointestinal system Root Meaning or(o) , stomat(o) mouth Glosso-/lingu Tongue Gastro Stomach Gingiva Gum ‫ﻟﺜﮫ‬ Enter Small intestine Buc /buccal Oral Proct rectum ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ labi(o), cheil(o) lip odont(o) tooth sial(o) saliva, ‫اﻟﻠﻌﺎب‬ sialaden(o) salivary gland ‫اﻟﻐﺪه اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﯿﮫ‬ Cec Cecum 67 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program A. Mouth Element Meaning Word Analysis Combining Forms Mouth Or/o Mouth Oral: pertaining to the mouth Stomat/o Stomatitis: inflammation of the mouth Gloss/o Tongue Glossectomy: removal of all part of the tongue Lingu/o Lingual: pertaining to the tongue Bucc/o Cheek Buccal: pertaining to the cheek 68 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program B. Stomach Element Meaning Word Analysis Combining Forms Stomach Gastr/o stomach Gastralgia: pain in the stomach from any cause; also called stomachache Pylor/o pylorus Pylorospasm: involuntary contraction of the pyloric sphincter of the stomach, as in pyloric stenosis 69 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program C. Small intestine Element Meaning Word Analysis Combining Forms Small intestine Duoden/o Duodenum Duodenoscopy: visual examination of the duodenum Enter/o Intestine Enteropathy: any intestinal disease (usually small intestine) Jejun/o Jejunum Jejunorrhaphy: suture of the jejunum Ile/o Ileum Ileostomy: creation of an opening between the ileum and the abdominal wall 70 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program D. Large intestine Element Meaning Word Analysis Combining Forms Large intestine Append/o Appendix Appendectomy: excision of the appendix Appendic/o Appendicitis: inflammation of the appendix Col/o Colon Colostomy: creation of an opening between the colon and the abdominal wall Colon/o Colonoscopy: visual examination of the colon using a colonoscope, an elongated endoscope Sigmoid/o Sigmoid Sigmoidotomy: incision of the sigmoid colon colon Terminal end of large intestine Rect/o Rectum Rectocele: herniation or protrusion of the rectum; also called proctocele Proct/o Anus, Proctologist: physician who specializes in rectum treating disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus An/o Anus Perianal: pertaining to the area around the anus 71 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Combining forms for accessory organs of digestion Element Meaning Word Analysis Combining Forms Accessory Organs of Digestion Hepat/o liver Hepatomegaly: enlargement of the liver, usually a sign of disease Pancreat/o Pancreas Pancreatolysis: destruction of the pancreas by pancreatic enzymes Cholangi/o Bile vessel Cholangiole: small terminal portion of the bile duct Chol/e Bile, gall Cholelith: gallstone Cholecyst/o Gallbladder Cholecystectomy: removal of the gallbladder by laparoscopic or open surgery Choledoch/o Bile duct Choledochoplasty: surgical repair of the common bile duct 72 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Element Meaning Word Analysis Suffixes for Gastrointestinal system -emesis Vomit Hyperemesis: excessive vomiting -iasis Abnormal Cholelithiasis: presence or formation of condition gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct -megaly Enlargement Hepatomegaly: enlargement of the liver -orexia Appetite Anorexia: loss of appetite -pepsia Digestion Dyspepsia: epigastric discomfort felt after eating; also called indigestion -phagia Swallowing, Aerophagia: swallowing of air eating -prandial Meal Postprandial: following a meal -rrhea Discharge, flow Steatorrhea: excessive amount of fat discharged in fecal matter Prefixes for Gastrointestinal system Dia- Through, across Diarrhea: abnormally frequent discharge or flow of fluid fecal matter from the bowel Peri- Around Perisigmoiditis: inflammation of peritoneal tissue around the sigmoid colon Sub- Under, below Sublingual: pertaining to the area under the tongue 73 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Disorders of GIT (pathological terms) 1) Eating disorders Anorexia refusal to eat because person wants to be dangerously thin Bulimia Eating, then purposefully vomiting to achieve weight loss Obesity Excessive body weight that often results from overeating 2) Oral inflammatory conditions Gingivitis Inflammation of the gums. Glossitis Inflammation of the tongue. Refers to progression of gingivitis involving an inflammation of the oral Periodontitis mucosa. Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mouth Cheilitis inflammation of the lips Sialodentitis Inflammation of salivary glands. Parotitis Inflammation of parotid gland Dysphagia Difficulty in swallowing Aphagia Refusal or loss of ability to swallow Halitosis Offensive odor of the breath 3) Disorders of esophagus The inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the Esophagitis esophagus. Enlarged veins in the lower esophagus that are caused by Esophageal varices portal hypertension. 74 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Failure of a smooth muscle to relax (especially the lower Achalasia esophagealsphincter)→d is retained in the esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux Refers to the backflow of gastric contents into the disease (GERD) esophagus. 4) Disorders of stomach Gastritis inflammation of the stomach and stomach lining. Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines Peptic ulcer Is a disruption in the gastric or duodenal lining Achlorhydria Lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach emesis vomiting Hematemesis the vomiting of blood. The protrusion of the stomach through a structural defect in the Hiatal hernia diaphragm at the esophageal opening. Pyloric stenosis is narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum Flatulence Accumulation of gas in the stomach or intestines 5) Disorders of intestine Enterocolitis Ulcerative colitis Diverticulitis acute inflammation of Chronic, inflammatory disease that Inflammation of one or the small and large affects the mucosa of the colon more diverticula (bulging intestines and produces ulcerations of pouches in the sigmoid unknown cause. colon). Crohn’s disease Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 75 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Condition characterized by diarrhea, Chronic inflammatory bowel disease that usually resulting from increased bowel involves the proximal portion of the colon and, motility, alternating with less commonly, the terminal ileum constipation. Constipation Diarrhea Infrequency or difficulty in defecation and is frequent loose or watery feces the passage of hard, dry feces. Volvulus Intussusception is a twisting of intestine on its mesentery, resulting Prolapse of an intestinal part into a in blood vessel compression and ischemia neighboring part Anal fissure Hemorrhoids Varicose veins in the rectum crack in the lining of the anus associated with pain and bleeding, is a physiologic form of intestinal obstruction that usually develops Paralytic ileus in the small bowel after abdominal surgery. Melena black feces resulting from blood in the intestines. 76 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program General term for inflammation of the intestinal tract with loose Dysentery stools and other symptoms such as abdominal pain and weakness Dyspepsia Poor or painful digestion. Protrusion of the large or small intestine or bladder into the inguinal Inguinal hernia canal resulting from weakened abdominal muscles, injury, or aging. Lactose Is the inability to digest milk sugar. intolerance Chronic disease in which an individual can’t tolerate foods Celiac disease containing gluten (usually found in wheat, barley, and oats). Appendicitis inflammation of the vermiform appendix 6) Conditions of the liver Hepatitis inflammation of the liver Fatty liver= steatosis accumulation of triglycerides and other fats in liver cells. Chronic, degenerative liver disease in which the lobes are Cirrhosis covered with fibrous tissue and the liver parenchyma degenerates. Hepatomegaly is the enlargement of the liver Abnormal increase in pressure in the hepatic portal system. Portal hypertension May be caused by cirrhosis, infection, thrombosis, or tumors. Hepatic Degenerative brain condition caused by advanced liver disease encephalopathy and may lead to hepatic coma. Excessive bilirubin in the blood causing a yellow discoloration Hyperbilirubinemia of the skin 77 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program A yellowish color of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites Jaundice of the eye caused by bile pigments (bilirubin) in the blood. 7) Conditions of gall bladder Acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, typically caused by Cholecystitis gallstones. Cholelithiasis The presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. Cholangitis inflammation of the bile ducts 8) Other terms Pancreatitis Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas. Spleenomegaly is the enlargement of the spleen Is an acute or chronic inflammation of the peritonium (the membrane Peritonitis that lines the abdominal cavity and covers visceral organs). Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity; a form of edema. Ascites May be caused by heart disease, lymphatic or venous obstruction, cirrhosis, or changes in plasma composition. 78  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Diagnosis of GIT disorders Computerized Translates the action of multiple X-ray beams into three- tomography (CT) scan dimensional images. Is the radiographic examination of the large intestine after Barium enema rectal instillation of barium sulfate Is an X-ray of the gallbladder and biliary duct system by Cholangiogram injecting a radiopaque contrast medium. Magnetic resonance Creates images by computer analysis of electromagnetic imaging (MRI) waves directed into the tissues. Ultrasonography Creates images of deep structures of the body a visual inspection of a body cavity using an optical Endoscopy instrument called an endoscope. Colonoscopy an endoscopic examination of the colon. endoscopic examination of the interior of the peritoneal Laparoscopy cavity. Percutaneous liver involves aspiration of a core of liver tissue for analysis biopsy Pharmacological Terms Medications Used to Treat the Digestive System Antacid Neutralizes stomach acid Antiemetic Prevents regurgitation Antidiarrheal Controls loose stools Antispasmodic Calms spasms of the GI tract Laxative Relieves constipation 79 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program A drug that expel gas from the stomach or colon Carminative  charcool ➔ for treatment of aerophagia Gouge = to stimulate flow , sialo = saliva Sialagogue [A drug that stimulate flow of saliva ➔ used in treatment of Xerostomia] Purgative/laxative A drug that taken Orally to evacuate the bowel /Cathartic Antithelmentics A drug taken orally to eradicate intestinal Parasites Treatments and Surgical Procedures of GIT insertion of a tube into the stomach through the nose Nasogastric intubation (=NG) Irrigation or washing of the stomach with sterile water Gastric lavage or saline solution using an NG tube. Gavage is feeding a patient through a stomach tube. Total gastrectomy removal of the entire stomach Colectomy is excision of a portion of the colon. Appendectomy is the removal of the appendix. 80  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Cholecyst-ectomy is removal of the gallbladder. is reserved for patients with a life-threatening liver Liver transplant disorder that doesn’t respond to other treatment. Rectal injection of fluid preparation to clean the bowel Enema or scope or as retention enema ➔ to deliver medication act locally or systemically General terms used in GIT Word Meaning Asymptomatic Without symptoms Defecation Elimination of feces from the gastrointestinal tract through the rectum Duodenal bulb Upper duodenal area just beyond the pylorus Endoscope Instrument consisting of a rigid or flexible fiberoptic tube and optical system for observing the inside of the hollow organ or cavity Exocrine Pertaining to a gland that secretes outwardly through the excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel Friable Easily broken or pulverized Pepsin Enzyme secreted in the stomach that begins the digestion of proteins Punctate Having pinpoint punctures or depressions on the surface; marked with dots Varices Tortuous dilations of a vein Sphincter Circular muscle constricting an orifice, such as the pyloric sphincter around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum 81 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Endocrine System Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: Locate and describe the structures of the endocrine system. Recognize, pronounce, spell, and build words related to the endocrine system. Describe pathological conditions, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and other terms related to the endocrine system. Explain pharmacology related to the treatment of endocrine disorders. 82  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Diagnostic, symptomatic, and related terms to Endocrine Word Meaning acromegaly Chronic metabolic disorder characterized by a gradual, marked enlargement and thickening of the bones of the face and jaw diuresis Increased formation and secretion of urine glucagon Hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells glucose Simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion glycosuria Presence of glucose in the urine or abnormal amount of sugar in the urine Graves’ disease Multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by pronounced hyperthyroidism usually associated with enlarged thyroid gland and exophthalmos (abnormal protrusion of the eyeball) hirsutism Excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women hypercalcemia Excessive amount of calcium in the blood hyperkalemia Excessive amount of potassium in the blood hypervolemia Abnormal increase in the volume of circulating fluid (plasma) in the body hyponatremia Abnormal condition of low sodium in the blood insulinoma Tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas obesity Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards. panhypopituitarism Total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormonal activity 95  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program pheochromocytoma Small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla thyroid storm Crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of increased amount of thyroid hormone; also called thyroid crisis or thyrotoxic crisis virile Masculine or having characteristics of a man virilism Masculinization in a woman or development of male secondary sex characteristics in the woman Medications used for Endocrine disorders Classification Therapeutic action oral Treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by stimulating the pancreas to antidiabetics produce more insulin and decrease peripheral resistance to insulin. antithyroids Treat hyperthyroidism by impeding the formation of T3 and T4 hormone. corticosteroidsReplace hormones lost in adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease). Corticosteroids are also widely used to suppress inflammation, control allergic reactions, reduce rejection in transplantation, and treat some cancer growth hormone Increase skeletal growth in children and growth hormone replacements deficiencies in adults thyroid Replace or supplement thyroid hormones Each thyroid supplements supplement contains T3,T4, or a combination of both.Thyroid supplements are also used to treat some types of thyroid cancer 96  ‫ﻣﻠﻐﻲ‬ Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Respiratory System Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Locate and describe the structures of the respiratory system. 2. Recognize, pronounce, spell, and build words related to the respiratory system. 3. Describe pathological conditions, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and other terms related to the respiratory system. 4. Explain pharmacology related to the treatment of respiratory disorders. 97 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One ‫ﻣﻠﻐﻲ‬ Pharm D Program 98 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Organ Nas/0 Rhin/0 Nose Pharyng/0 Pharynx Tonsil/0 Tonsil Laryng/0 Larynx Epiglott/0 Epiglottis Trache/0 Trachea Bronch/0 Bronch/I Bronchus Bronchiol/I Bronchiole Alveoli/0 Alveolus Lob/0 Lobe Pneum/0 Pneumon/0 Pulmon/0 Lung Pector/0 Thorac/0 Chest oto Ear Sinus Sinuses Organ 99  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Combining forms of Respiratory system Element Meaning Word Analysis Combining Forms Upper respiratory tract nas/o nose nasal: pertaining to the nose rhin/o rhinoplasty: surgical repair of the nose sept/o septum septoplasty: surgical repair of the septum sinus/o sinus, sinusotomy: incision of any of the sinuses cavity adenoid/o adenoids adenoidectomy: excision of adenoids tonsill/o tonsils peritonsillar: pertaining to (the area) around the tonsils pharyng/o pharynx pharyngoscope: instrument for examining the (throat) pharynx epiglott/o epiglottis epiglottitis: inflammation of the epiglottis laryng/o larynx laryngoplegia: paralysis of the (vocal cords (voice and) larynx box) trache/o trachea tracheoplasty: surgical repair of the trachea (windpipe) Lower respiratory tract bronchi/o bronchus bronchiectasis: dilation of (one or more) bronchi bronch/o bronchoscope: instrument for examining the bronchus or bronchi bronchiol/o bronchiole bronchiolitis: inflammation of the bronchioles 100  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program alveol/o alveolus alveolar: pertaining to the alveoli pleur/o pleura pleurocentesis: surgical puncture of the pleural cavity; also called thoracocentesis or thoracentesis pneum/o air; lung pneumectomy: excision of (all or part of) a lung pneumon/o pneumonia: condition of inflammation of the lungs pulmon/o Lung pulmonologist: specialist in the study (and treatment) of lungs (and respiratory diseases) Others anthrac/o coal, coal anthracosis: abnormal condition of coal dust dust (in the lungs) atel/o incomplete; atelectasis: incomplete expansion of the lung; imperfect also called airless lung or collapsed lung coni/o dust pneumoconiosis: condition of dust in the lungs cyan/o blue cyanosis: abnormal condition of blueness lob/o lobe lobectomy: excision of a lobe orth/o straight orthopnea: breathing in a straight (or upright position) ox/i oxygen oximeter: instrument used for measuring oxygen ox/o hypoxemia: deficiency of oxygen in blood pector/o chest pectoralgia: pain in the chest; also called thoracalgia, thoracodynia, and pectorodynia steth/o stethoscope: instrument used for examining the chest thorac/o thoracopathy: disease of the chest phren/o diaphragm phrenospasm: involuntary contraction of the diaphragm 101  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program spir/o breathe spirometer: instrument for measuring breathing Suffixes and prefixes for Respiratory system Element Meaning Word Analysis Suffixes for Respiratory system -capnia carbon dioxide hypercapnia: excessive CO2 (CO2) -osmia smell anosmia: without (the sense of ) smell -phonia voice dysphonia: bad (impaired) voice quality -pnea breathing apnea: not breathing -ptysis spitting hemoptysis : (coughing up or) spitting of blood -thorax chest pyothorax: pus in the chest (cavity); also called empyema Prefixes for Respiratory system Brady- slow bradypnea: slow breathing Dys- bad; painful; dyspnea: difficult breathing difficult Eu- good, normal eupnea: normal breathing tachy- rapid tachypnea: rapid breathing 102 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Respiratory disorders rhinitis inflammation of nose bronchitis inflammation of bronchus Pharyngitis inflammation of pharynx [= Sore throat] nasopharyngitis inflammation of nose and pharynx sinusitis inflammation of sinuses rhinorrhea nose discharge Bronchospasm involuntary contraction of bronchus tracheostenosis narrowing of trachea laryngoplegia paralysis of larynx anoxia condition of no oxygen hypoxia condition of insufficient oxygen Hypoxemia condition of insufficient oxygen in blood bradypnea slow breathing tachypnea rapid breathing dyspnea difficult breathing eupnea normal breathing hyperpnea excessive breathing hypopnea insufficient breathing Apnea no breathing An inflammation of the lung caused by many Pneumonia different agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and chemical irritants. Narrowing of bronchial tubes due to irritation Asthma caused by allergens 103 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Diagnostic and surgical procedure bronchoscope instrument to view bronchus bronchoscopy visual examination of bronchi with a bronchoscope laryngectomy surgical removal of larynx bronchoplasty surgical repair of bronchus thoracocentesis surgical puncture of chest wall to remove fluids Emergency procedure to create an opening directly into tracheostomy trachea so person can breathe easier. Medications Decongestants. act to constrict dilated arterioles in the nasal mucosa Expectorants Facilitate the removal of mucus from lower respiratory tract. Bronchodilators Improve pulmonary airflow by dilating air passages. Antitussives reduce the cough. Mucolytics break chemical bonds in mucus ➔ lowering its thickness 104 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Cardiovascular System Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Locate and describe the structures of the cardiovascular system. 2. Recognize, pronounce, spell, and build words related to the cardiovascular system. 3. Describe pathological conditions, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and other. 4. terms related to the cardiovascular system. 5. Explain pharmacology related to the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. 105  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Combining forms of Cardiovascular system Element Meaning Word Analysis Combining Forms aneurysm/o Widened aneurysmorrhaphy: suture of an aneurysm blood vessel angi/o vessel angioplasty: surgical repair of a vessel (usually vascul/o blood or vasculitis: inflammation of (blood) vessels lymph) aort/o aorta aortostenosis: narrowing of the aorta arteri/o artery arteriorrhexis: rupture of an artery arteriol/o arteriole arteriolitis: inflammation of an arteriole atri/o atrium atriomegaly: enlargement of the atrium ather/o fatty plaque atheroma: tumor of fatty plaque cardi/o heart cardiomegaly: enlargement of the heart electr/o electricity electrocardi/o/gram: record of the electrical (impulses) of the heart embol/o embolus embolectomy: removal of an embolus (plug) hemangi/o blood hemangioma: tumor of blood vessels vessel my/o Muscle myocardial: pertaining to heart muscle phleb/o vein phlebectasis: expansion of a vein ven/o venostasis: standing still of (blood in a) vein; also called phlebostasis scler/o hardening; arteriosclerosis: abnormal condition of hardening of the artery 106  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program sclera (white of eye) sept/o septum septostomy: forming an opening in a septum sphygm/o pulse sphygmoid: resembling a pulse sten/o narrowing, stenotic: pertaining to a narrowing or stricture stricture thromb/o blood clot thrombolysis: destruction of a blood clot ventricul/o ventricle (of ventricular: pertaining to a ventricle (chamber the of the heart or brain) heart or brain) 107  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program References Cohen, Barbara J. Medical Terminology: An Illustrated Guide. 6th ed. Baltimore, MD: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2016. 108 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Learning Activities 109 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 110