Radiographic Anatomy PDF

‫عل مض‬ :‫اعداد‬ ‫المرحلة الثانية الكورس االول‬ ‫ر‬ ‫التقن ي‬ ‫ي‬ 1 ‫تشي ح نظري محاظرة‬ Radiographic Anatomy‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﺮﯾﺤﯿﺔ‬ Positioning termino...

‫عل مض‬ :‫اعداد‬ ‫المرحلة الثانية الكورس االول‬ ‫ر‬ ‫التقن ي‬ ‫ي‬ 1 ‫تشي ح نظري محاظرة‬ Radiographic Anatomy‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﺮﯾﺤﯿﺔ‬ Positioning terminology::‫ﻟﺘﻮﺿﯿﻊ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references. When in the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer, the upper extremities are placed at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ‬.‫اﻟﻮﺿﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﯾﺤﯿﺔ ھﻲ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪة ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ أو ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺗﺘﯿﺢ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﺗﺸﺮﯾﺤﯿﺔ دﻗﯿﻘﺔ وﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ اﻷطﺮاف اﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن‬،‫ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺸﺨﺺ واﻗﻔًﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﺒًﺎ ﻣﻮاﺟ ًﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬،‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺿﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﯾﺤﯿﺔ‬.‫ واﻟﻘﺪﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺘﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض‬،‫ وراﺣﺔ اﻟﯿﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﺘﺠﮭﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺎم‬،‫ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ The reference point from which all parts of the body are named :‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﯿﺔ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ھﻲ‬ - Standing erect.‫ اﻟﻮﻗﻮف ﻣﻨﺘﺼﺒًﺎ‬- - Eyes direct straight forward (and level).(‫ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة إﻟﻰ اﻷﻣﺎم )وﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﺘﺴﺎ ٍو‬- Feet positioned slightly apart with heels close together, the toes directly laterally.‫ واﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺘﺠﮭﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬،‫ اﻟﻘﺪﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺗﯿﻦ ﻗﻠﯿﻼً واﻟﻜﻌﺒﯿﻦ ﻗﺮﯾﺒﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻤﺎ‬- - Hands at sides.‫ اﻟﯿﺪﯾﻦ ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬- -- Palms facing forward.‫ راﺣﺔ اﻟﯿﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﺘﺠﮭﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺎم‬- ‫عل مض‬ :‫اعداد‬ ‫المرحلة الثانية الكورس االول‬ ‫ر‬ ‫التقن ي‬ ‫ي‬ 1 ‫تشي ح نظري محاظرة‬ Thumbs directed laterally.(‫ اﻹﺑﮭﺎم ﻣﻮﺟﮫ ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج )ﺟﺎﻧﺒﯿًﺎ‬- -- Fingers extended.‫ اﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻤﺪودة‬- TERMINOLOGY ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬ Patient aspect: :‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻤﺮﯾﺾ‬ Anterior aspect: that seen when viewing the patient from the front..‫ ھﻮ ﻣﺎ ﯾُﺮى ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺎھﺪة اﻟﻤﺮﯾﺾ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺎم‬:‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬ Posterior (dorsal) aspect: that seen when viewing the patient from the back..‫ ھﻮ ﻣﺎ ﯾُﺮى ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺎھﺪة اﻟﻤﺮﯾﺾ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﻒ‬:(‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ )اﻟﻈﮭﺮي‬ Lateral aspect: refers to any view of the patient from the side..‫ ﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ أي رؤﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﯾﺾ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ‬:‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ The side of the head would therefore be the lateral aspect of the cranium..‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮأس ﺳﯿﻜﻮن إذن ھﻮ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ‬ Medial aspect: refers to the side of a body part closest to the midline, e.g. the inner side of a limb is the medial aspect of that limb ‫ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬،‫ ﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻷﻗﺮب إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻷوﺳﻂ‬:‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ اﻹﻧﺴﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻦ طﺮف ھﻮ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ اﻹﻧﺴﻲ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻄﺮف‬ ‫عل مض‬ ‫اعداد‪:‬‬ ‫المرحلة الثانية الكورس االول‬ ‫ر‬ ‫التقن ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تشي ح نظري محاظرة ‪1‬‬ ‫‪Regional Names :Are names given to specific regions of the body for reference‬‬ ‫‪Examples: include cranial (skull), thoracic (chest), brachial (arm), patellar‬‬ ‫)‪(knee), cephalic (head), and gluteal (buttock‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻹﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ‪ :‬ھﻲ أﺳﻤﺎء ﺗ ُﻌﻄﻰ ﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻛﻤﺮﺟﻊ‪.‬أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ )اﻟﻘﺤﻒ(‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺪرﯾﺔ )اﻟﺼﺪر(‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﻀﺪﯾﺔ )اﻟﺬراع(‪ ،‬اﻟﺮﺿﻔﯿﺔ )اﻟﺮﻛﺒﺔ(‪ ،‬اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ )اﻟﺮأس(‪ ،‬واﻷﻟﻮﯾﺔ )اﻷرداف(‪.‬‬ ‫وﺿﻌﯿﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻠﻘﺎء‪Reclining Position::‬‬ ‫‪If the body is lying face down, it is in the prone position.‬‬ ‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﻘﯿًﺎ ووﺟﮭﮫ إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺿﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﻄﻨﯿﺔ )اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻠﻘﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻄﻦ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪If the body is lying face up, it is in the supine position‬‬ ‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﻘ ًﯿﺎ ووﺟﮭﮫ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺿﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﻈﮭﺮﯾﺔ )اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻠﻘﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻈﮭﺮ(‪.‬‬ ‫عل مض‬ :‫اعداد‬ ‫المرحلة الثانية الكورس االول‬ ‫ر‬ ‫التقن ي‬ ‫ي‬ 1 ‫تشي ح نظري محاظرة‬ Body Planes.(‫اﻟﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﺠﺴﺪﯾﺔ )اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﺠﺴﻤﯿﺔ‬ Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body or organs into definite areas & include, Body planes are divided into: :‫ وﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬،‫اﻟﺨﻄﻂ ھﻲ أﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ ﺧﯿﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗ ُﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ أو اﻷﻋﻀﺎء إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺎطﻖ ﻣﺤﺪدة‬ 1- Saggital plane (or section) (‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺴﮭﻤﻲ )أو اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺴﮭﻤﻲ‬-1 Midsaggital section: A vertical section through the midline of the body (from head to groin) Also called a "Median section" or "Midline section" right down the middle.(‫ ھﻮ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﯾﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ )ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮأس إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻔﺨﺬ‬:‫ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺴﮭﻤﻲ اﻷوﺳﻂ‬-.‫ﯾُﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ أﯾﻀًﺎ "اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻲ" أو "ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻷوﺳﻂ" وﯾﻜﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ Parasaggital section: A vertical section through the body either to the left or right of the midline" away from the midline" ‫ ﺑﻌﯿﺪًا ﻋﻦ‬،‫ ھﻮ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﯾﻤﺮ إﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﯿﺴﺎر أو إﻟﻰ اﻟﯿﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬:‫ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺴﮭﻤﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬-.‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬ 2- Transverse section ‫ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ‬-2  Also called "Horizontal section" or "Cross section" superior & inferior.‫ وﯾﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺰء ﻋﻠﻮي وﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬،"‫ ﯾُﺴﻤﻰ أﯾﻀًﺎ "اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻷﻓﻘﻲ" أو "اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮض‬-  Section traversing horizontally through the trunk or limbs.‫ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﺮ أﻓﻘﯿﺎ ً ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺠﺬع أو اﻷطﺮاف‬- ‫عل مض‬ :‫اعداد‬ ‫المرحلة الثانية الكورس االول‬ ‫ر‬ ‫التقن ي‬ ‫ي‬ 1 ‫تشي ح نظري محاظرة‬  Cross section is the term of choice for any plane (or section) through a limb that runs at a right angle to the long axis of the limb Frontal section Also referred to as "Coronal section" ‫ ﯾُﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮض ﻷي ﻣﺴﺘﻮى )أو ﻣﻘﻄﻊ( ﯾﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻄﺮف ﺑﺰاوﯾﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬-."‫ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﯾُﺴﻤﻰ أﯾﻀًﺎ "اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻹﻛﻠﯿﻠﻲ‬.‫اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺮف‬  Rostral section is usually reserved for a frontal section through the head or brain (uses the nose, or rostrum, as a reference point) ‫ ﯾُﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ "اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ" ﻋﺎدة ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ أﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﯾﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺮأس أو اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ )ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬-.(‫ ﻛﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﯿﺔ‬،‫ أو اﻟﻤﻨﻘﺎر‬،‫اﻷﻧﻒ‬  Oblique section: "Angled" cut through the body or body part divides anterior & posterior.‫ھﻮ ﻗﻄﻊ "ﻣﺎﺋﻞ" ﯾﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ أو ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ وﯾﻘﺴﻤﮫ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺰﺋﯿﻦ أﻣﺎﻣﻲ وﺧﻠﻔﻲ‬:‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫عل مض‬ :‫اعداد‬ ‫المرحلة الثانية الكورس االول‬ ‫ر‬ ‫التقن ي‬ ‫ي‬ 1 ‫تشي ح نظري محاظرة‬ Directional Terms: :‫ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻻﺗﺠﺎھﯿﺔ‬- ‫ﺗﺸﺮﯾﺢ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another and to reduce length of explanations..‫ وﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ طﻮل اﻟﺸﺮح‬،‫ﺗ ُﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻻﺗﺠﺎھﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺰء آﺧﺮ‬ Superior/Cephalic/Cranial ‫ ﻗﺤﻔﻲ‬/ ‫ رأﺳﻲ‬/ ‫ ﻋﻠﻮي‬:Superior / Cephalic / Cranial - Inferior/Caudal ‫ ذﯾﻠﻲ‬/ ‫ ﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬:Inferior / Caudal - Anterior/Ventral/Rostral ‫ ﻣﻨﻘﺎري‬/ ‫ ﺑﻄﻨﻲ‬/ ‫ أﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬:Anterior / Ventral / Rostral - Posterior/Dorsal ‫ ظﮭﺮي‬/ ‫ ﺧﻠﻔﻲ‬:Posterior / Dorsal - Superficial: toward surface ‫ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬:Superficial - Deep: away from surface ‫ ﺑﻌﯿﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬:Deep - Medial: toward midline ‫ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻷوﺳﻂ‬:Medial - Lateral: away from midline ‫ ﺑﻌﯿﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻷوﺳﻂ‬:Lateral - intermediate: between 2 points ‫ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﯿﻦ‬:Intermediate - Ipsilateral: same side ‫ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ‬:Ipsilateral - Contralateral: opposite side ‫ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬:Contralateral - Proximal: near origin ‫ ﻗﺮﯾﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻞ‬:Proximal - Distal: away from origin ‫ ﺑﻌﯿﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺻﻞ‬:Distal - External (Outer) ‫ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬:External (Outer) -  ‫عل مض‬ :‫اعداد‬ ‫المرحلة الثانية الكورس االول‬ ‫ر‬ ‫التقن ي‬ ‫ي‬ 1 ‫تشي ح نظري محاظرة‬ Internal (Inner) ‫ داﺧﻠﻲ‬:Internal (Inner) - Central ‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬:Central - Peripheral ‫ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﻲ‬:Peripheral - Parietal ‫ ﺟﺪاري‬:Parietal - Visceral ‫ ﺣﺸﻮي‬:Visceral - Head & Neck ‫ اﻟﺮأس واﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‬:Head & Neck - Trunk ‫ اﻟﺠﺬع‬:Trunk - Thorax ‫ اﻟﺼﺪر‬:Thorax - Abdomen ‫ اﻟﺒﻄﻦ‬:Abdomen - Pelvis & Perineum ‫ اﻟﺤﻮض واﻟﻌﺠﺎن‬:Pelvis & Perineum - Extremities (or limbs) ‫ اﻷطﺮاف‬:Extremities (or limbs) - Upper ‫ اﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔ‬:Upper - Lower ‫ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﯿﺔ‬:Lower - ‫عل مض‬ :‫اعداد‬ ‫المرحلة الثانية الكورس االول‬ ‫ر‬ ‫التقن ي‬ ‫ي‬ 1 ‫تشي ح نظري محاظرة‬ THE SKULL:‫اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ‬ it's consist of groups of bones attached to each other by sutures which make these connection very strong without movement. The skull consists of the cranium and the facial bones: ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺠﻌﻞ‬،(sutures) ‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﺪرزات‬-.‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺤﻒ وﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﻮﺟﮫ‬.‫ھﺬه اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ ﻗﻮﯾﺔ ﺟﺪا ً ﺑﺪون ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ The Facial Bones of the Skull:‫ﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﻮﺟﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ‬ 1. Maxillae (maxillary bones) (Maxillae) ‫ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻔﻜﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬.1 2. Nasal bones ‫ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ‬.2 3. Palatine bones ‫ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم اﻟﺤﻨﻜﯿﺔ‬.3 4. Zygomatic bones ‫ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم اﻟﻮﺟﻨﯿﺔ‬.4 5. Lacrimal bones ‫ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم اﻟﺪﻣﻌﯿﺔ‬.5 6. Vomer (Vomer) ‫ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﯿﻜﻌﺔ‬.6 7. Mandible (Mandible) ‫ اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬.7  ‫عل مض‬ :‫اعداد‬ ‫المرحلة الثانية الكورس االول‬ ‫ر‬ ‫التقن ي‬ ‫ي‬ 1 ‫تشي ح نظري محاظرة‬ 1- The Maxillae (Maxillae) ‫ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻔﻜﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬-1 Functions of the maxillae: :‫وظﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻔﻜﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬ 1. Support upper teeth ‫ دﻋﻢ اﻷﺳﻨﺎن اﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔ‬.1 2. Form inferior orbital rim ‫ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺪارﯾﺔ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﯿﺔ‬.2 3. Form lateral margins of external nares ‫ ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻞ اﻟﺤﻮاف اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺤﺎت اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‬.3 4. Form upper jaw and hard palate ‫ ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻞ اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي واﻟﺤﻨﻚ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬.4 5. Contain maxillary sinuses (largest sinuses) (‫ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﯿﻮب اﻟﻔﻜﯿﺔ )أﻛﺒﺮ اﻟﺠﯿﻮب اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ‬.5  Articulations of the Maxillae include the Frontal bones, Ethmoid and with one another to make all other facial bones except the mandible ‫ وﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬،‫ واﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬،‫اﻻرﺗﺒﺎطﺎت )اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ( اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻔﻜﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم اﻟﺠﺒﮭﯿﺔ‬.‫ﻟﺘﺸﻜﯿﻞ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﻮﺟﮫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ The Maxillae is largest bones of the face, except for the mandible and form, by their union the whole of the upper jaw. They hold the upper teeth, and connect on the left and right to the zygomatic bones (cheek bones).: ‫ وﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﺗﺤﺎدھﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬،(Mandible) ‫( ھﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﻮﺟﮫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬Maxillae) ‫ﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬.(Zygomatic bones) ‫ وﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﻦ اﻷﯾﺴﺮ واﻷﯾﻤﻦ ﺑﻌﻈﺎم اﻟﻮﺟﻨﺔ‬،‫ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻷﺳﻨﺎن اﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬  Infra Orbital foramen: hole below the orbit, for blood vessels and nerves ‫( وھﻲ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﺎب ﺗﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮھﺎ‬Infra Orbital Foramen) ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﺠﺎب‬.‫اﻷوﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﯾﺔ واﻷﻋﺼﺎب‬  ‫عل مض‬ :‫اعداد‬ ‫المرحلة الثانية الكورس االول‬ ‫ر‬ ‫التقن ي‬ ‫ي‬ 1 ‫تشي ح نظري محاظرة‬  Alveolar process: arch of the maxilla containing the upper teeth.‫ ﻗﻮس اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﻨﺎن اﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔ‬:(Alveolar Process) ‫ اﻟﻨﺘﻮء اﻟﺴﻨﺨﻲ‬-  Palatine process: horizontal projection of the maxilla forming the anterior % of the hard palate..‫ ﻧﺘﻮء أﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻚ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﯾﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻨﻚ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬:(Palatine Process) ‫ اﻟﻨﺘﻮء اﻟﺤﻨﻜﻲ‬- 2-The Zygomatic Bones ‫ﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﻮﺟﻨﺔ‬ Commonly referred to as the cheekbone. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face: it forms the prominence of the cheek and part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit. It articulates with the zygomatic arch of the temporal bone ‫ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻌﻠﻮي واﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ وﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺮوز اﻟﺨﺪ وﺟﺰءا ً ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬.‫ﺗﻌﺮف ﻋﺎدة ﺑﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻮﺟﻨﺔ‬.(Temporal Bone) ‫( ﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺼﺪغ‬Zygomatic Arch) ‫ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮس اﻟﻮﺟﻨﻲ‬.‫وأرﺿﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﺎج‬ Functions of the zygomatic bones: ‫وظﺎﺋﻒ ﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﻮﺟﻨﺔ‬ 1. Contribute to the rim and lateral wall of the orbit.‫ ﺗﺴﺎھﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ وﺟﺪار اﻟﺤﺠﺎج اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬.1 2. Form part of the zygomatic arch.‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺰ ًءا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮس اﻟﻮﺟﻨﻲ‬.2 ‫عل مض‬ :‫اعداد‬ ‫المرحلة الثانية الكورس االول‬ ‫ر‬ ‫التقن ي‬ ‫ي‬ 1 ‫تشي ح نظري محاظرة‬  Articulations of the zygomatic bones (Sphenoid- Frontal bone - Temporal bones- Maxillae) - (Frontal Bone) ‫ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺠﺒﮭﻲ‬- (Sphenoid) ‫ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻮﺗﺪي‬- :‫ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﻮﺟﻨﺔ‬.(Maxillae) ‫ اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬- (Temporal Bones) ‫ﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﺼﺪغ‬ 3- Lacrimal Bones ‫ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم اﻟﺪﻣﻌﯿﺔ‬-3 Smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the Medial of the orbit. Contains the (lacrimal sac and the nasal- lacrimal duct). ‫ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬،‫أﺻﻐﺮ وأﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﻈﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﯿﺲ اﻟﺪﻣﻌﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻹﻧﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﺎج‬.‫واﻟﻘﻨﺎة اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻌﯿﺔ‬  ‫عل مض‬ :‫اعداد‬ ‫المرحلة الثانية الكورس االول‬ ‫ر‬ ‫التقن ي‬ ‫ي‬ 1 ‫تشي ح نظري محاظرة‬ 4- Palatine bones ‫ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم اﻟﺤﻨﻜﯿﺔ‬-4 It contributes to the walls of three cavities: the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, the roof of the mouth, and the floor of the orbit ‫ أرﺿﯿﺔ وﺟﺪار اﻟﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ‬:‫ﺗﺴﺎھﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪران ﺛﻼث ﺗﺠﺎوﯾﻒ‬.‫ وأرﺿﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﺎب‬،‫ ﺳﻘﻒ اﻟﻔﻢ‬،‫اﻷﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ 5- Nasal Bones: ‫ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ‬-5 Varying in size and form in different Individuals They are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face and form, by their junction, "The bridge" of the nose ‫ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺟﻨﺒﺎ ً إﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷوﺳﻂ واﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ وﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺗﺤﺎدھﻤﺎ‬.‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻷﻓﺮاد‬.‫"ﺟﺴﺮ" اﻷﻧﻒ‬ ‫عل مض‬ ‫اعداد‪:‬‬ ‫المرحلة الثانية الكورس االول‬ ‫ر‬ ‫التقن ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تشي ح نظري محاظرة ‪1‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎرات اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﯿﺔ ‪Inferior Nasal Conchae:‬‬ ‫‪Extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and consists of a‬‬ ‫‪lamina of spongy bone, curled upon itself like a scroll‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ طﻮل اﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ وﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﯿﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻹﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺘﻔﺔ ﺣﻮل ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻠﻔﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬