Imperialism & WWI Review PDF

Imperialism & WWI review Topics 7.1,2,3,5,6 Imperialism William Seward William Seward was a leading Republican, even before the Civil War. He served as Secretary of State for Abraham Lincoln. He was one of the most influential secretaries of state in history because he did a lot for U.S. F...

Imperialism & WWI review Topics 7.1,2,3,5,6 Imperialism William Seward William Seward was a leading Republican, even before the Civil War. He served as Secretary of State for Abraham Lincoln. He was one of the most influential secretaries of state in history because he did a lot for U.S. Foreign policy.. During the Civil War, he hoped to prevent Great Britain and France from entering the war on the side of the Confederacy against the North. He also led the drive to annex Midway Island which is an island in the Pacific. He also gained rights to build a canal in Nicaragua but his most famous purchase was the purchase of the vast territory of Alaska, which he purchased from Russia. Although he was an advocate for the U.S., he didn’t always get what he wanted because Congress didn’t allow him to annex Hawaii and purchase the Danish West Indies. Influence of Sea Power on History (Mahan) To aid in expansion, a former U.S. Navy Captain, Alfred Thayer Mahan, wrote an important book and it was called The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) basically argued that a strong Navy was crucial to a country’s ambitions of securing foreign markets and becoming world power which the U.S. was trying to do at this time. It was widely read among American citizens but also people in Europe and Japan read it. As a result, U.S. Naval strategists persuaded congress to finance the construction of modern steel ships and encouraged the acquisition of oversea islands such as Samoa and they also wanted cooling a supply station so the new fleet could be powerful and project itself across all the seas in the world. By 1900, they were successful enough to have the third largest Navy in the world. Boxer Rebellion Elsewhere in the world such as places in China foreigners such as the Japanese started to come into the country and started to control places and so as a result by the end of the 19th century nationalism and xenophobia which is the hatred and fear of foreigners was on the rise in China and in 1900 a secret society of Chinese nationalists they called themselves the Society of her moniece fists or the boxers attack foreign settlements and murder dozens of Christian missionaries who were from these foreign nations and in order to protect American lives in poverty US troops participated in an international force and they marched into Beijing the capital of China at the time and crushed this rebellion the boxers and they also forced China to pay a huge sum of indemnities which we can the Imperial regime at the time which was the Qing Empire Yellow Rebellion Also at this time there was a lot of yellow press also known as yellow journalism so this is basically the modern-day equivalent of fake news and basically actively promoted war fever in the United States at the time with sensationalistic reporting that featured both bold and lurid headlines of crying disaster and scandal and the publishers hope to do this because they wanted America to go into the war to feed the enemy and gain so many new lands so some publishers who did this where New York newspapers such as Pulitzer and Hearst and they printed these exaggerated and false accounts of Spanish atrocities in Cuba and later this would also contribute to a big push for spanish-american war most of the time however the presses were printing fake news and as a result it caused a lot of unnecessary conflict in America Spanish-American War/ Teller Amendment/ Platt Amendment during this time period, the spanish-american war was a short war fought only for a couple months from April until August of battleship Maine in Havana Cuba the yellow press accused the Spanish of blowing up the ship but in reality it was probably just an accident after the war started the first shots were fired in the Philippines and the new strong America Navy Navy was able to defeat the Spanish ships capturing the land of the Philippines came later in Cuba volunteer forces invaded but died from tropical diseases such as malaria typhoid and dysentery more than the Spanish bullets cause deaths also in Cuba was the famous cavalry charge up San Juan Hill in Cuba loved by the Rough Riders who were a regiment of volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt who later become a president and this was really triumphant for the United States because they sort of defeated the poorly led Spanish army at this point soon later the US Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet in Cuba as well and without a navy Spain realized it needed to ask the US for peace back to our camp it the war was started by the teller amendment which was in response to the president's war message President McKinley's so Congress passed a joint resolution on April 20th of 1898 authorizing war and part of the resolution the teller amendment declared that the United States had no intention of taking political control of Cuba and that once peace was restored on the island the Cuban people will control their own government after the war had ended the Platt Amendment of 1901 basically held that the teller amendment would stay true and a guarantee us respect for Cuban sovereignty but US troops still remain in the island and later Congress withdrew all the troops under Cuba's acceptance of terms in this new amendment called the Platt Amendment of 1901 and Cuban nationalists didn't really like it but it basically required Cuba to agree to one never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence so no one else also tattoo to permit the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs and to preserve its independence and maintain law and order and even today America has a large stance in Cuba and three to allow the u.s. to maintain naval bases in Cuba including the permanent famous Guantanamo Bay which has been the subject to debate for a long time and in effect the Platt Amendment made Cuba a US Protectorate so the US would protect it but it wouldn't totally rule over it and for many years it would be subject to US oversight in control here is Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders Emilio Aguinaldo & Filipino-American War as a result of the spanish-american war America gained a bunch of old Spanish territories and colonies such as the Philippines and Cuba but there was this problem about the Philippine question because people in America the imperialists and the anti-imperialists were divided imperialists favored annexing the Philippines as part of the United States while anti-imperialists opposed it and won in Philippines to become their own independent nation this created a lot of problems and eventually the United States basically agreed with the imperialists and favored annexing the Philippines well this really angered the people of the Philippines who were outraged they wanted independence from Spain but now the United States controlled them and they still weren't being offered their independence and so Filipino nationalist leader Emilio Aguinaldo led an insurrection to try to take over nationalism and independence for the Philippines and even though he had fought alongside US troops in the spanish-american war he now led bands of guerrilla fighters against US control and finally after three years the US troops were able to put down the insurrection but it proved that the Philippines really still wanted independence Open Door Policy Another branch of u.s. foreign policy during this time was the open door policy so at this time China's Imperial Government was weakening drastically in spheres of influence such as Russia Japan Great Britain France and Germany had all started to sort of creep into China and control China little by little well the United States didn't want to lose the lucrative China trade and so they dispatched a diplomatic note to these nations of spheres of influence and asked them to accept the concept of an open door basically which all nations would have equal trading privileges in China but not everyone agreed or rejected this concept so the Americans just decided to accept this open door policy and this was viewed as a diplomatic triumph for America Imperialists vs Anti-Imperialist a big battle at this time was between imperialists and anti imperialists so imperialists basically wanted to take foreign territories all for the United States and turn the United States into sort of like a European superpower well the anti-imperialist wanted to sort of back off to give other nations independence just like America had gained independence themselves they primarily went against the imperialists this happened in a lot of places such as Cuba and the Philippines where this debate was raging over how much control the United States should have of these new territories Big Stick Diplomacy vs. Dollar Diplomacy vs. Moral/ Missionary Diplomacy different presidents during this time had different views on foreign policy so after McKinley was assassinated his vice President Theodore Roosevelt who had also served in the spanish-american war  came into power and his foreign policy could best be described as big stick diplomacy basically his motto was to speak softly and carry a big stick there was this aggressive foreign policy and he wanted to act boldly and decisively in situations to attempt to build the reputation of the United States as a world power like Europe which they were not like before an imperialists really like this because the US was expanding rapidly under Roosevelt but critics didn't like breaking the tradition of non-involvement in global politics such as what Washington said when he was president also following him was William Howard Taft big man and he basically carried did not carry a big stick he basically adopted a foreign policy that was Maui expansionist but depended more on investor's dollars than on the Navy's battleships so he promoted dollar diplomacy which basically used US trade to support American enterprises in other countries in South America and he hoped that by showing investment in foreign countries he could gain the favor of these Latin American countries after him was Woodrow Wilson and Wilson was this advocate of moral or missionary diplomacy this was basically diplomacy which really opposed imperialism and the big stick and dollar diplomacy right before them and this basically wanted to respect other nations rights and support the spread of democracy and this really hoped to correct the perceived wrongs and self-interest of the imperialists right before Wilson took office fulfill Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt's big stick diplomacy promise Rosa vow is to today Roosevelt Corollary which was in addition to the Monroe Doctrine which you may remember the Monroe Doctrine was basically issued in the early 1800s stating that Europeans should not meddle in these world affairs and this basically applied to all of the Latin American nations that were in deep financial trouble and couldn't pay debts to European creditors so many Latin American countries were in debt at this time and as a result he declared that the United States would intervene instead whenever necessary to sort of keep the peace in the region and so the United States would send gunboats to Latin American countries that was delinquent in paying its debts and US sailors and Marines would then occupied the country's major ports to manage the collection of customs taxes for the Europeans so this sort of provided the peace in the Western Hemisphere without a European and Latin American War which was deemed as not good at this time so over the next 20 years presidents basically used this in many places around Latin America and one long term result of such intervention was Porteous relations within the entire region of Latin America so even today many Latin American countries sort of resent the United States Pancho Villa/ Mexican Intervention During the Wilson administration Mexico was experiencing times of revolution and civil war so our neighbors from the South were kind of in turmoil at this time eventually a Democratic president came into power but immediately he was challenged by a band of rebels loyal to Pinchot via shown here in blue and Pinchot via basically hoped to destabilize his opponents government and he led raids across the u.s. Mexican border and even murdered several people in Texas and New Mexico while President Wilson din like this and ordered a General John J Pershing in a quote-unquote Expeditionary Force to pursue via into northern Mexico they weren't able to capture him and the President of Mexico was kind of annoyed at the American presence in Mexico and as a result the u.s. had to start pulling out also at this time World War one was just basically heating up and the United States was about to enter so that was also another  reason for the u.s. starting to pull out of Mexico that was basically the Mexican intervention sort of the military intervention under Wilson that wasn't really common at the time so this has been chapter 20 of emsco US history but a world power thanks so much for watching and hope to see you in the next one when we continue the story of America. WW1 Zimmerman Note ​ The U.S. newspaper carried the shocking news of a secret offer made by Germany to Mexico. ​ Intercepted by British intelligence, a telegram to Mexico from the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, ​ Proposed that Mexico ally itself with Germany in return for Germany’s pledge to help Mexico recover lost Territories: Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona ​ Aroused/ Riled up the nationalist anger of the American people and convinced Wilson that Germany fully expected a war with the U.S. Lusitania ​ The first major crisis that challenged U.S. neutrality occurred on May 7, 1915- ​ German torpedoes hit and sank a British passenger liner, the Lusitania ​ Most of the passengers drowned, including 128 Americans ​ Wilson sent Germany a strongly worded diplomatic message warning that Germany would be held to “strict accountability” if it continued its policy of sinking unarmed ships ​ Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan objected to this message as too warlike and resigned from the president’s cabinet Unrestricted Submarine Warfare ​ Germany’s one hope for challenging British power at sea lay with a new naval weapon, the submarine. ​ In February 1915, Germany answered the British blockade of its own and warmed that ships attempting to enter the “war zone” (waters near the British Isles) risked being sunk on sight by German submarines War Industries Board ​ Wilson's administration, with Progressive efficiency, created hundreds of temporary wartime agencies and commissions staffed by experts from business and government  ​ Bernard Baruch, a Wall Street broker, volunteered to use his extensive contracts in the industry to help win the war ​ Under his direction, the War Industries board set production priorities and established centralized control over raw materials and prices Food Administration ​ Herbert Hoover, a distinguished engineer, took charge of the Food Administration ​ He encouraged American households to eat less meat and bread so that more food could be shipped abroad for the French and British troops ​ The conservation drive paid off; in 2 years, U.S. overseas shipments of tripled American Expeditionary Force ​ The American Expeditionary Force (AEF) was commanded by General John J. Pershing ​ The first U.S. troops to see action were used to plug weaknesses in the French and British lines ​ By the Summer of 1918, as American forces arrived by the hundreds of thousands, the AEF assumed independent responsibility for one segment of the Western Front Great Migration ​ At the close of the 19th century, about 9 out of 10 African Americans lived in the South ​ In the next century, this ratio steadily shifted toward the North. Internal migration people traveled north to seek jobs in the cities ​ Motivating their decision to leave the South were: (1) deteriorating race relations, (2) destruction of their cotton crops by the boll weevil, (3) job opportunities in northern factories that opened up when white workers were drafted in World War 1 ​ The Great Depression slowed migration, but World War II renewed it. ​ Many succeeded in improving their economic conditions, but the newcomers to northern cities also faced racial tension and discrimination Espionage and Sedition Acts ​ Several socialists and pacifists bravely risked criticizing the government’s war policy ​ The Espionage Act of 1917 provided for imprisonment of up to 20 years for those who either tried to incite rebellion in the armed forces or obstruct the operation of the draft ​ The Sedition Act of 1918 went much further by prohibiting anyone from making “disloyal” or “abusive” remarks about the U.S. government. About 2,000 people were prosecuted under these laws, half of whom were convicted and jailed. Among them was the Socialist leader Eugene Debs, who was sentenced to 10 years in federal prison for speaking against the war Fourteen Points ​ During the war, Woodrow Wilson never lost sight of his ambition to shape the peace settlement when the war ended. “Peace and victory” ​ Presented to Congress a detailed list of war aims, known as the Fourteen Points, designed to address the causes of World War I and prevent another world war ​ The Fourteen Points Several of the president’s Fourteen Points related to specific territorial questions: for example, Germany had to return the regions of Alsace and Lorraine to France, and to evacuate Belgium in the west and Romania and Serbia in the east ​ Of greater significance were the following broad principles for securing peace: ○​ Recognition of freedom of the seas ○​ An end to the practice of making secret treaties ○​ Reduction of national armaments ○​ An “impartial adjustment of all colonial claims” ○​ Self-determination for the various nationalities ○​ Removal of trade barriers ○​ “A general association of nations… to afford mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike” ​ The last point was the one that Wilson valued the most. The international peace association that he envisioned would soon be named the League of Nations Treaty of Versailles ​ The peace conference following the armistice took place in the Palace of Versailles outside Paris, beginning in January 1919 ​ Every nation that had fought on the Allied side in the war was represented. ​ No U.S. president had ever traveled abroad to attend a diplomatic conference, but President Wilson decided that his personal participation at Versailles was vital to defending his Fourteen Points ​ Republicans criticized him for being accompanied to Paris by several Democrats, but only one REpublican, whose advice was never sought ​ Big Four: USA, GB, FR, IT ​ 1. Germany was disarmed and stripped of its colonies in Asia and Africa, admitted guilt for the year, accepted French occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years, and paid a huge sum of money in reparations to Great Britain and France ​ 2. Self-determination: Austria-Hungary and Russia were taken by the Allies; independence was granted to countries, and new nations established ​ 3. Signers of the treaty would join an international peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations. Article X of the covenant (charter) of the Leaguy called on each member nation to stand ready to protect other nations' independence and territorial integrity. Irreconcilables vs Reservationists ​ Senator opposed: ○​ The Treaty of Versailles formed 2 groups ○​ The irreconcilable fraction would not accept U.S. membership in the League, no matter how the covenant was worded ○​ The reservationist faction, a larger group led by Senator Lodge, said they could accept the League if certain reservations were added to the covenant ○​ Wilson had the option of either accepting Lodge’s reservations or fighting for the treaty as it stood. He chose to fight Done Red Scare ​ In 1919, the country suffered from a volatile combination of unhappiness with the peace process ​ Fears of communism fueled by the Communist takeover in Russia, and worries about labor unrest at home ​ The anti-German hysteria of the war years turned quickly into anti-Communist hysteria known as the Red Scare ​ Anti-radical fears also fueled xenophobia that resulted in restrictions on immigration in the 1920s Palmer Raids ​ A series of unexplained bombings caused Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to establish a special office under J. Edgar Hoover to gather information on radicals ​ Ordered mass arrests of anarchists, socialists, and labor agitators ​ Arrested based on limited criminal evidence ​ The scare faded almost as quickly as it arose. Palmer warned of huge riots on May Day, 1920, but they never took place. His loss of credibility, coupled with rising concerns about civil liberties, caused the hysteria to recede.