2024-2025 Honors Biology Midterm Review Guide PDF

Honors Biology MidTerm Review Guide 2024-2025 Midterm Exam: 1/28/25 Unit 1: Ecology A.​ Know food web, food chain, and trophic levels. B.​ Know types of organisms including detritivores, producers, consumers, and decomposers. C.​ Know the water cycle, carbon cycle, phosphorus and nitrogen...

Honors Biology MidTerm Review Guide 2024-2025 Midterm Exam: 1/28/25 Unit 1: Ecology A.​ Know food web, food chain, and trophic levels. B.​ Know types of organisms including detritivores, producers, consumers, and decomposers. C.​ Know the water cycle, carbon cycle, phosphorus and nitrogen cycle. D.​ Define biotic and abiotic. E.​ Know the three types of symbiosis and predator-prey relationships F.​ Know the two types of growth curves, what limits population growth, and what factors increase or decrease population size. G.​ Define Biomass, Density Dependent factors, density independent factors, niche Unit 2: Organization, Structure, and Function 1.​ Define organic compounds and contrast to inorganic compounds. 2.​ Define monomer, polymer, macromolecule , relate the terms to each other, relate the terms to specific examples of each of the 4 major biochemical compounds.. 3.​ Describe each of the 4 biochemical compounds that are used by living things – a.​ carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids – indicate their structure and b.​ functional characteristics in living organisms and give examples. 4.​ Relate the structure of lipids (and the differences in polarity - hydrophobic /hydrophilic) to their function in membrane 5.​ Explain what limits the size that cells can grow to. Calculate Surface area to volume ratio. 6.​ Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 7.​ Describe the structure, composition, and function of the cell membrane. 8.​ Identify which organelles function together in protein synthesis and excretion. 9.​ Compare and contrast plant and animal cells in terms of basic structural differences. 10.​Describe the structure and function of the nucleus. 11.​Define Homeostasis Unit 3: Cell Differentiation, Homeostasis, and Communication 12.​ Explain what happens when a substance diffuses. Define Homeostasis. 13.​ Describe hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. 14.​ Describe what happens to plant and animal cells when placed in hypertonic and hypotonic solutions. 15.​ Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis. 16.​ Describe what turgor pressure is, what causes it, and how it relates to plants functioning. 17.​ Explain how substances may pass through a cell membrane by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport, giving an example. 18.​ Differentiate between active and passive transport. 19.​ Explain how the sodium-potassium pump operates. 20.​ Explain, compare, and contrast endocytosis and exocytosis, giving examples of each. 21.​ Describe the structure of a chromosome. 22.​ Relate the terms DNA, chromatin, chromatid, centromere, and chromosomes. 23.​ Contrast cell division in prokaryotes with cell division in eukaryotes. 24.​ Explain what the cell cycle is and what occurs at the various phases. 25.​ Relate the terms cell division, mitosis and cytokinesis. 26.​ Identify the phases of, and describe the events of mitosis. Unit 4: Cellular processes, Feedback, and Genetic variation 27.​ Know the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction. 28.​ Know the stages of meiosis. Define gamete, zygote, diploid, haploid, homologous chromosomes. 29.​ Definition of nondisjunction, crossing over, function of interphase, autosome vs. sex chromosome, and nondisjunction. 30.​ Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis. 31.​ Define stem cells, oogenesis, spermatogenesis Biology Vocabulary Prefixes and Suffixes - Semester 1 Match to meaning (not examples) Prefix Meaning Example (not on Midterm) 1 a-, an- Without, not Asexual, abiotic 2 Auto- Self Autotroph, autosome 3 Bio- Life Biology 4 Bi- Two, twice Bilayer, bipedal 5 Cyte-,cyto- Cell Cytosol, cytoplasm 6 di- Two Disaccharide, 7 Diplo- Double, twice Diploid cell 8 End-, Endo- Within, internal Endoskeleton, endocytosis 9 Eu- Good, true Eukaryote 10 exo- Outer, external exocytosis 11 Gen- Produce, to give birth Genital, regeneration 12 Glyco- Sugar, sweet Glycolysis, glycogen 13 Haplo- Single haploid 14 Hetero- Other, different heterotroph 15 Homo-, Homeo Same homozygous, homosexual, homeostasis 16 Hydro- Water hydrophilic, hydrolysis 17 hyper- Above, excessive hypertonic 18 Iso- Equal Isotonic, isotope 19 Karyo- Nucleus, nut karyotype, eukaryotic 20 -lysis to burst, to break Lysosome, hydrolysis 21 Mer- Part, partial monomer 22 Mito- thread Mitosis, mitochondria 23 Mono- One monosaccharide, monomer 24 Multi- Consisting of many units Multicellular 25 Phil- Love Philadelphia 26 Phob- Fear phobia 27 Poly- Many polysaccharide 28 Sacchar- Sugar disaccharide, polysaccharide