Medieval Cities and Urban Life PDF

## Las ciudades - Las ciudades surgieron alrededor de monasterios o castillos, donde los habitantes se agruparon en pequeños núcleos de población, o burgos, para realizar los intercambios comerciales. Por eso a sus habitantes se les llamó burgueses. - Las ciudades medievales estaban protegidas por...

## Las ciudades - Las ciudades surgieron alrededor de monasterios o castillos, donde los habitantes se agruparon en pequeños núcleos de población, o burgos, para realizar los intercambios comerciales. Por eso a sus habitantes se les llamó burgueses. - Las ciudades medievales estaban protegidas por murallas y tenían calles estrechas y sucias, sin alcantarillas. - En el centro de la ciudad solía haber una plaza con los edificios más importantes: la catedral, el ayuntamiento, el mercado y palacios. Alrededor del centro había hospitales, escuelas, iglesias... ### ¿Qué construcciones eran importantes en una ciudad medieval? ### UNA CIUDAD MEDIEVAL A diagram of a medieval city is shown. It depicts the following areas: - Puerta de entrada a la ciudad - Ayuntamiento - Puestos del mercado You are asked to complete the diagram by placing the following words in the correct place: - Catedral - Plaza - Castillo - Comediantes - Muralla - Artesano - Mercaderes ## La recuperación de la vida urbana ### Las innovaciones técnicas - A finales del siglo XI, las grandes invasiones cesaron y las guerras disminuyeron. The greater tranquility allowed improvements in agricultural techniques and instruments (fertilizer, plow, mill). - These technical innovations resulted in an increase in agricultural productivity, and consequently in the population, which could be better fed. - The increase in agriculture stimulated trade, as farmers produced more than they consumed, and had surplus to sell. A diagram of a windmill is shown. It depicts the following parts: - El viento mueve las aspas - El eje de las aspas hace girar las ruedas dentadas - El molinero echa el grano en el depósito - El movimiento de las ruedas hace girar la piedra de moler, which turns the grain into flour A diagram of a water mill is shown. It depicts the following parts: - Water wheel - Water channel - Grinding stone ### ¿Qué consecuencias tuvieron las innovaciones técnicas en la agricultura? ### Observa el dibujo del molino de viento y lee cómo se molía el grano. Luego fíjate en el dibujo del interior de un molino de agua y explica cada paso: ## Las actividades urbanas: artesanía y comercio - Medieval cities became centers for the production of finished goods. Artisans of the same profession clustered together on streets named after their craft (tanners, weavers). - The work of artisans was carried out in small workshops. The workshop owner was the master artisan, who lived in a house that served as both home and workshop. - Artisans of each profession organized into guilds made up of apprentices, journeymen, and masters. The Guild was responsible for ensuring compliance with standards (hours, tools), quality, and prices of articles. - In the markets of the cities, agricultural products were exchanged for manufactured goods. Cities also held fairs or large markets. - Maritime trade became very important. One major route was that of the Mediterranean: Venice, Genoa, Marseilles, and Barcelona traded with the Muslim ports of the Near East and the Byzantine Empire.. - The second route was that of the Atlantic and Baltic. Cities with the most important commercial activity were in the Low Countries (Bruges and Ghent). A map of Europe depicting major trading routes and cities between the 13th and 15th centuries is shown. ### Observa el mapa y realiza las siguientes actividades: - Repasa, con el color que indica la leyenda, las principales rutas del comercio terrestre. - Realiza el mismo ejercicio con las rutas maritimas. - Completa el texto con las palabras que faltan: In cities they held large markets or ______ . Some important ports in the Mediterranean Sea were _____ . - Trade with Muslim ports of ______ and ______ continued on these routes. - In the Low Countries, the cities of ______ and ______ became centers of trade for the ______. ## CASA-TALLER DE UN ARTESANO A simple house with an attached shop is shown. It depicts the following rooms: - Cocina - Desván-despensa - Tienda - Taller - Dormitorio ### ¿Cuál es el oficio del artesano de este taller? - Think of a profession from the Middle Ages that you know, draw and color a symbol for it on the shop sign, and write a brief description of the profession. ## La sociedad urbana - The growth of cities transformed feudal society. Kings, nobles, and ecclesiastics granted their subjects greater personal freedom and some rights. - Thus, a new social group emerged that was not privileged: the bourgeoisie. Burghers were engaged in crafts and commerce, and were not beholden to any feudal lord. - It was differentiated, according to wealth, into high bourgeoisie (large merchants and bankers) and petite bourgeoisie (craftsmen and small merchants). - In addition to the bourgeoisie, cities were home to nobles, ecclesiastics, and other groups that were less well-off (apprentices and journeymen in the guilds, servants, beggars). - There were also some minorities, such as the Jews, many of whom were doctors, moneylenders, or artisans, who lived in separate neighborhoods (aljamas or juderías). - To look after finances, order, and justice, citizens elected magistrates, headed by the mayor. - Over time, the government of the cities came into the hands of the wealthiest families, who formed a privileged group: the urban patriciate. - During the 12th century, the economic upswing and the rise of urban life facilitated the development of schools, and later, of universities. A picture of a group of bankers is shown. A classroom at the University of Sorbonne in Paris is shown. ### Define o explica los siguientes conceptos: - Alta burguesía: - Pequeña burguesía: - Alcalde: - Patriciado urbano: ## La crisis demográfica en Inglaterra A graph shows the population of England from 1100 to 1500, with growth from 1100 to 1300 and a decline from 1300 onward. ### Observa este gráfico y realiza las siguientes actividades: - Color in red the line that indicates the English population on the graph. - In approximately what year was the population at its highest? - When did the population begin to decline? Why? A map of Europe is shown depicting the spread of the Black Death from 1347-1350. ### Observe el mapa de la expansión de la Peste Negra de la página anterior y realiza los siguientes ejercicios: - Color each area on the map according to the legend. - Using green, trace the arrows indicating the path of the plague's spread. ## La crisis de la Baja Edad Media (siglos XIV y XV) - At the beginning of the 14th century, Europe experienced a severe agricultural crisis. - This crisis was caused by a series of bad harvests due to adverse weather conditions and the cultivation of poor quality land. - The crisis resulted in reduced wheat production, widespread famine, and violence across the continent. Wars among feudal lords led to frequent looting. - In the mid-14th century (1347), the Black Death pandemic affected all of Europe and caused many deaths. - Shortages of food, rising prices, and worsening living conditions both in the countryside and in cities increased social problems and tensions. A painting depicting the harsh repression of a revolt is shown. - Because of this situation, numerous uprisings occurred across Europe, by peasants and urban lower classes. These revolts were brutally suppressed by the nobility, the upper bourgeoisie, and the king. A map of Europe is shown, depicting the spread of the Black Death from 1347 - 1350. ### Explica qué consecuencias tuvo la crisis de la Baja Edad Media: ## El arte gótico - From the 12th century onwards, taller, brighter buildings were built in a new style, called Gothic. - Cities saw the construction of numerous buildings in this style: palaces, town halls, and, most importantly, cathedrals. - Gothic architecture used the pointed or ogival arch, large stained-glass windows, flying buttresses, and pillars to reinforce the walls. - Gothic sculpture decorated the exteriors and interiors of churches and cathedrals. It was more realistic than Romanesque sculpture, and figures often formed scenes. - Gothic painting was, above all, religious. The scenes have depth, and the figures reflect their feelings. The buildings and landscapes are often depicted in great detail. A cathedral facade in Reims, France is shown. A sculpture in the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris is shown. The tomb of Charles IV in France is shown. ### ¿Cómo y cuándo surgió el Gótico? ### Completa este texto con las palabras del círculo: - The sculpture ____ was more realistic than Romanesque. - _____, generally, formed _____. - The figures in paintings reflect their _____. - Gothic - Scenes - Sentiments ## Un campamento militar A drawing of a medieval military encampment is shown, labelled as follows: - Estandarte - Nobles - Infantería - Caballería ### Observa el mapa, realiza las actividades y responde a las preguntas: - Color in the different Christian kingdoms that made up the Iberian Peninsula in the 14th century according to the legend provided on the map. - Which kingdom was the largest? - Which kingdom included the territory of the Balearic Islands? - Which kingdom was under Muslim control? ### Observa el dibujo de un campamento militar castellano durante la Reconquista: - Describe the people, the camp, and the castle. - What different types of soldiers are represented? - What is the purpose of the camp?