2024 PSY1APP Week 1 Introduction Students PDF

Applied Psychology PSY1APP Introduction Learning 2024, Week 1 Assoc Prof Carina Chan This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND  Acknowledgement of country In the spirit of reconciliation, La Trobe University acknowledges the Traditional Cus...

Applied Psychology PSY1APP Introduction Learning 2024, Week 1 Assoc Prof Carina Chan This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND  Acknowledgement of country In the spirit of reconciliation, La Trobe University acknowledges the Traditional Custodians of Country throughout Australia and their connections to land, sea and community. We pay our respect to their elders past, present and emerging, and extend that respect to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples joining us today. Coordination Team [email protected] Subject Coordinator Assistant Coordinator Dr Katja Petrovic Dr Courtney McLean Overview What is this subject about? What is Applied Psychology? How can psychological principles be applied in the real-world? Attributes of Psychology graduates  What is this subject about? Bringing together theories and applications Applying a practical lens to real-life issues: How can Psychology be applied in different settings, different domain of behaviours and different populations Developing skills in students Going through a journey of personal development This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Enhancing employability CareerEDGE Model Format and Components Weekly preview (Recorded) Interactive Zoom lecture (1.5 hours) Weekly tutorial (1 hour) Assessments Group presentation Personal development portfolio* Two online exam/quizzes *Involves ongoing activities and homework This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY  What will we cover? Week Lecture Topic Tutorial Topic Tuesdays 11am via Zoom 1 Overview of the subject/Learning Introduction to subject A/Prof Carina Chan Psychology pathways 2 Application of Positive Psychology Principles Self–awareness and reflection Dr Katja Petrovic SMART goals workshopping 3 Health Psychology - Behaviour and Health Techniques for behaviour modification A/Prof Carina Chan Portfolio development 4 Health Psychology - Stress and Coping Applied self care and stress management techniques A/Prof Carina Chan Group allocation 5 Working within a Multi-disciplinary Team Working effectively in teams Affrica McCarthy How to give an effective presentation 6 Working with Children and Adolescents Working with minors A/Prof Karli Treyvaud Mid-semester break  What will we cover? Week Lecture Topic Tutorial Topic Tuesdays 11am via Zoom Mid-semester break 7 Psychology in Sports and Performance Performance enhancing techniques A/Prof Brad Wright 8 Theories of the Self and Their Applications Group presentations Dr Katja Petrovic 9 Personality Theory and the Workplace Group presentations Dr Katja Petrovic Portfolio development 10 Working with Vulnerable People and Their Working with vulnerable people in the community Families Dr Nancy Sadka 11 Applying Psychology to Community Problems Applying psychology to community problems Megan Phillips 12 Volunteering Exam prep A/Prof Art Stukas Reflection Intended Learning Objectives To summarise the CareerEDGE model of employability To explain the difference between “employment” and “employability” To understand the meaning of Applied Psychology To give examples of how Psychology can be applied in everyday life To explain the basic principles of classical and operant This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY conditioning To apply learning theories in real-life To describe the attributes of Psychology graduates How to succeed in this subject? Attend lectures Engage with the readings Actively participate in tutorials Observe your environment and yourself to apply what you have learned Reflect on your understanding What is Applied Psychology? Psychology is the scientific study of human behaviour Applied Psychology is the application of psychological knowledge/theoretical principles to solve problems associated with human behaviour and experience Psychology in Everyday Life Treatment and understanding of human and animal behaviours Building relationships – you understand people’s actions, non-verbal cues and motivations Modifying different lifestyles – you understand what predict behaviour change Increasing your memory power for academic success An Example Using Learning Theories Learning Is a relatively enduring change In behaviour/capabilities Due to experience Different types of learning Associative learning Process of discovering relationships or associations between events Non-associative learning Habituation: become less sensitive to a stimulus due to repeated exposure Sensitisation: become more responsive to a stimulus in the environment Both result in a change in strength of a response to a single stimulus Behaviourism Philosophy of ‘associationism’: The belief that the laws of association provide the fundamental principles by which all mental phenomena can be explained.  Pavlov’s classic experiment: Conditioned Reflex Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Before food → salivation bell → no salivation During bell + food → salivation After bell → salivation Beginnings of classical conditioning  Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - any stimulus that produces a reflexive or innate response at the outset (i.e. without prior learning) Unconditioned response (UCR) - the reflexive / innate response to the UCS  Conditioned stimulus (CS) - a stimulus, which after repeated pairings with the UCS, comes to elicit the CR Conditioned response (CR) - a response (similar to UCR), now elicited by the CS Application Identify the UCS; CS; UCR and CR Anita is driving to work on a rainy Federal Highway when she notices that the brake lights of all the cars just ahead of her have come on. She hits her brakes but watches in horror as her car glides into a four-car pileup. She is badly shaken up in the accident. A month later she is driving in the rain again and notices that she tenses up every time she sees brake lights come on ahead of her. UCS = ? UCR = ? CS = ? CR = ? Identify the UCS; CS; UCR and CR At the age of 21, Peter has recently developed an allergy to cats. When he is in the same room with a cat for more than 20 minutes, he starts wheezing. After a few such allergic reactions, he starts wheezing as soon as he sees a cat in a room. UCS = ? UCR = ? CS = ? CR = ? 23 Identify the UCS; CS; UCR and CR Bella is a ballet dancer and there are some steps that she does in “Swan Lake” that caused pain in her calf after practising those steps. After continuous practice, she experiences pain in her calf as soon as she hears the “Swan Lake” music. UCS = ? UCR = ? CS = ? CR = ? 24 Application in Advertising Effect of music in advertising on choice behaviour 79% chose the colour pen (blue or beige) associated with the liked music (Gorn, 1982) UCS = ? UCR = ? CS = ? CR = ? 25 Behaviourism Emphasises the environmental control of behaviour through learning Proposes understanding behaviour in terms of associations formed between stimuli and responses  UCS = chemotherapy UCR = drug side effects: Applications of nausea, vomiting CC: Treating side effects of CS = environmental CR = ‘anticipatory’ cues; sights; smells; nausea and vomiting chemotherapy thoughts; tastes (ANV) CS = environmental Counterconditioning: cues; sights; smells; CR = relaxation thoughts; tastes  Applications: Aversion therapies Aversion therapy – attempts to condition an aversion towards a stimulus that elicits an unwanted response, by pairing it with an unpleasant UCS E.g. The drug ‘antabuse’® given to alcoholics which induces extreme nausea when they ingest alcohol J. B. Watson (1878-1958) cannot observe the mind directly subject of psychology is behaviour goal is to identify stimuli that lead to certain behaviours no fundamental difference between animal and human behaviour Watson, J. B., (1913). Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it. Psychological Review, 20, 158-177 Learning: Stimulus ----- > Response  Skinner (1904-1990) ‘radical behaviourism’: S → R approach Operant behaviour: operates on the environment (E) and is controlled by its consequences The role of reinforcement in learning E.g., Skinner box Skinner (1904-1990) Operant behaviour – behaviour that operates on the environment and is controlled by its consequences (reinforcement) Operant conditioning – a learning process whereby the consequence of an operant behaviour alters the likelihood that the behaviour will occur in the future Operant conditioning Reinforcement – an event which increases the probability of a response when it is presented after the response. Punishment – an event which decreases the probability of a response when it is presented after the response. Operant conditioning Stimulus → Response → Consequence (reinforcer) puzzle box → escape → food Skinner box → press lever → food “peck” → peck disc → food  Schedules of reinforcement Skinner The rule specifying which occurrences of a given behaviour, if any, will be reinforced Affects the pattern of responses continuous --------- partial ----------- extinction reinforcement reinforcement every some none Partial reinforcement schedules RATIO INTERVAL FIXED Fixed ratio Fixed interval VARIABLE Variable Variable ratio interval Fixed ratio schedule (FR) Reinforcement given only after a response is performed a pre-determined number of times. FR 5: 1 = five responses then one reinforcer E.g. 5 x = Fixed interval (FI) A fixed time interval must elapse before a response can be reinforced FI 20 : 1 - At the end of a 20 second interval, the next response is reinforced Variable ratio (VR) Reinforcement is given after a certain average number of responses have been performed VR 5 : 1 ▪ Food given after 3 lever presses, then after 8 lever presses, then after 4 lever presses … ▪ On average after 5 lever presses Variable interval (VI) Response is reinforced after a certain average time interval VI 20 : 1 ▪ Food given after 15 secs (if lever pressed) then after 31 secs “ “ “ then after 14 secs “ “ “ but on average after 20 secs Applications Selling insurance Hitchhiking ?? ?? Paid fortnightly Turning on a television ?? ??  Tokens Types of Token economy: desirable behaviours are quickly reinforced reinforcers with tokens that are later traded for tangible rewards (Passer & Smith, 2008) Social reinforcement Praise, attention, smiling, etc., can also reinforce behaviour Reinforcement procedures INCREASE DECREASE ARRIVAL Positive Positive + reinforcement punishment REMOVAL Negative Negative - reinforcement punishment Do you have to become a psychologist after studying Psychology? Yes No Don’t know Video – Psychology graduates What will you learn? What are your career options?  Attributes of Psychology graduates Understanding behaviours Self-management and self- of individuals and groups care Competent research skills Problem solvers Great communicators High ethical standards Team players Scientific mind Critical thinking Great adaptability/flexibility This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND Your Participation Wanted! Learn a Mental Imagery Technique Free Lunch and $10 Coles Voucher Provided We are looking for adult volunteers to participate in a research study which involves mental visualisation. If you are over 18 years old, can understand English, do not have any food allergies or eating disorders, we would like to hear from you. As a token of appreciation for your participation, we provide a free lunch during the study and a $10 Coles voucher. If you are interested, please contact Assoc Prof Carina Chan at [email protected] or use this link to express your interest.  This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Next Week Principles of Positive Psychology  Thank you latrobe.edu.au La Trobe University CRICOS Provider Code Number 00115M © Copyright La Trobe University 2020