21st Century Literature Notes PDF

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE notes by jada guion 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Lesson 1: Philippine Literary History Literature = derived from the Latin word "litera" which means "letter". = any printed matter writt...

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE notes by jada guion 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Lesson 1: Philippine Literary History Literature = derived from the Latin word "litera" which means "letter". = any printed matter written within a book, magazine or a pamphlet = emphasizes numerous themes that revolve around human experiences; WHY SHOULD WE STUDY LITERATURE? 1. Enjoyment- most important personal gain; positive early experience will lead to a lifetime of reading enjoyment. 2. Imagination an Inspiration- inspire us to overcome obstacles, accept different perspectives, and formulate personal goals and give us in new ways can increase our ability to think differently and imaginatively 3. Vicarious Experience- broadening experience, being able to go to places without actual travelling 4. Understanding and Empathy- gain an experience of the universality 21-59 of human needs across history 5. Heritage- Stories that are handed down from one generation to another and knowing these stories makes us culturally literate. 6. Moral Reasoning- regular experience with literature helps us formulate and reflect on the concept of right and wrong. THE IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE 1. Literature molds the mind of the people by preserving the experience of the past in a cohesive and beautiful manner. 2. Literature mirrors the depth of a culture and manifests the genius of the race. 3. It has exhibited the potency of an explosive in its capacity of upsetting the social order. 4. Literature helps us grow personally and intellectually. 5. It encourages us to assist creative talented people who are in need. Literature deserves its prestige because it allows us to live, die with a little bit of wisdom. 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Two Forms of Literature Prose - Prose is a form of language that has no formal metrical structure. It also compromises of full grammatical sentences, which consist of paragraphs, and forgoes aesthetic appeal in favor of clear, straightforward language. Novels- A long narrative divided into chapters and events are taken from true-to-life stories. Short Stories- This is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot and one single impression. Plays- This is presented on a stage, is divided into acts and each act has many scenes. Legends- These are fictitious narratives, usually about origins. Fables- These are also fictitious and they deal with animals and inanimate things that speak and act like people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold their ways and attitudes. Anecdotes- These are merely products of the writer’s imagination and the main aim is to bring out lessons to the reader. Essay- This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular problem or event. Biography- This deals with the life of a person which may be about himself or that of others. News- This is a report of everyday events in society, government, science and industry, and accidents, happening nationally or not. Oration- This is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in public. It appeals to the intellect, to the will or to the emotions of the audience. 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Poetry - is expressed through verse with measure and rhyme, written in condensed language, stylized syntax, and figures of speech that may not be found in ordinary communication. Narrative Poetry- This form describes important events in life either real or imaginary. Epics- This is an extended narrative about heroic exploits often under super natural control. Ballads- Of the narrative poems, this is considered the shortest and simplest; There are also variations of these: love , war, and of the sea, humorous, moral, and historical or mythical as well. Lyric Poetry- this refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre; this applies to any type of poetry that expresses emotions and feelings of the poet; usually short, simple and easy to understand. Folksong- These are short poems intended to be sung. The common theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope and sorrow. Sonnets- This is a lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a feeling, or an idea; there are 2 types: Italian Shakespearean Ode- This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no definite number of syllables or definite number of lines in a stanza. Psalms (Dalit)- This is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy of life. Awit (Song)- These have measures of twelve syllables (dodeca syllabic) and slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria. Kuridos (Corridos)- These have measures of eight syllables (octo syllabic) and recited to a martial beat. 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Two Forms of Literature Dramatic Poetry Comedy- The word comedy comes from the Greek term “komos” meaning festivity or revelry. This form usually is light and written with the purpose of amusing, and usually has a happy ending. Melodrama- This is usually used in musical plays with the opera. Today, this is related to tragedy just as the farce is to comedy. It arouses immediate and intense emotion and is usually sad but there is a happy ending for the principal character. Tragedy- This involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces; he meets death or ruin without success and satisfaction obtained by the protagonist in a comedy. Farce- This is an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines; situations are too ridiculous to be true; the characters seem to be caricatures and the motives undignified and absurd. Social Poems- This form is either purely comic or tragic and it pictures the life of today. It may aim to bring about changes in the social conditions. 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Lesson 2: PERIODS OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE The Pre-Colonial Period The first period of the Philippine literary history is the longest Certain events from the nation’s history had forced lowland Filipinos to begin counting the years of history from 1521. The most significant pieces of oral literature that may safely be presumed to have originated in prehistoric times are folk epics. TRADEMARKS- Close to the religious and political organizations of the ancient Filipinos THE RICH LITERARY HERITAGE OF THE PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD Oral literature Common examples are riddles, the proverbs and the songs. Any member of the community was a potential poet, singer or storyteller as long as he knew the language and had been attentive to the conventions of the forms. LEGENDS are a form of prose about the origin of a thing, place, location or name the events are imaginary, devoid of truth and unbelievable ex: Legend of the Sleeping Beauty (KALINGA) FOLK TALES are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror and humor where one can derive lessons about life these are useful to us because they help us appreciate our environment, evaluate our personalities and improve our perspectives in life THE EPIC are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at length nobody can determine which epics are the oldest we can only determine their origins from the time mentioned in the said epics The life of a Philippine epic hero usually follows a pattern: He is born of unusual circumstances. He undergoes miraculous growth into manhood and is possessed of a restlessness to set out on adventures. He lives a life of action and adventure, in the course of which he displays his heroic qualities. 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes The Pre-Colonial Period The life of a Philippine epic hero usually follows a pattern: He is victorious in all his adventures, warlike or amorous. If he dies, he is brought back to life and lives happily ever after. FOLK SONGS one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period These songs mirrored the early forms of culture. Traditional songs that have been passed down orally. Usually sung by the common people and are considered part of the Philippine culture. Examples of Philippine folk songs: uyayi = lullaby komintang = war song kundiman = melancholic love song harana = serenade tagay = drinking song mambayu = Kalinga rice-pounding song subli = dance-ritual song of courtship/marriage Tagulalay = songs of the dead RIDDLES ( MGA BUGTONG) Made up of one or more measured lines with rhyme. May consist of 4 to 12 syllables and it showcases the Filipino wit, literary talent, and keen observation of the surroundings. Involve reference to one or two images that symbolize the characteristics of an unknown object that is to be guessed. PURPOSE OF BUGTONG to entertain to educate to preserve the culture 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes The Pre-Colonial Period EXAMPLES OF BUGTONG Kay lapit-lapit na sa mata, di mo pa rin makita. TENGA Kabayo ni Adan, dili mukaon kung dili sakyan. KAGURAN It can run but does not walk, has a mouth but does not talk, he has head but does not weep, has a bed but does not sleep. RIVER PROVERBS (SALAWIKAIN) KASABIHAN often expressing a single idea that is usually satirical and has a witty ending echo the values of the Philippines that still hold true to this day Examples: Ang matapad na kaibigan tunay na maaasahan. There is no greater nobility that offering one's life to the nation. DI ka makaingon ug nakalimot na ka. Kung sa simpleng paglitok sa iyang ngalan, nasakitan pa ka. The Spanish Colonial Period (1565-1898) ALIBATA Christian Doctrine Spanish language became the literary language European legends and traditions Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog Grammar books were printed in Filipino Religious tone Salient Characteristics the arrival of the Spanish colonizers introduction of Catholicism daily lives and experiences of the folks to a religious tone Roman alphabet was introduced the Spanish language became the literary language 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes The Spanish Colonial Period (1565-1898) FOLK SONGS Leron-Leron Sinta (Tagalog) Pamulinawen (Iloko) Dandansoy (Ilonggo) Sarong Banggi (Bicol) Atin Cu Pung Singsing (Kapampangan) RECREATIONAL PLAYS many recreational plays performed by Filipinos during the Spanish times; most of them are in poetic form Cenakulo Dramatic performance of the passion and death of Christ Zarzuela The father of drama, a musical comedy or melodrama three acts which death with men’s passion and emotions like love, hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice or some political problem. The American Regime (1898-1941) The introduction of free public instruction to all children of school age. The use of English as medium of instruction in all levels of public education. Spanish, Tagalog and the vernacular were the languages used in writing during the first years. 1910- a new group started to write in English; added as one of the languages predominantly used by the Filipinos Spanish writers- wrote about nationalism Tagalog writers- wrote about their lamentations about the condition of the country; their attempt to arouse love for ones native tongue English writers- imitated the themes and methods of the Americans 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Philippine Literature in English 1. The Period of Re-orientation (1898-1910) August 13, 1898- English as a literary vehicle came with the American occupation; as they say 'a choice bestowed on us by history'. 1900- English came to be used as a medium of instruction in the public schools. 1908- the primary and intermediate grades were using English The first attempts in English were in two periodicals of this time: El Renacimiento Philippines Free Press 2. The Period of Imitation (1910-1925) 1919- the UP College Folio published the literary compositions of the first Filipino writers in English; the pioneers in short story writing. They were then groping their way into imitating American and British models which resulted in a stilted, artificial and unnatural style, lacking vitality and spontaneity. 3. The Period of Self-Discovery (1925-1941) It was in this period that the Filipinos had acquired the mastery of English writing. They now confidently and competently wrote on a lot of subjects although the old-time favorites of love and youth persisted. POETRY They turned our not only love poems but patriotic, religious, descriptive and reflective poems as well poems were original, spontaneous, competently written and, incorporated social consciousness; wrote in free verse, in odes and sonnets Noteworthy names in this field include: Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion Jose Garcia Villa Rafael Zulueta da Costa 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes The Japanese Occupation (1941-1945) One of the darkest days in the history and literary tradition of the Philippines. The stride, development and growth of the Philippine literature (English and General) was interrupted during the Japanese period. they censure all publications except Tribune and Philippine Review Liwayway Magazine- put into strict surveillance and was managed by a Japanese named Ishiwara. Niponggo- Japanese language; introduced but not well-embraced by the Filipinos despite it being forcefully taught by the Japanese very strict censorship and printed literary works were almost impossible Voice of Freedom- only radio program aired but listened in secret Dramatic Philippines- a group by Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio and Narciso Pimentel where they translated English plays into Tagalog. Drama experienced a lull for movie houses showing English shows were closed Poetry- HAIKU Japanese origin's free verse poem where it has 17 syllables divided into 3 lines; covers wide scope 1st line = 5 syllables 2nd line = 7 syllables 3rd line = 5 syllables famous haikus: Bashō, Issa, Buson and Shiki (penned by the early Japanese haiku masters) favorite topics of haiku writers: nature, love, patriotism, nationalism, friendship and the human emotions Notable Writers: JOSE MA. HERNANDEZ LIGAYA PEREZ FRANCISCO SOC RODRIGO GLORIA GUZMAN CARLOS P. ROMULO 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes CARLOS P. ROMULO Another noteworthy writer of the Japanese period a Filipino diplomat, statesman, soldier, journalist and author, reporter at 16, newspaper editor at 20, and a publisher at 32 a co-founder of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines a general in the US Army and the Philippine Army, university president President of the UN General Assembly named one of the Philippines' National Artists in Literature the recipient of many other honors and honorary degrees I Saw the Fall of the Philippines- an account of the war in Corrigidor and Bataan The Contemporary Period 1946-1970 = The Rebirth of Freedom 1945 = The Americans returned July 4,1946 = The Filipino flag waved joyously Philippine literature in Tagalog was revived an most themes dealt with Japanese brutalities and the brave guerilla exploits Period of Activism (1970-1972) many young people became activists the youth wanted to be heard especially the importance of their petitions The Literary Revolution The youth became rebellious; campus newspapers showed rebellious emotions MAKIBAKA! 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Writing during the Period of Activism the irreverence for the poor reached its peak during the mass revolution 'Bomba' Films discredited our FIlipino ways Palanca Awards established in 1950 Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature who gives cash prizes from La Tondena, Inc. Period of the New Society (1972-1980) September 21, 1972 themes were development and progress of the country, like the green revolution, family planning, proper nutrition, environment, drug addiction and pollution All newspapers were temporarily stopped and so with school organizations. It tried to stop pornography Xerox Journalism also called 'Samizdat' consisted of distributed photocopied articles from foreign publications which unveiled the corruption and extravagance of the government Filipino Poetry During the New Society themes dealt with patience, regard for native culture, customs and the beauty of nature and surroundings Play the government led in reviving plays and dramas like the Zarzuela, Cenakulo, and the Embayoka of the muslims (Jolo and Lanao) presented in Rebuilt Metropolitan Theater, the Folk Arts Theater, and the Cultural Center of the Philippines Radio and Television Radio continued to be patronized The play series like 'Si Matar', 'Dahlia', 'Ito ang Palad Ko', and 'Mr. Lonely' were the forms of recreation. 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes The Filipino Films Pista ng Peliulang Pilipino- lasted for a month where only Filipino films are shown in all theaters of Metro Manila. Maynila: Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag Writer: Edgardo Reyes Director: Lino Brocka Lead Actor: Bembol Roco Period of the 3rd Republic (1981-1985) Martial Law was lifted that paved the way for the new society Filipino Poetry Themes were romantic and revolutionary Writers were open of their criticism against the government Filipino Songs dealt with themes that were really true-to-life like those of grief, poverty, aspiration for freedom, love of God, of country and the fellowmen Newspapers and Publications newspapers which were once branded 'Crony' newspapers became instant opposition papers overnight like 'Bulletin Today' LUZON has a diverse and colorful culture. Located in the northern portion of the archipelago, it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila. Its literature ranges from the folktales, myths, legends, epics, poems, riddles, and proverbs both ritualistic and non-ritualistic. 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes LUZON PAZ MARQUEZ-BENITEZ Ateneo Library of Women Writings (ALIWW). She graduated from the University of the Philippines in 1912 where she also became professor that taught short story writing. Considered as the first modern English language short story writer. Her publications were limited to 2 short stories– Dead Stars, A Night in the Hills but she had important editorial academic positions as well as a very high social standing. In 1919, she founded “Woman’s Home Journal” (the first woman magazine in the country). Dead Stars considered the first modern Philippine short story. Her journals, which are inscribed in two hard-bound volumes, can be found in the Ateneo Library of Women’s Writings (ALIWW). THEME OF STORIES Things are not always as they appear to be. Dead Stars was written during the American Period. WHY SHE WROTE “DEAD STARS” It is to show how she considers breaking how society sees gender roles; society sees men as rational beings in line with logic while women are seen as the emotional ones. In this short story, Benitez did not only talk about love. Her writing is significant as it reflects the spirit of the time. It depicts the language, norms, and the manners of the people during this period. We can get a glimpse of how marriage, fidelity, and courtship were viewed during the American Period. This serves as a mode to compare the past and the present, and the fading traditional culture and the predominating influential culture. 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes VISAYAS The Visayas largely practice farming as a means of livelihood although the people also engage in fishing, weaving, mining, and basket making. They have strong Roman Catholic traditions merged with cultural elements through centuries of interaction and inter-migrations. Some of the earliest known works were documented by a Spanish Jesuit named Ignacio Francisco Alzina during the Spanish colonial period. Some of the widely known and the only existing literature describing ancient Visayan society are the Hinilawod and the Maragtas which were in a combination of Kinaray-a and Hiligaynon. Farol De Combante by Marjorie Evasco MARJORIE EVASCO born in Tagbilaran CIty, Bohol writes poetry English and Cebuano-Visayan; founding member of two organizations promoting the cause of women writers; Creating Cultural Alternatives (WICCLA) and Women in Literary Arts (WILA) She left Manila to regrow roots in her home island, Bohol Farol de Combate Written by Marjorie Evasco, the line “Once a local, always a local” is evident as the persona goes back home and appreciates her hometown and the neighborhood’s simple acts of kindness. This poem is a great reminder for us to always treasure our roots no matter how far we have gone. In Farol de Combate by Marjorie Evasco, the line “Once a local, always a local” is evident as the persona goes back home and appreciates her hometown and the neighborhood’s simple acts of kindness. This poem is a great reminder for us to always treasure our roots no matter how far we have gone. 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes MINDANAO The literature of Mindanao is a diverse culture which displays the features and culture of the Muslim people in the Philippines. Mindanao has thirty- three ethno-linguistic groups, of which thirteen of them are Islamized; nineteen are Lumads and third and fourth are Christian settlers. Literature in Mindanao, especially the folk literature in cultural communities as in other Filipino groups, follow the oral tradition in that folktales, myths, legends, epics, poems, riddles and proverbs are handed down by word of mouth from generation to generation. Buyayang Buyayang, A Folksong from Butuan Cebuano Visayan Texts Cebuanos have a rich oral tradition, including legends, folktales, and folksongs associated with specific locales. The generic form for poetry is balak, characterized by the presence of enigma or metaphor called balaybay or sambingay. The prose narratives developed into the sugilanon or short story, Vicente Sotto “Maming” (1901) the “Father of Cebuano letters” later into the sugilambong or novel ELENA first Cebuano play he wrote Gardeopatra G. Quijano a dentist, teacher, writer, and fiction author from Alcantara, Cebu he wrote the first feminist Cebuano novel (LOURDES) ENGLISH FLOURISHED AS THE LANGUAGE OF USE IN WRITING Tagalog- Filipino as a national language became Tagalog-based. It became more prominent across the media. Cebuano- 3rd Class 1998- Don Carlos Palanca Awards for Literature opened the Cebuano Literature Category 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes CEBUANO LITERARY GROUPS LUDABI (Lubas sa Dagang Bisaya) BATHALAD was once headed by Marcel Navarra, the father of the Modern Short Story in Cebuano. BATHALAD (Bathalan-ong Halad sa Dagang) The recent set of bilingual writers consists of Mike Obenieta, Adonis Durado, and Januar Yap, members of the Tarantula group. Matud Nila a Cebuano Classic Kundiman (Filipino term for love song) by Wenceslao Zubiri Written in 1941 during the Japanese Period when Philippine literature in English came to a halt which allowed literature in the native languages to step forward Kundiman songs were used to serenade women as part of the phases of traditional Filipino courtship been labeled by some as the cultural anthem of the Cebuanos WENCESLAO ZUBIRI also known as Iyo Karpo, was a Cebuano composer, actor, and media personality. His most famous composition, for which he wrote both the lyrics and music, is the song Matud Nila ("They Say") in 1941. Zubiri was born on the island of Cebu in 1911. From an early age, he was said to have displayed an ability in singing and music A street in Barangay Labangon in Cebu City was later named in Zubiri's honor. The version of Matud Nila at present time was performed by Pilita Corales, a Cebuano singer. The original version of this song wasfirst sung by Ben Zubiri himself. 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Durado’s Balaki Ko, Day, Samtang Gasakay Ta’g Habal-Habal a contemporary Cebuano poem that describes a very common situation in the provincial areas – a habal-habal ride. ADONIS DURADO was born on 1975 He is a contemporary writer and an award-winning Cebuano poet, visual journalist, and graphic designer. He was born in Cebu City and is a Fine Arts graduate from the University of San Carlos. In 2017, he received the Knight Fellowship from the School of Visual Communication at Ohio University According to the National Artist for Literature, Resil Mojares: Durado’s poetry glories in the richness of folk and popular speech – earthy and playful, reckless and disciplined, vulgar and sly, comic and (as in all good comics) subversive But it is also poetry that is vitally current and global. Durado is one of the most exciting poets now writing in the country, in any language. Balaki ko, Day Samtang gasakay ta’g habalhabal. Ug sa kainit sa imong ginhawa Idat-ol og samut kanang imong dughan Gitika kining akong dughan. Nganhi sa akong bukobuko Ang mga balili unya Aron mas mabatyagan ko ang Nga naghalok sa ‘tong batiis hinagubtob Isipon tang kaugaligong mga dila. Sa imong kasingkasing. Sa mga libaong nga atong malabyan Dayon samtang nagakatulin Kining atong dagan, Gaksa ko paghugot Mamiyong tag maghangad Sama sa lastikong Ngadto sa kawanangan Mipungpong sa imong buhok. Aron sugaton ang taligsik Sa uwan, dahon, ug bulak. 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes The 21st Century Literature Genre 21st Century Literary Genre refers to work commonly published and shared on the web. Unlike traditional printed literature, it has features that could only be presented through multimedia. WATTPAD is a website or app for readers and writers to publish new user- generated stories in different genres, including classics, general fiction, historical fiction, non-fiction, poetry, fan-fiction, spiritual, humor, LGBTQI, Young Adult, Urban Paranormal, and teen fiction BATTLE RAP also known as rap battling that include bragging, insults and boasting content battling can occur on recorded albums through rap battle are often recited or freestyled spontaneously in live battles where MCs will perform on the same stage to see who has the better verses SPOKEN POETRY frequently refer to issues of social justice, politics, race, and community related to slam poetry, spoken word may draw on music, sound, dance, or other kinds of performance to connect with audiences TEXTULA is a poem produced and shared through the use of a mobile phone’s messaging application. Chapters usually consist of 70-100 words each due to a character limitations on cell phones these poems are either in the form of a tanaga Tanaga a Filipino poem consisting of four lines with seven syllables (7-7-7-7) each with the same rhyme at the end of each line rhymes range from dual rhyme forms: AABB, ABAB, ABBA; to freestyle forms such as AAAB, BAAA, or ABCD do not have titles traditionally because it should speak for itself, however, moderns can opt to give them titles 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes HYPERPOETRY sometimes called “CYBERPOETRY, GRAPHIC POETRY” is a new genre of literature that uses computer screen as medium, rather than the printed page this type of poetry is very visual, as it oftentimes uses graphics to further convey the meaning CHICK LIT is a genre fiction which addresses of modern womanhood, often humorously and light heartedly women are in twenties or thirties and career-women as a protagonist. Mostly set in urban environment, protagonists are often single usually all end up with someone SPECULATIVE FICTION is a type of story that deals with observation of the human condition but offers the experience through a different lens and challenges us to see what tomorrow could be like or what the mythic past our imagination actually is it uses the appeal of conspiracy themes, fantasy science, horror, utopian, dystopian, alternate history, apocalyptic, post- apocalyptic, superhero, supernatural to create imaginative stories Examples: Smaller and Smaller Circles by FH Bacatan, Sink by Isabel Yap, The Secret Origin of Spin-Man by Andrew Drilon FLASH FICTION is a fictional work of extreme brevity that still offers character and plot development identified varieties, many of them defined by word count, include: six-word story Example: For sale: baby shoes, never worn. twitterature (280-character story) dribble or minisaga (50 words) drabble or micro fiction (100 words) sudden fiction(750 words) flash fiction (1,000 words) micro-story 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes DOODLE FICTION is a literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle writing and drawings, and handwritten graphics in place of traditional font Example: Diary of a Wimpy Kid Series MANGA is used in an English- speaking world as a generic term for all comic books and graphic novels originally published in Japan GRAPHIC NOVELS is a narrative work in which the complete story is conveyed to the reader using comic form; contains a beginning, middle, and end a graphic novel will offer the type of resolution that one expects from a novel, even if it is part of a series. This makes a graphic novel longer and more substantive than a comic book, which is a serialized excerpt from a larger narrative the obvious distinction between graphic novels and text-based novels is that graphic novels permit their images to do the vast majority of the storytelling, with dialogue bubbles and narration boxes to help elaborate the story graphic novels began to gain traction in literary circles in the late twentieth century, and they continue to flourish well into the twenty- first century Here are some landmark books of the genre: Ghost World and Ice Haven (Daniel Clowes) Daddy's Girl (Debbie Drechsler) The Diary of a Teenage Girl (Phoebe Gloeckner) ILLUSTRATED NOVEL refers to an extended narrative with multiple images that, together with the text, produce meaning is not a work graced by a single decorated cover or frontispiece DIGITAL FICTION is a combination of three medias: book, movie/video, and internet website 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes SCIENCE FICTION (sci-fi or SF) is a genre of speculative fiction that typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel universes, and extra terrestrial life BLOG is an online journal in which you share your thoughts about a particular subject with readers Traditional Literary Genre Traditional Literature encompasses the rituals, customs, superstitions, and manners of a particular group that are passed orally or in writing from one generation to the next. It is described as being “a window through which children in today’s world may view cultures of long ago.” The retelling of a tale may differ from the tale due to the oral traditions. The picture book versions of traditional literature list the story as being told by, retold by, etc. There is no actual author. Traditional literature encompasses books rendered from oral tradition – stories that have been passed down for ages (Kiefer, 2007) and as a result are commonly shared throughout the world. This literature includes folktales, myths, fables, and legends. It has no known author and stories that have been handed down orally from one generation to the next, with each storyteller adding slight variations. MAJOR FORMS OF LITRATURE Prose a form mainly ascribed to be composed freely does not have any measurement scheme for it is known to have a free flow of sentences 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes TYPES: 1. FICTION any work of literature that includes material that is invented or imagined, that is not a record of things as they actually happened Short Stories- a fictional narrative written in prose which is shorter than a novel Novel- a long fictional narrative written in prose usually having many characters and story plots. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Caroll Gothic is one of the earliest forms, and it remains popular today characterized by mystery and supernatural horror, often set in a dark castle or other medieval setting places strong emphasis on intense emotion, pairing terror with pleasure, death with romance Historical creates the atmosphere, customs, and events of actual historical period, and may even include actual historical figures Psychological explores the complex emotional lives of the characters other popular forms of the novel include detective stories, spy thrillers, science fiction, and fantasies Satire a literary work which mocks or ridicules the stupidity or vices of individuals, groups, institutions, or society in general satires are generally of two sorts: gentle, witty, and amusing forceful, bitterly, and even vicious 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Parables are short tales, usually about ordinary, familiar events for which a moral or religious lesson is drawn Romances originally used to describe medieval tales dealing with the loves and adventures of kings, queens, knights and ladies and including unlikely or supernatural happenings Drama a story written to be acted out on stage Comedy- a generally amusing literary work which usually ends happily because the hero or heroine is able to overcome obstacles and gets what he or she wants Tragedy- a literary work dealing with very serious and important themes, in which a dignified tragic figure meets destruction, usually through some personal flaws or weaknesses Farce- a type of comic play in which ridiculous situations and characters, coarsely wit, and physical buffoonery are used to make us laugh ELEMENT OF FICTION: Character a figure in a literary work (personality, gender, age, etc.) E. M. Forester makes a distinction between flat and round characters Flat Characters- types or caricatures defined by a single idea of quality Round Characters- have the three-dimensional complexity of real people Plot the major events that move the action in a narrative the sequence of major events in a story, usually in a cause-effect relation 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Point of View the vantage point from which a narrative is told typically told from a first-person or third-person point of view First-Person Perspective- the author tells the story through a character who refers to himself or herself as "I" Third-person narratives come in two types: omniscient and limited Omniscient Point of View- assumes the vantage point of an all-knowing narrator able not only to recount the action thoroughly and reliably but also to enter the mind of any character in the work or any time in order to reveal his or her thoughts, feelings, and beliefs directly to the reader Limited Point of View- recounts the story through the eyes of a single character (or occasionally more than one, but not all or the narrator would be an omniscient narrator) Setting that combination of place, historical time, and social milieu that provides the general background for the characters and plot of a literary work the general setting of a work may differ from the specific setting of an individual scene or event Style the author’s type of diction (choice of words), syntax (arrangement of words), and other linguistic features of a work Theme the central and dominating idea/s in a literary work a message or moral implicit in any work of art 2. NON-FICTION a prose that deals with real events and people the characters, setting, and actions must conform to what is true they cannot be manipulated by the imagination of the writers 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Autobiography is someone’s account of his or her own life Essay a brief examination of a subject in prose, usually expressing personal or limited view of the topic example: What is an Educated Filipino by Francisco Benitez Narrative- copies the technique of a short story but the stress falls on the insights gained by the characters Descriptive- depicts vivid pictures, either of an experience, an event, an object or a process Speculative- makes assumptions or hypothetical statements on certain issues like the presence of life in other planets or the stock exchange Scientific- makes philosophies on the essence of grief, joy, death, and life Reflective- analyzes and interprets works of art (painting, architecture, sculpture, music, theater, television) and highlights their merits and demerits Didactic or Aphoristic- moralizes or preaches if not inspires Informative- gives us information of facts that catches one’s fancy Editorial- interprets, criticizes, incites, and shapes readers opinion on the vital issues of the day that affect the national and international scene Socio-political- presents, questions, and analyzes pressing problems affecting given society Nature- presents the beauty of creation, travel from within and without to affect and illuminate awareness Character sketch- features aspects in the life of a person that will enable us to understand his psyche better 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Creative Non-Fiction also known as literary nonfiction, narrative nonfiction, or verfabula a genre that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives Personal Essay a broad essay that often incorporates a variety of writing styles asks writers to write about an important person, event or time period in their life the goal is to narrate this event or situation in a way that the reader can fully experience and understand Memoirs a narrative, written from the perspective of the author, about an important part of their life Literary Journalism Essay a form of nonfiction that combines factual reporting with narrative techniques and stylistic strategies traditionally associated with fiction can also be called narrative journalism or new journalism Autobiography from the Greek, αὐτός- “autos” which means self + βίος- “bios” which means life + γράφειν-“graphein” which means to write also informally called an autobio a self-written account of the life of oneself Travel Writing also called travel literature a form of creative nonfiction in which the narrator's encounters with foreign places serve as the dominant subject Food Writing a genre of writing that includes recipes, food blogs, food and restaurant critiques, and print and online medium 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Profiles a type of feature story which usually focuses on a person and what's important or interesting about that person at the moment 3. POETRY a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language — such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre —to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning. (Poetry, n.d.) TYPES OF POETRY LYRIC- a verse that is usually brief, which focuses on the emotions or thoughts of the speaker Sonnet- a lyric poem having fourteen rhymed lines usually written in iambic pentameter Petrarchan Sonnet-Italian has an eight-line beginning called the octave, and a six-line conclusion called the sestet the feelings expressed in the octave often contract with those expressed in the sestet It rhymes ABBA-ABBA-CDE-CDE Shakespearean Sonnet English is a lyric poem of lines written in iambic pentameter with three (3) quatrains and concluding a couplet It rhymes ABAB-CDCD-EFEF-GG Elegy also called epitaph a lyric poem which expresses mourning, usually over the death of an individual Ode- a complex and often lengthy lyric poem written in a dignified formal style on some serious subjects 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Song- a short lyric intended to be sung; can be secular which has no religious theme Simple Lyric- a short descriptive pictorial or meditative poem NARRATIVE is a lyric poem that narrates a story it can be as long as an epic and it can be as short as a popular ballad Epic- a narrative poem that usually centers on a single important character who embodies the values of a particular society Ballad- a narrative poem that depends on regular verse patterns and strong rhymes for its effect; most ballads have a lot of action and adventure and most are tragic Folk Ballad- originated as anonymous songs and are passed orally before being written down Literary Ballad- composed by known writers and it may or may not be sung DRAMATIC POETRY a poetry in which one or more characters speak encompasses a highly emotional story that's written in verse and meant to be recited DRAMATIC DIALOGUE a special kind of dramatic poem ELEMENTS OF POETRY Poetic element refers to the set of instruments used to create a poem Alliteration two or more words which have the same initial sound may be separated by prepositions. examples: Pretty princess. Busy as a bee. A good cook could cook as much cookies as a good cook who could cook cookies. 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Assonance a partial rhyme which has the same internal vowel sounds amongst different words examples: The tundra left the man hungry for buns. "Hear the mellow wedding bells" by Edgar Allan Poe Metaphor a comparison which does not use the words like or as examples: Life is a journey. The children were flowers grown in concrete gardens. Onomatopoeia words that sound like their meaning examples: buzz, moo, pow, bang The books fell on the table with a loud thump. Repetitions repetitions of the same word throughout the poem to emphasize significance examples: I felt happy because I saw the others were happy and because I knew I should feel happy, but I wasn’t really happy. Almost nothing was more annoying than having our wasted time wasted on something not worth wasting it on. Rhyme a repetition of sounds within different words, either end sound, middle or beginning examples: loose goose Had I but lived a hundred years ago I might have gone, as I have gone this year, By Warmwell Cross on to a Cove I know, And Time have placed his finger on me there... 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Rhythm the flow of words within each meter and stanza example: Daffodils – William Wordsworth I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o’er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Simile a comparison using the words like or as examples: Life is like a box of chocolates. Watching the show was like watching grass grow. Style the way the poem is written free-style, ballad, haiku, etc. includes length of meters, number of stanzas along with rhyme techniques and rhythm. examples: The sunset fills the entire sky with the lovely deep color of rubies, setting the clouds ablaze. (Descriptive) A trip to Switzerland is an excellent experience that you will never forget, offering beautiful nature, fun, and sun. Book your vacation trip today. (Persuasive) Symbol something that represents something else through association, resemblance or convention examples: Red can symbolize blood, passion, danger, or immoral character. A ladder can represent the relationship between heaven and earth or ascension. 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Theme the message, point of view and idea of the poem examples: Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet- a tragic tale of forbidden love with terrible consequences. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen- exploring the type of love that grows slowly, where there has once been dislike and misunderstood PROS CONS Exposure to cultural diversity Violence Highlights common human values Stereotyoes Exposure to archetypes (e.g. the Multicultural stories may not hero, the mother figure, the be authentic mentor) and literary elements and devices Literary Context Context the surrounding circumstances, ideas and words woven together to form the setting or background for an event, statement, or idea includes the historical era in which the work is created; the experiences, culture, and beliefs of the author; the language and forms popular at the time of the text's creation; and the experiences, culture, and beliefs of the reader who approaches the text in his or her own era. Literary context relates to the particular form a passage takes (the literary genre) and to the words, sentences, and paragraphs that surround the passage you are studying (Duvall & Hayes, 2012, p. 150). Knowing more about the context of something helps the readers understand how it came about and what it is referring, or alluding, to 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Literary Context Importance of studying literary context when studying a text/literature The reason that context is important when studying literature is that it gives us an idea of what was going on around the time that the text was produced. Importance of Literary Context it helps to keep us on track and face what is really in the text since most of the time we interpret it with our own preconceived notions. When we read a word/verse in its literary context, we must deal with the verse in light of what the rest of its own context is saying. The literary context is also important because it’s clarifying and avoid many meanings. It’s very hard to see the meaning of a text if we don’t understand what the author says before and after that given piece of text. Kinds of Literary Contexts Biographical Context- offers biographical details of the author’s life, which often helps students to make sense of the story What biographical facts has the author used in the text? What insights do readers acquire about the author’s life by reading the text? Linguistic Context- the discourse that surrounds a language unit and helps to determine its interpretation Socio-cultural context the idea that language, rather than existing in isolation, is closely linked to the culture and society in which it is used means that when language is learnt, the socio-cultural context in which it is used needs to be taken into consideration as well. What sort of society does the writer describe? What does the writer seem to like/dislike about this society? What changes do you think the writer would like to make in the society? Evidence? What sorts of pressures does the society put on its members? How do members respond? 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Historical Context- describes the relevance to the story of the moods, attitudes and conditions that existed during the time period in which the novel took place. What specific historical events where happening when the work was being composed? What historical events does this work deal with? In what ways did history influence the writer’s outlook? Geographical Context- the human and physical characteristics of places and environments are the settings for events in the text Is this author a regionalist writer? How does dialect influence the text? Political Context- defines the political scenario directly or indirectly influencing the production of documents What political events are significant to the text? What political events were occurring at the time the work was written? What political beliefs does the author seem to have? 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes Philosophical/Religious Context- explains how religion (of the author specifically, or a group generally) influenced the novel Are any religions or philosophical mentioned specifically in the text? What religious/ethical/philosophical beliefs does the author seem to favor? What behavior do the characters display that the author wants us to think is “right”? What behavior is “wrong”? How can one tell? Psychological Context What theories of human behavior does the writer seem to believe? What theories of human behavior does the writer seem to reject? How do people’s minds work in the text? In what ways does the structure & organization of the story indicate the writer’s beliefs about the workings of the mind. 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes LITERARY ANALYSIS and CREATIVE ADAPTATION LITERARY ANALYSIS identical to what scientists do: the interpretation and discussion of facts gathered from a literary specimen we interpret texts exactly the same way a geologist interprets rocks Literary analysis is NOT some form of impressionistic semi-spiritualized interpretation of things SKIM- look through the whole reading quickly. SCAN- targeted reading of a passage you need or are interested in CLOSE READING The careful and detailed examination of a text a deep analysis of how a literary text works both a reading process and something you include in a literary analysis paper, though in a refined form It’s actually a careful and purposeful REREADING of a text is an encounter with the text where students focus on: What the author had to say What the authors purpose was What the words mean and What the structure of the text tells us 4 Components of Close Reading SUBJECT– what the text is about, the plot, or its important topic, or what does it describe FORM- how the text is put together or arranged together WORD CHOICE- or diction, finding words that stand out THEME– major ideas in a text. Many texts, especially longer forms like novels and plays, have multiple themes Analyzing the literary text’s grammar, syntax, or phonemic pattern may help you find the meaning of the text within its form and may help you interpret it by simply analyzing the content of the written work (Gioia and Kennedy, 2007) 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes LITERARY ANALYSIS We can use the INDUCTIVE METHOD for the steps of Close Reading the 3 phases are: OBSERVATION INTERPRETATION APPLICATION How do I get faster and better at close reading? Practice. Lots of practice Close reading takes time. Huge amounts of time. 3.There’s no easy way around it. You get faster and better the more you do it. Don’t lie to yourself that you will get better without actually practicing. LITERARY ANALYSIS is another process of reading (and writing!) that allows you to make a claim about the text. It is also the point at which you turn a critical eye to your earlier questions and observations to find the most compelling points, discarding the ones that are a “stretch” – discard points that are fascinating but have no clear connection to the text LITERARY ANALYSIS and CREATIVE ADAPATION ADAPT is the fit or adjustment of the individual to external conditions moving from one environment to another more suitable, or even forcing an environment to adapt in response to creative efforts (Cohen, 2012) CREATIVE ADAPTATION an adaptation is a new story, or a retelling of an old story in a new media form, that is based on an already existing work the conversion may sometimes be modified, depending on the purpose of the material or the culture of the current time NOTE: The stories and pieces must be similar enough to make the connections but cannot be too similar as it would then be a remake of a piece of literature instead of an adaptation. 21st century literature Mrs. Gina Panes LITERARY ANALYSIS and CREATIVE ADAPATION Things to prepare in adapting a literary piece to another form: Full understanding of the original text. Decide what to change or what to retain. Choose medium to use for the new format. In literary sense, adaptation is when a novel or book is adapted into a film or series or any genre. (Worcester, 2015). This is in order to enhance our understanding of the themes of the art itself. Adaptations are beneficial because: it allows a writer’s story to be told in a new way the original pieces may have a more potential as a film or any genre than as a book it enhances our understanding of the themes of the art itself The Adaptation Process The adaptation process is a multifaceted mechanism where the adaptor must consider not only the legal side of the process, but also the ethical side of the process. The legal side of the adaptation process involves copyright law and the idea of plagiarism. The ethical process involves the preservation of an original idea (Newell, 2006). Adaptation of a Text vs Plagiarism Adaptation of a text is taking a pivotal idea from another text such as certain themes and producing them in a new and original way, but not changed enough that the traditional roots/influences of the text are lost. Plagiarism is taking someone’s work and trying to claim it as your own without modifying it all. Textual adaptations allow media practitioners to create a timeline of how society’s ethics, beliefs and ideas have evolved over time. (Zelizer, 1997)