Introduction to Applied Psychology - Neuro-Psychology PDF

Introduc)on to Applied Psychology Neuro-Psychology Michael Sullivan, PhD. Department of Psychology, McGill University Montreal, Canada Neuro- psychology Neuropsychology is the branch of science that studies the physiological processes of the nervous system and rela...

Introduc)on to Applied Psychology Neuro-Psychology Michael Sullivan, PhD. Department of Psychology, McGill University Montreal, Canada Neuro- psychology Neuropsychology is the branch of science that studies the physiological processes of the nervous system and relates them to behavior and cogni@on, in terms both of their normal func@on and of the dysfunc@onal processes associated with brain damage. Clinical Neuro- psychology Clinical neuropsychology is concerned with assessment of and rehabilita@on from brain injury that impairs an individual’s ability to func@on, while cogni@ve neuropsychology focuses on examining the eEects of brain damage on thought processes, so as to construct models of normal cogni@ve func@oning.  Early Ideas about Brain Function destroy partly brain alive : with decifits destroy heart-death heart in the middle of everything I look more important visually Cardiocentrists (Aristotle); the seat of consciousness was in the heart. Encephalocentrists (Hyppocrates, Galen); the brain controlled body ↳ body functionning sit of anciousness + func@ons and cogni@on.  bring idea parthaving, ofbrin nation Hieronymous Brunschwig (ca. 1450-1533) dissec brain parts of animal try to find analog part for human A German surgeon of the KLeenth century. His prac@ce of cranial provided some of the earliest no@ons of the localiza@on of func@on in the huma brain. He suggested that sensa@on, fantasy, and imagina@on were localized in the Krst ventricle; cogni@on was localized in the second ventricle, and memory in the posterior ventricle.  specialization of function basse aur rane pour fonction Gall argued not only that the talents and disposi@ons of human are dependent upon the func@ons of the brain, but also that they maybe inferred with perfect exac@tude and precision from the external appearances of the skull. FRANZ JOSEPH GALL He suggested that the brain was divided into 27 separate "organs". Each (1758 -1828) organ corresponded to a discrete human faculty. Pierre Flourens (1794 – 1867) French physiologist. Founder of experimental brain science. Lesions of the brains of rabbits and pigeons. parts removed and Removal of the cerebellum aEected watch what happen equilibrium and motor coordina@on. localization of function minor disportion Destruc@on of the brain stem caused death. for higher and Argued for “equipoten@ality” where higher function cerebral func@ons were more diEusely located as opposed to localized.  Paul Broca (1824 - 1880) French physician, anatomist and anthropologist. Founder of experimental brain science. Studied the brains of aphasic pa@ents –persons with speech and language disorders resul@ng from brain injuries. Pa@ent, Louis Leborgne, who had a 21-year progressive loss of speech and paralysis but not a loss of comprehension nor mental func@on. Autopsy revealed lesions in the leL frontal lobe.  Wilder PenGeld (1891 - 1976) First Director of the Montreal Neurological Ins@tute in 1934. mapped the brain epilepsy - ↳ uncontrallable Before opera@ng, he s@mulated the brain discharge with electrical probes while the pa@ents (electric) from the lesion to were conscious on the opera@ng table. motor cortices removed Studied the brains of aphasic pa@ents – lesion parts of brain will persons with speech and language minimal disorders resul@ng from brain injuries. damaged studied This technique also allowed him to create specialization ↳ maps of the sensory and motor cor@ces of of functionrealed and the brain showing their connec@ons to the meeps various limbs and organs of the body. montreal procedure Exploring Brain Function through Electrical Stimulatio n Brenda Milner (1918 - present) Considered to be the founder of Clinical Neuropsychology. Studied under Donald Hebb at McGill University. Joined McGill University in 1952. Conducted groundbreaking work on human memory. Was invited to study Henry Molaison (HM), who had undergone a bilateral temporal lobectomy that included removal of major por@ons of the hippocampus. ① lang term memory case study Henry Molaison (1926 – 2008) wroug onclusion He began having epilep@c seizures at age ↳ each memory 10 which became progressively more has aplace (specifie severe. after H-M Was oEered experimental surgery; ↳ hippocampes creation of bilateral medial temporal lobectomy to memory surgically cure his epilepsy. new Was able to complete tasks that required recall from ↳ short-term memory and doing something short procedural memory but not long-term term episodic memory. words et * His case provided informa@on about memories ↳ remembering , longterm brain pathology and helped to form memory theories of memory func@on. (episodic)  Stroke Stroke is a leading cause of death blockage in North America. lot blood avel ↳ an tr Approximately 1 million people embolic ↳ thrombotic each year have a stroke. is vessell blocked Stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeds or when there’s a blockage in the warst as blood supply to the brain. breakage Without oxygen, brain cells and @ssue become damaged and begin to die within minutes. The symptoms of stroke will vary as a func@on of the area of the brain that has been damaged. while the swelling down the damag goes looks warse  Speed of Processing. Cognitive A majority of individuals who have sustained a stroke exhibit marked slowness of informa@on processing. and Memory. Physical Memory problems are apparent, but it is oLen not clear whether the memory problem is a direct or indirect hour diff Conseque you ↳es consequence of stroke. processinginfo one in Aphasia. nces of The limita@on to spoken output that is characteris@c of Broca’s aphasia is associated with damage in the leL posterior, inferior Stroke frontal gyrus, Hemispa)al Neglect. sometimesthe after Alzheimer most ↳ neglect are left size on The visuospa@al component is linked to the right inferior parietal lobule, the visuomotor component to the right poor working memory dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ↳ - but not can see it processing ↳ extend (an) to part of your body ↳ loss of attention and not aware hemienapia : awareness of disease , can't see : Loss of primary sensory pathway ; try to compensate visual motor processing speed lined - ↳ are you ancellation task for hemispatial neglect drawing a clock with hemispatial neglect mas memory for digits ↳ temporary memory sloring and using with short term memory ↳ to what compare normal pop or you prior injury Subjec@ve Assessment of Cogni@ve DeKcits in Mul@ple Sclerosis Penetratin g Head Injury ↳ damage is localized love head ↳ damage , than for injuries  Penetrating Head Injury Any injury that breaches the skull and protec@ve barriers of the brain. Gunshot wounds, stabbings, falls, or accidents involving sharp objects can cause this type of trauma. Less prevalent than closed head injuries, but worse prognosis. Account for approximately 40,000 civilian deaths each year in North America.  Phineas Gage In September 1848, a blast sent his tamping iron propelling upwards, entering through his mouth exi@ng through the top of his head. Surprisingly he survived both the injury and severe infec@ons during his recovery. The injury apparently led to brains have personality changes; impa@ence, function ↑ a censorship irritability, increased used of profanity, inability to follow through on plans. One of the Krst convincing demonstra@ons of the brain’s role in determining personality. Case study 45-year-old man. Penetra@ng injury to the frontal lobes. Loss of one eye. Brain surgery, cranial reconstruc@on. Previous work as plumber. Single. Grade 10 educa@on. Treatment and rehabilita@on planning. Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale - 5  allow to make a ognitive profile of processing & - below average but stopped at grade 10 ; plumber not had impaired 3 as shour motivation often ares apathy (no to do anything) need to be encourage to participate in society minus what ese : 200 000$ but should an do as you work live around 60 more S years 60000005 Closed Head Injury skull isn't damaged Closed Head Injury brain looses motivation to apathy : engage with the world around it A type of trauma@c brain injury in which the skull and dura mater remain intact. - Approximately 250,000 who but onlyto the are goes - hospital hospitaliza@ons for TBI each year. Most common cause of physical disability and cogni@ve impairment in young people.  focus on I one thing s maintain Selec)ve and Sustained AAen)on Cognitive Selec@ve ahen@on refers to the direc@on of ahen@onal processing towards a single s@mulus, and sustained ahen@on refers to the maintenance of ahen@onal processing on a single s@mulus. Conseque Execu)ve Func)on ↳ pull Collec@on of abili@es including categoriza@on and abstrac@on; hits frontal lobe ; often in injuries aring acceleration and deceleration , brain hit front and back of skull nces of systema@c memory searching and informa@on retrieval; problem solving; self-direc@on; planning and organiza@on of cogni@on and behavior. Closed Mo)va)on/Apathy (often) Head Process of genera@ng, direc@ng, and sustaining goal-directed cogni@on, emo@on, and behavior. Injury Memory (often ( Impairments in immediate and delayed recall, as well as recogni@on memory. Impairments in verbal and visual memory.  think thomas gage Behaviour Impulsivity Snap decisions, and poor judgment iowing from the failure al to fully consider the implica@ons of a given ac@on. sometimes to Conseque dangerous - Irritability extent Responses can range from verbal outbursts to dangerous nces of aggressive and assaul@ve behavior. -es trigger : that most Closed people don' wind AFec)ve Instability Exaggerated displays of emo@onal, out of propor@on to both the precipita@ng s@mulus and the pre-injury range of Head response to similar s@muli (weeping, outbursts). ↳ ex : laugh to much to hard Injury Lack of Awareness Unable to appreciate how one’s behavior has changed. A Natural Sejng Behavior To inves@gate the elcacy of a behavior management Management Program for program delivered in the natural community sejng for Persons With Acquired Brain persons with brain injury and their caregivers. Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial. somethina 12 Eligible par@cipants: (1) had a diagnosis of TBI or other identify trigger does or acquired brain injury; (2) were at least 16 years of age; (3) situation To outburst had a presen@ng behavioral impairment causally related to aused ↓ brain Injury. outburst but Carnavale et al (2006) not much hange Rates of disrup@ve or aggressive behaviors declined in behavior signiKcantly in the Behavioural Management Program. DiEerences in caregiver-rated stress and burden were not sta@s@cally signiKcant. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006;87:1289-97. While the interven@on decreased the frequency of disrup@ve behaviors, the magnitude of average change in behavior frequency was not large. Treatment Elcacy of Social Communica@on Skills Training To evaluate the elcacy of a group treatment program ALer Trauma@c Brain Injury: A to improve social communica@on skills aLer trauma@c Randomized Treatment brain injury. and Deferred Treatment Controlled Trial. Volunteer sample of 52 people with TBI who were at least 1- year post-injury and who had iden@Ked social communica@on deKcits. Dahlberg et al (2007) Authors reported sta@s@cal signiKcance with 4 of the outcome measures. The most improvement was in par@cipants’ general par@cipa@on in conversa@on. like the change I may be change not significant enough and be may they did not feel would last Arch Phys Med Rehabil An interven@on designed to improve social 2007;88:1561-73. communica@on skills for people with head injuries was elcacious, and gains were maintained on follow-up.