SBI4U Midterm Review Assignment PDF

SBI4U Midterm Review Assignment Part One: Review Instructions: Complete this entire review for a 2% bonus on your assignment - this review will help you prepare for the final exam (which will take place at the end of the semester) and make completing Part Two of the assignment much easier! The rev...

SBI4U Midterm Review Assignment Part One: Review Instructions: Complete this entire review for a 2% bonus on your assignment - this review will help you prepare for the final exam (which will take place at the end of the semester) and make completing Part Two of the assignment much easier! The review can be completed by hand or typed and submitted in Google Classroom. Instructions for Part Two are found following Part One (on page 12). Functional Groups and Macromolecules 1. Complete the “Summary” column for each macromolecule or monomer in Table 1 by answering the following questions: a)​ Identify as a nucleic acid, carbohydrate, lipid or protein. b)​ Identify as a monomer or polymer. c)​ Circle and label any functional groups present. d)​ If a polymer, box and label the bond connecting any two monomer units if applicable. e)​ State the function of the molecule or a molecule that this monomer would belong to (be as specific as possible). f)​ Describe a positive macromolecule identification test(s) for the macromolecule. Table 1: Monomers, Macromolecules and Functional Groups Macromolecule or Monomer Summary -​ Protein -​ Monomer -​ Functional groups: Carboxyl, amino group, sulfhydryl. -​ Function: Transportation of materials, create enzymes, and structural support. -​ Biuret test goes into a violet colour -​ Carbohydrate -​ Monomer -​ Primary energy source to make ATP through cellular respiration made in photosynthesis. -​ In the Barfoeds test a positive would be when a red colour is present in the tubes -​ Nucleic acid -​ Polymer: Phosphate group, Dna -​ Code for protein synthesis, stores genetic information, determines the traits for an organism -​ There was no tests for nucleic acids that we did. -​ Lipid -​ Polymer: phosphate, ester bond, carbonyl, hydrocarbon chains. -​ Function: Forms bilayer with its hydrophobic properties Controls what comes in and out of the cell, forms cell membrane, the bent tail helps make it more fluid. -​ For this macromolecule oily spot test is used, a positive test would be when the paper becomes more translucent than opaque. Cells and Organelles 1.​ Use the diagram of the CELL MEMBRANE to complete Table 2 (below). Figure 1. General cell membrane structure. Table 2: Cell Membrane Structure and Function Structure Function A -​ Always in motion Phospholipid bilayer -​ The phosphlipid bilayer helps allow soluble substances to pass through the membrane -​ Provides structural support -​ Controls what comes in and out the cell. B -​ Moves towards the H2O that the cell needs to survive -​ Is polar and hydrophilic. Phosphate head C -​ Made of saturated and unsaturated lipids the role of the Hydrophilic tail hydrophilic tail is to be a barrier which repels water and polar molecules. D -​ The integral protein helps cell structure be consistent, also Integral protein catalyzes different reactions that are important ot biological processes.  E -​ Cholesterol stabalizes the membrane so fluidity can remain Cholesterol consistent -​ 2.​ What factors contribute to the fluidity of the membrane? Composition: fatty acids that are composed of saturated hydrocarbons usually have a straight type of shape, this is because it allows for them to pack tight together which ultimatly makes them less fluid. Temperature: for temperature fluidity relies on how high or low the temperature is, if the very temperature is low the lipid molecules in a membrane closely pack tight becoming a semi solid gel. And when temperature increases the fluidity of the membranes lowers down. Cholestorol: Cholesterol through the membrane regulates fluidity, at high temperatures it decreases movement, and at low temperatures it occupies space so the formation of a non fluid gel happens. 3.​ a)​ Complete Table 3. Table 3: Cellular Respiration Organelle Structure Organelle =  1 Matrix 2 Outer membrane 3 Inner mitochondrial membrane 4 Inner membrane space b)​ Describe where the stages of CELLULAR RESPIRATION occur in relation to the above organelle. Matrix - krebs cyle and pyruvate oxidation bothe happen in the mitochondrial matrix IMM - ETC happens in the IMM of the mitochondria 4. a)​ Complete Table 4. Table 4: Photosynthesis Organelle Structure Organelle = 2 granum 3 Lumen 4 Thylakoids 5 Stroma b)​ Describe where the stages of PHOTOSYNTHESIS occur in relation to the above organelle. Light reactions - Happens across the thylakoid membrane Calvin cyle - Happens in the stroma of the chloroplast 5. ​ Describe the role of GUARD CELLS and STOMATA (as seen in Figure 2) in photosynthesis (use specific terminology from the Metabolic Processes unit in your answer). ​ Figure 2. Structures of lettuce leaf epidermis visible under compound microscope. Membrane Transport 1.​ What types of membrane transport are occurring in Figure 3a and 3b? Explain. Figure 3 a and b. Membrane transport examples. 3a - facilitated diffusion: 3b - exocytosis  2.​ Use Figure 4 to highlight or circle the correct words and complete the following sentences. Figure 4. Concentration differences across a dialysis tubing membrane. a)​ The solution inside the tubing is hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic to the solution outside the tubing. HYPERTONIC b)​ Movement of water will cause the tubing to shrink/grow because …. Grow, this is because the water will move from a higher concentration of water to a lower concentrasion Enzymes 1.​ Describe the overall structure and function of enzymes. The overall structure and function of enzymes, enzymes are proteins and overall structure is chosen by their complex structure. 2.​ Identify structure A and B in Figure 5 below. A - Substrate B - Active site Figure 5. Enzyme structure. 3.​ In biological organisms thermal energy cannot be easily added to start a reaction. Instead, enzymes are used. Explain HOW enzymes speed up the rate of a reaction.  Enzyme speed the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy this allows for reactions to happen more quickly per second. 4.​ a)​ Describe how ANY ONE of the following factors impacts enzyme activity: i) Temperature iii) Enzyme concentration ii) pH level iv) Substrate concentration Temperature: High temperature: High temperatures can cause enzymes to denature. If temperature keeps on increasing beyond optimal level enzymes activity will start to slow down. Low temperature: at low temperatures, molecular motions slows down. Reaction rates become significantly slowe at lower temperatures. b)​ Draw the expected graph for the relationship between reaction rate and your chosen factor above: 5.​ Complete Table 5. Table 5: Key Enzymes of SBI4U Enzyme Process Description/Function CATALASE Photosynthesis Catalase is an enzyme that breaksdonw hydrogen Immune responses peroxide to water and oxygen. Kinase Type of enzymes that catalyse substrate-level  Calvin cycle phosphorylation. Krebs cyle Glycolyis ISOMERASE Enzymes that changes the molecule structure so one molecule can turn into another molecule. Krebs cycle Glycolysis Decarboxylase Pyruvate oxidation Type of enzymes that catalyze decarboxylation Krebs cyle reactions. DEHYDROGENASE Photosynthesis These enzymes catalyze the electron transport Cellular respiration chain ATP Cellular Respiration This enzyme gets its energy from hydrogen ions Synthase (Oxidative which generate lots of ATP Phosphorylation) and Photosynthesis (Photophosphorylation) Rubisco Calvin Cycle Large, abundant, slow enzyme that catalyses carbon fixation. Can bind to both carbon dioxide and oxygen. Metabolic Processes 1.​ Write the balanced equation for cellular respiration and photosynthesis. How are these equations related? Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 — 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H20 — (Light) — C6H12O6 + 6O2 How are these related: -​ Both of these equations have CO2 and O2. -​ Both work with glucose, for photosynthesis its a product and for cellular respiration its a reactant.  2.​ Complete the following tables: Table 6: Cellular Respiration Summary Stage Overall goal/purpose Starting Materials End Products Energy Molecules Generated 1. 2 pyruvate 2 NADH Glucose 2 ATP Create 2 pyruvate Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate 2 Acetyl Co A 2 NADH Produce 2 Acetyl Co A Pyruvate Oxidation 3. Acetyl Co A Oxalaocetate 6 NADH 2 ATP To produce 2 FADH oxaloacetate Krebs cycle 4. NADH ATP 32-34 ATP H2O Total 36 ATP To produce ATP FADH Oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis/ETC) Table 7: Photosynthesis Summary Stage Overall goal/purpose Starting Materials End Products Energy Molecules Produces or Used 1. The overall -​ Water -​ Oxygen -​ ATP (produced Light reaction goal/purpose of light -​ Sunlight -​ NADPH reactions is to capture (produced) light energy to make ATP and NADPH specifaclly for Calvin cyle 2. The overall goal of the 12 G3P Glucose ( 18 ATP (Used) calvin cycle is to fix 12 NADPH ( Used) carbon dioxide into Calvin cylce organic molecules using ATP. 3.​ In cells where oxygen supply is minimal (ie: due maximal exertion or lack of blood supply), explain how cellular respiration can still occur. - -​ When oxygen supply is minimal or none, cellular respiration can still happen since glycolysis is an anaerobic process -​ All the other steps of cellular respiration are aerobic processes which means when oxygen is minimal lactic acid/ fermentaion will happen as a secondary way to make energy for cells. 4.​ Explain how ATP is produced in electron transport during CELLULAR RESPIRATION. Complex steps; -​ In complex 1 NADH gives hydrogen ions and electrons then protons gets moved through the IMM -​ FADH2 gives hydrogen ions and electron to complex 2, component q moves electrons to complex 3. -​ Then cytochrome c transports the electron to complex 4, which then amp’s protons across the IMM -​ Protons move from the high concentration area to low concentration area through enzyme ATP synthase, proton will generate energy for enzymes which allows 32-34 ATP to be synthesized. 5.​ Describe what is happening in the following parts of the diagram below:  2 and 3 - Pq is going to transfer electrons to the cytochrome complex which pumps protons. Pc is going to transfer electrons to the photosystem. Electrons are then transferred to Fd 4 - electrons are going to NADP+, NADP+ gets reduced to NADPH NADPH gets moved to the calvin cycle. 5 - protons are getting diffused through ATP synthase which is going to power the enzymes to generate ATP. Figure 6. Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Part Two: Create your own Midterm Instructions: Create your own midterm that covers the topics in the above review. Your midterm should be out of 50 marks and should include a variety of question styles (multiple choice, true and false, compare and contrast, diagrams and short-answer). This is an individual assignment. Your final submission will include: ​ Typed, blank copy of the midterm submitted in Google Classroom  ​ Separate, full solutions (accurately labeled). Solutions can be typed or handwritten (a picture of handwritten solutions can be submitted in Google Classroom). A successful midterm assignment will … ​ Cover all topics from the review ​ Incorporate diagrams from the review and/or class notes ​ Use a wide variety of question styles ​ Include questions that require students to think critically/apply their understanding of course concepts ​ Have detailed and accurate solutions ​ Be proofread for spelling and grammar ​ Be neat and organized Tips ★​ Check out your “Checking for Understanding” questions, practice tests, quizzes and tests for different question styles ★​ Pay attention to questions that are asking you to simply recall information vs. questions that are asking you to think critically/apply your understanding - the more questions that make you think, the better! ★​ Ensure that your questions are UNIQUE - while you can use Ms. Laliberte’s questions as inspiration, you cannot copy and paste her questions into your midterm - this is plagiarism! ★​ Make sure to read the assignment rubric before getting started with the assignment and again before submitting your work. Assignment Rubric Criteria Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Coverage of Covers all review Covers most topics Covers some topics Minimal coverage of Topics topics with good but lacks depth in topics, lacking comprehensively. understanding. understanding. understanding.  Variety of Includes 4 or more Includes three Includes two different One question style or Question question styles. different question types or question chosen styles are not Styles Chosen styles are styles. Chosen styles styles or chosen appropriate for appropriate for are appropriate for question styles are question/ content. question/content. question/ content. usually not appropriate for question/ content. Incorporation Diagrams are clear, Diagrams are Few diagrams No diagrams included of Diagrams relevant, and enhance included but may lack included; relevance is or completely understanding of clarity or detail. questionable. irrelevant. questions. Critical Several questions A few questions One or two questions No questions Thinking/ included in midterm included in midterm require critical requiring critical Application require deep critical require critical thinking; mostly thinking or Questions thinking and thinking and recall. application. application of course application of course content. content. Solutions Solutions are Solutions are mostly Some solutions are Solutions are comprehensive, accurate but may lack accurate; others are inaccurate or missing detailed, and detail, demonstrating vague or incomplete, entirely, accurate, a solid application of demonstrating some demonstrating demonstrating ability midterm content.. application of limited application of to apply midterm content. midterm content. understanding of midterm content. Formatting Work is generally free There are a few There are several There are many of spelling and spelling and spelling and spelling and grammar errors. grammatical errors grammatical errors grammatical errors Midterm is throughout - errors do throughout. throughout. Midterm exceptionally neat not interfere with Midterm is somewhat is messy and poorly and well-organized. reader’s disorganized and organized understanding. lacks clarity at times. Midterm neat and organized with minor formatting inconsistencies.