Research - Gold Rank Intensive Review Baguio Batch 2017 PDF

Research  Research: A structured process by investigating facts and exploring connections  Evidence Based Practice: use of current best evidence o EBP Model  Must consider patient’s financial capacity  Must consider t...

Research  Research: A structured process by investigating facts and exploring connections  Evidence Based Practice: use of current best evidence o EBP Model  Must consider patient’s financial capacity  Must consider the px age EBP Types of Research True Experimental Research  Cause and effect Criteria 1. Randomization 2. Researcher Manipulated Variable 3. Controlled & Experimental Group Quasi Experimental  If one or more criteria is not met  Cause and effect  MC Reason: lack of randomization Non-Experimental Descriptive  (-) Cause and Effect  Describe characteristics, attitude, behavior, beliefs, Non-Experimental Exploratory  Connections/relationship  Checks the relationship between a certain variable and another Research Designs A. Synthesized Literature 1. Systematic Reviews – comprehensive analysis of full range of literatures 2. Meta-Analysis – statistically combining several researches (stronger) B. Qualitative Research Designs (never came out sa BE…so far) 1. Phenomenology – phenomenon – specific events 2. Ethnography – ethnics – cultures, attitude, behavior, tradition, beliefs 3. Grounded Theory – collects, codes, analyzes data  theory a. Inductive theory b. Specific to general C. Quantitative Research Designs 1. RCT – Randomized Controlled Trial Gold Rank Intensive Review Baguio Batch 2017  Research a. Gold Standard of all experimental researches (PBEQ) b. True experimental research c. Cause & effect d. Multicenter ˃ Single Center 2. Cohort – prospective study/follow-up study a. Subjects may not have the disorder yet 3. Case Control – retrospective study a. Subjects may already have the disorder 4. Cross Sectional – studies specific group of subjects at a specific point of time 5. Longitudinal Study – studies series of cohort at specific points of time 6. Single Subject Design – A - Baseline; B - Treatment a. A-B: Effectiveness b. A-B-A: wash out period – to determine the duration of effectiveness c. A-B-A-B: if the independent variable is the direct cause of change in the dependent variable Variables (PBEQ)  Building blocks of a research title 1. Independent Variable a. Cause b. Predictor variable c. Intervention/treatment 2. Dependent variable a. Effect b. Target variable 3. Intervening Variable a. Unaccounted variable b. Extraneous Variable c. Co-variable d. Decreases the validity of the research Hypothesis  Educated guess  Alternative Hypothesis: expects/assumes  Null Hypothesis: does not expect/assume Types of Error Ex: Null – US is not effective Accept (Not-Effective) (+) Reject (Effective) (-) True (Not Effective) (+) Appropriate Type 1 False (effective) (-) Type II Appropriate  Type 1 Error: rejecting the null hypothesis when in fact it is true o Providing a treatment that is not really effective  Type 2 Error: accepting the null when in fact it is false o Ignoring a treatment that is really effective Data Types 1. Nominal a. Lowest/weakest level b. Classificatory Scale c. Gender, blood type d. Course 2. Ordinal a. Rank-ordered category Gold Rank Intensive Review Baguio Batch 2017  Research b. MMT, Pain Scale, Likert Scale 3. Interval a. Rank ordered with known distance b. No absolute zero c. Temperature, IQ 4. Ratio a. Highest level b. True absolute zero c. Height, weight, length, limb girth measurement Sampling  Process of obtaining a sample  Sample: representative of the population Probability Sampling 1. Simple Random Sampling (August 2015) a. Fish Bowl Technique b. All have equal chance of being part of the sample 2. Stratified Random Sampling (February 2015) a. Layer/group  random sampling b. All have a chance of being part of the sample, unequal 3. Systematic Sampling (February 2015) a. Sampling interval b. Every nth c. Unequal Chance 4. Cluster Sampling a. Used if the population is too large Non-Probability Sampling 1. Convenience Sampling a. Chosen based on availability 2. Purposive sampling – Criteria 3. Snowball Sampling – Criteria  chain referral 4. Quota Sampling – used if there is problem in proportions a. 100 people, 80 female, 20 male b. 10 people needed so only 8 female 2 male Validity  Appropriateness of correctness  Research Validity o Internal Validity: independent variable is the direct cause of change in the dependent variable with no intervening variable o External Validity: ability to generalize the research to the general population with same characteristics Threats to Internal Validity 1. Hawthorne Effect: tendency to perform better because they are being observed (PBEQ) 2. Placebo Effect: tendency to report “better” due to a sham treatment; psychological (PBEQ) 3. History: specific events 4. Carry Over Effect: multiple treatment interactions Threats to External Validity 1. Interaction of treatment & selection (PBEQ) 2. Interaction of treatment & setting (PBEQ): results in USA are not the same as results in the Philippines 3. Interaction of treatment & history Gold Rank Intensive Review Baguio Batch 2017  Research Reliability  Consistency, free from error, reproducibility 1. Intertester Reliability – 2 or more raters, single trial 2. Intratester Reliability – 1 rater, multiple trials 3. Test-Retest Reliability – stability of outcome measure Sensitivity vs Specificity Sensitivity Specificity True Positive: ability to obtain a positive result when the True Negative: ability to obtain a negative result when condition is really present the condition is really absent SnNOUT SpPIN If a test has a high sensitivity, a negative result rules out if a test has high specificity, a positive result rules in the the diagnosis diagnosis Values No No 0 Loving Low 0.01-0.25 For Fair 0.26-0.50 Me Moderate 0.51-0.75 Honey High 0.76-0.99 Data Interpretation A. Measures of Central Tendency – make sure to rearrange the number lowest to highest on board exam a. Mean: average b. Median: divides the scores into 2 halves c. Mode: most frequent score in a distribution B. Measures of Variation a. Range: difference of highest & lowest scores b. Standard Deviation: difference around the mean c. Variance: difference among the scores C. Bell Curve a. Mesokurtic Curve: normal distribution (PBEQ) b. Platykurtic Curve: if values are spread far apart (PBEQ) c. Leptokurtic Curve: if values are concentrated D. Skewness a. Positively Skewed: tail to the right, majority are below average b. Negatively Skewed: tail to the left, majority are above average E. Parametric Tests a. Ratio & interval F. Non-Parametric Tests a. Nominal & ordinal G. Correlational Tests a. Pearson Product Moment Coefficient i. “pIRson” – Interval & ratio b. Spearman Rho i. “rhO” – Ordinals H. Transformation Test a. “BIOROI” b. Brush – Interval to Ordinal c. Rasch – Ordinal to interval d. Fortinberry – Scatter Plot – If you want to graphically illustrate relationship of two variables Gold Rank Intensive Review Baguio Batch 2017  Research N McNormer Test Marc DR 2 O Wilcoxon Rank Test Wilson’s I/R Correlated T-Test Corny N Chi-Square Cheesy IU O I/R Mann Whitney U T-Test/Z-Test Mother Traded N Cochrane Q Test Coke DR 3 O 2-Way ANOVA 2 I/R Repeated T-Test Receive N Chi Square Cheesy IU O I/R Kruskal Wallis ANOVA, Multiple ANOVA, ANCOVA Kissings AMA  DR: Dependent Related  IU: Independent Unrelated  N: Nominal  O: Ordinal  I/R: Interval/Ratio Board Exam 1. Chi-Square: epidemiology 2. T-Test: comparing 2 means 3. ANOVA: 3 or more variables Gold Rank Intensive Review Baguio Batch 2017