Animal Domestication PDF

Terminology: Wild - Domesticated - Feral - Tame - Introduced - Invasive Not interchangeable terms!  Wild Animal What is a wild animal? Animals that have not been domesticated or tamed and are usually living in a natural environm...

Terminology: Wild - Domesticated - Feral - Tame - Introduced - Invasive Not interchangeable terms!  Wild Animal What is a wild animal? Animals that have not been domesticated or tamed and are usually living in a natural environment all living things (except people) that are undomesticated Any animal living in a natural, undomesticated state. living in a state of nature and not ordinarily tame or domesticated Wild Animal Definition (Law Text): Animals that, as a matter of common knowledge, are naturally ferocious, unpredictable, dangerous, mischievous, or not by custom devoted to the service of mankind at the time and in the place in which it is kept; ferae naturae (of wild nature).  Terminology: Wild - Domesticated - Feral - Tame - Introduced - Invasive Not interchangeable terms!  Domestication What is a domestic animal? An animal, kept by humans as a work animal, food source, or pet, especially a member of those species that have, through selective breeding, become notably different from their wild ancestors. Domestic animals such as dogs, cats, and cattle have been genetically adapted over generations to live alongside humans. Any of various animals that have been tamed and made fit for a human environment.  Terminology: Wild - Domesticated - Feral - Tame - Introduced - Invasive Not interchangeable terms!  Feral Domesticated species living in a wild state/condition  Domestication – 12, 000 years Wild Canis lupus Feral – Domesticated species living in a wild state/condition Not un-domesticated Not a wild animal Is it now a wolf? Is it now a wild animal? Domestic Dog Canis lupus familiaris Size Teeth Color Brain size Behavior Reproduction  Domestication – 7,000 years Feral Still not un-domesticated Still not a wild animal Wild Horses – Wild Mustangs Feral Horses  Readily become feral  Terminology: Wild - Domesticated - Feral - Tame - Introduced - Invasive Not interchangeable terms!  Tame A tame animal is an animal that is relatively tolerant of human presence. Wild or Domestic  Terminology: Wild - Domesticated - Feral - Tame - Introduced - Invasive Not interchangeable terms! Introduced Species An introduced species is a plant or animal that is not native to a specific location, and is believed to be beneficial to the environment, human economy and/or human health. Wild or Domestic Introduced – non-native and considered beneficial Virtually all food and fiber producing animals Virtually all food crops Virtually all horticultural plants Virtually all pets Introduced Species An introduced species is a plant or animal that is not native to a specific location, and is believed to be beneficial to the environment, human economy and/or human health. Wild or Domestic  Invasive Species An invasive species is a plant or animal that is not native to a specific location (an Introduced species); and has a tendency to spread, which is believed to cause damage to the environment, human economy and/or human health. Wild or Domestic  An introduced species is a plant or animal that is not native to a specific location, and is believed to be beneficial to the environment, human economy and/or human health. Wild or Domestic An invasive species is a plant or animal that is not native to a specific location (an Introduced species); and has a tendency to spread, which is believed to cause damage to the environment, human economy and/or human health.  Terminology: Wild - Domesticated - Feral - Tame - Introduced - Invasive Not interchangeable terms! Without Domestication of Plants and Animals? What did it do for “civilization?” 5,488 mammalian species 10,000 Species and 22,000 sub-species Magnificent 7 Dog Goat Sheep Cattle Pig Horse Cat Dog Domestication Theory 1: Intentional Domestication Theory 2: Self-Domestication Domestication Process Self-Domestication Dog “Village dump analogy” Cat Pig Mouse Intentional Domestication “Control of every step”  Dog Domestication Self-Domestication “Village dump analogy” Domesticated... Then………. “Specialization” - Humans Strict captivity – limit breeding Intentional breeding Trait standardization Genetic Firewall – Minimize genes from wild species Dog Domestication 12,000-10,000 years ago Wolf (Arabian, Chinese, Indian, European) Dog - Canine Dog - Canine Dog - Canine  Dog Domestication Self-Domestication “Village dump analogy” Domesticated... Then………. “Specialization” - Humans Strict captivity – limit breeding Intentional breeding Trait standardization Genetic Firewall – Minimize genes from wild species Self Domestication Species- Dog Pig Cat Mouse Pig - Porcine European Wild Boar East Indian Pig Self-Domesticated Cat - Feline European Wildcat African/Asian Wildcat Cat - Feline Mouse - Murine Mice Domestication Process Self-Domestication Dog “Village dump analogy” Cat Pig Mouse Intentional Domestication Sheep “Control of every step” Goats Cattle Horses  Intentional Domestication Intentional Domestication - Humans Control movement Alter sex ratio Alter age structure Domesticated… Then………. “Specialization” – Humans Strict captivity – limit breeding Intentional breeding Trait standardization Genetic Firewall – Minimize genes from wild species Sheep - Ovine Wool Mouflon Meat Hair Goat - Caprine Bezoar - Ibex Fiber - Hair Dairy Meat File:Long horned european wild ox.jpg Cattle - Bovine Auroch File:Bos primigenius Vig uroksen.jpg Cattle - Bovine Meat Milk Meat/Milk/Draft Draft Horse - Equine Heavy - Cold Light - Hot Warmblood Donkey - Equine Equus africanus asinus Domesticated and Wild Species Musk Ox Water Buffalo Yak Water Buffalo Domesticated and Wild Species Dromedary Dromedary Camel Wild Species Bactrian Bactrian Camel Domesticated and Wild Species South America Llama Domesticated and Wild Species Asia Red Jungle Fowl  Turkey Breeds Domesticated and Wild Species New World Species Turkey North America North America Domesticated and Wild Species South America Guinea Pigs - Cavies Domesticated and Wild Species Europe Rabbit  Domesticated and Wild Species Russia and Scandinavian Countries Reindeer Non-Domesticated Species  Non-Domesticated Species Captive Stock Production of Ornamental Fish 90% Saltwater species >90% Freshwater species Non-Domesticated Species Domestication Some Results of Domestication: Changes in behavior Tameness Size Growth Appearance Reproduction Amount of product produced Quality of the product How Animals Make A Living Digestive Systems and Strategies  Digestive Anatomy and Physiology  Purpose of Digestion? Nutrient Requirements Water Energy Protein Vitamins Minerals  Purpose of Digestion? Requirement Nutrient Classes – Water – Water – Carbohydrates – Simple/Complex – Energy – Fats – Protein – Amino Acids – Vitamins – Vitamins Fat Soluble / Water Soluble – Minerals – Minerals Macro / Micro  Purpose of Digestion? Nutrient Requirements Water Energy Smaller..Smaller..Smaller.. Smaller Protein Vitamins Absorption across cell Minerals  Common Features Prehension Mastication Digestion - Chemical/Microbial Absorption Elimination – Indigestible/ Non-digestible How Animals Make A Living Digestive Systems and Strategies Behavior is a function of Anatomy and Physiology Two very different feeding strategies… What are some of the differences?  Modes of Feeding Continuous feeders E.g. grazing animals Most common in animals that consume either or both a. low quality foodstuffs (like grasses) b. foodstuffs that are scattered in small quantities across large areas Discontinuous feeders (meal eaters) Humans, cats (carnivores), animals in agriculture Most common in animals that a. eat high quality foodstuffs (like fruit, eggs, or other  Modes of Feeding Hunters Grazers Scavengers Wolves (foragers) Hyena Cats Sheep Vultures Eagles Goats Raccoons Whales Deer Alligators Pigs Squirrels Carnivores  Carnivores – Meat >80 or 90% animal-based diet – Chemical digestion – Microbial digestion – Very Limited Omnivores  Omnivores –Meat/Plant Materials Meat Highly digestible plant components – Grains/Fruits – Chemical digestion – Microbial digestion – Limited to very limited (species dependent) Herbivores  Herbivores – Plant Materials Primarily forages Low digestible plant components (high fiber) – Microbial digestion - Primary – Chemical digestion - Secondary  Classification by dietary habit Major Categories: ⚫Herbivore ⚫Omnivore ⚫Carnivore  Classification by dietary habit Insectivore - Insects Frugivore - Fruits Mucivore – Mucus/Sap Granivore - Seeds Ossivore - Bone Hedgehog - Insectivore Piscivore - Fish Ovivore - Eggs Detritivore – Dead things Folivore – Leaves Fungivore – Fungi Planktivore – Plankton Sanguivore - Blood Vampire Bat - Sanguivore  Primary Types of Digestive Tract Monogastric Carnivore Omnivore Ruminant Herbivore Non-Ruminant Herbivore Herbivore Modified Monogastric (Avian) Carnivore Omnivore Granivore Frugivore Insectivore…  Common Features Prehension Mastication Digestion - Chemical/Microbial Absorption Elimination – Indigestible/ Non-digestible Prehensile (grasping) mechanisms Prehensile = capable of grasping  Common Features Prehension Mastication Digestion - Chemical/Microbial Absorption Elimination – Indigestible/ Non-digestible How Animals Make A Living Mastication  Teeth Incisors Canines Premolars Molars Canines Molars Incisors Premolars  Carnivores >80 90% Diet is Animal Based  Molars Canines Premolars Incisors Molars Premolars Canines Incisors  Omnivores Diet: Animal Based and Highly Digestible Plant Components Molars Canines Premolars Incisors  Canines Molars Premolars Incisors Molars Premolars Canines Incisors OMNIVORE CARNIVORE Raccoon Cat Molars Premolars Canines Incisors  Herbivores Diet: Primarily forages Capable of utilizing low digestible plant components (high fiber) Molars Incisors Premolars Molars Premolars Incisors Molars Premolars Canines Incisors Molars Incisors (Iron = Orange) Omnivore Carnivore Herbivore How Animals Make A Living Digestion  Common Features Prehension Mastication Digestion - Chemical/Microbial Absorption Elimination – Indigestible/ Non-digestible Primary Types of Digestive Tract Monogastric Ruminant Nonruminant Carnivore Herbivore Herbivore Omnivore Monogastric Carnivore Omnivore Carnivore Omnivore Increased length of Small and Large Intestines Monogastric Ruminant Nonruminant Carnivore Herbivore Herbivore Omnivore Increased length of Small and Large Intestines  Primary Types of Digestive Tract Monogastric Carnivore Omnivore Ruminant Herbivore Non-Ruminant Herbivore Herbivore Monogastric Esophagus - Transport  Gastric Stomach (Chemical Digestion) Acids – “sour” – pH = “Power of Hydrogen” (0-14) – When mixed with water – an acid yields H+ ions Bases – “bitter” When mixed with water – bases yield OH- ions  Substance pH Battery Acid 0 HCl stomach 1 Lemon juice, Vinegar 2 Orange Soda 3 Tomato juice 4 Black Coffee 5 Milk 6 Pure water, Blood 7 Eggs 8 Baking Soda 9 Milk of Magnesia 10 Ammonia 11 Soap, Bleach 12 Oven cleaner 13 Drain Cleaner 14  Mucous cells: secrete an alkaline mucus that protects the epithelium against shear stress and acid Parietal cells: secrete hydrochloric acid Chief cells: secrete pepsin, a proteolytic enzyme G cells: secrete the hormone gastrin  Small Intestine Small Intestine - proximal region – Digestion Small Intestine – distal region – Nutrient absorption  Cecum and Large Intestine Cecum “Blind Pouch” Appendix Large Intestine – Water metabolism  Pig Omnivore  Dog Carnivore/Omnivore  Mink Carnivore  Monogastric  Carnivores, omnivores – dog, cat, pig, human Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Cecum Large intestine (appendix) Mastication Transport Chemical Proximal- Microbial H2O metabolism Mechanical-chewing Digestion Chem. Digestion Digestion (Swine) Distal- Appendix Absorption (Most Species)  Herbivores Diet: Primarily forages Capable of utilizing low digestible plant components (high fiber)  Common Features Prehension Mastication Digestion - Chemical/Microbial Absorption Elimination – Indigestible/ Non-digestible Ruminant Herbivore 1/2 3 1/2 4 Esophagus - “Two-Way System” Rumination Stomach - Forestomach  Reticulum Bolus Formation Trap Tripe Stomach - Forestomach  Rumen Microbial Digestion – “Fermentation”  Symbiotic Relationship Microbes Provide Digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose ▪ Amino Acids ▪ VFA’s (Volatile Fatty Acids) ▪ B vitamins ▪ Detoxification of toxic compounds Ruminants Provide ▪ Housing ▪ Nutrients ▪ Optimal environment for growth Microbial Contribution Energy – VFA’s (>80%) Protein – Amino Acids Vitamins – B complex  Omasum Separator – “Strainer” Abomasum  Abomasum Chemical Digestion Omasum Reticulum Rumen Omasum Abomasum Small Intestine Cecum Large Intestine  Ruminants – Microbes accomplish most digestion – Herbivores – cow, sheep, goat, deer Stomach Mouth Esophagus Reticulum Rumen Omasum Abomasum SI Caecum LI 2-way transport Ferm water Mastication Trap/bolus Microbial Strainer Gastric Absorption Met. Mechanical Fermentation Chemical Chemical (VFA’s, B-vit) Digestion Non-Ruminant Herbivore Herbivore Esophagus Stomach - Gastric Small Intestine Cecum Large Intestine (Colon)  Non-ruminant herbivore Non-ruminant herbivore – Single-chambered stomach with enlarged portion of large intestine and colon – Horse, rabbit, elephant, rhinoceros – Secretion of digestive enzymes and presence of microbes for digestion Mouth Esophagus Stomach SI Cecum LI Transport Dig/Abs Mastication Chemical Blind pouch H2O Metabolism Mechanical-chewing Digestion Fermentation Chemical-saliva VFA’s, B-vit  Which type of herbivore is more efficient? Bovine Equine Digestive 80 gallons 35 gallons Capacity Organization Forestomach Hindgut Rate of Passage 70-90 hrs (80%) 35-50 hrs (85%) Photo by Don Helfer, Oregon State University. Kellems and Church, Livestock Feeds and Feeding Esophagus Crop Proventriculus Gizzard Small Intestine Ceca (2) Large Intestine  Modified Monogastric – Avian (poultry) Esophagus Crop Proventriculus Gizzard SI Ceca LI Clocoa Moistening Gastric Mastication Absorption Feces H20 met. Urine  Comparative Anatomy Carnivore Omnivore Ruminant Non- Avian Ruminant Herbivore Stomach Simple Simple Chambered Simple Simple (rearranged) Tract Monogastric – Monogastric- Long Long Short Very Short Short (SI/LI) Energy Simple Simple VFA’s Simple Simple CHO’s CHO’s (>80%) CHO/VFA’s CHO’s Protein Diet Diet Microbes/ Diet Diet Diet B- Diet Diet Microbes Microbes Diet Complex Vitamins Nutrition and Feed Resources  Animal Nutrition Body composition of animals – 60% water – 16% protein – 2-20% fat – 4% ash Components Themselves + Means to Run the Systems Energy – Vitamins - Others  Nutrients Requirement Nutrient Classes – Water – Water – Carbohydrates – Simple/Complex – Energy – Fats – Protein – Amino Acids – Vitamins – Vitamins Fat Soluble / Water Soluble – Minerals – Minerals Macro / Micro  Water Transport Lubrication Cooling – (species dependent) Perspective: What happens if >10% of water is lost?  Water Exception: Camel – Can loose up to 25% of its water – Intake >100 liters (>25 gallons)  Nutrients Requirement Nutrient Classes – Water – Water – Carbohydrates – Simple/Complex – Energy – Fats – Protein – Amino Acids – Vitamins – Vitamins Fat Soluble / Water Soluble – Minerals – Minerals Macro / Micro  Energy Commonly the most limiting nutrient First concern when balancing a ration  Energy – Carbohydrates Carbohydrates – Energy Substrates – Monosaccharides: Glucose**, Fructose, Galactose – Disaccharides: Sucrose – Glucose + Fructose Lactose – Glucose + Galactose Maltose – Glucose + Glucose Sucrose Glucose + Fructose  Energy – Carbohydrates Carbohydrates – Energy Substrates – Monosaccharides: – Disaccharides: – Polysaccharides: (Example – Glucose polymers)  Energy – Carbohydrates Carbohydrates – Energy Substrates – Monosaccharides: – Disaccharides: – Polysaccharides: (Example – Glucose polymers) Easy to Digest Nope! Easy to Digest  Energy – Carbohydrates Chemical Microbial Digestion Digestion Monogastric – Simple CHO’s (Glucose) Ruminants and Non-Ruminant Herbivores – Simple CHO’s (Glucose) – VFA’s play the primary role as an energy substrate >80% of energy substrate for ruminants (typical: depending on feed) >60% of energy substrate for non-ruminant herbivores (typical: depending on feed)  Energy - Lipids Fats – ~2.25x that of carbohydrates Fat sources can include: – Animal sources – Plant sources Example Uses: Heart Sleeping Exercise/Work Hibernation Where does energy go? Think Fuel Efficiency Gross Energy (GE) Fecal Digestible Energy (DE) Urine/Gasses Metabolic Energy (ME) Heat Net Energy (NE) Maintenance Production  Nutrients Requirement Nutrient Classes – Water – Water – Carbohydrates – Simple/Complex – Energy – Fats – Protein – Amino Acids – Vitamins – Vitamins Fat Soluble / Water Soluble – Minerals – Minerals Macro / Micro  Protein Amino Acids – Muscle – Tendons – Ligaments – Connective Tissue  Protein Amino Acids – Muscle – Tendons – Ligaments – Connective Tissue  Protein Ruminants – Protein in diet – Digest microbes Monogastrics – Protein in diet  Nutrients Requirement Nutrient Classes – Water – Water – Carbohydrates – Simple/Complex – Energy – Fats – Protein – Amino Acids – Vitamins – Vitamins Fat Soluble / Water Soluble – Minerals – Minerals Macro / Micro  Minerals Macrominerals – Microminerals – Macro and Micro Worlds Biggest Passenger Plane airbus a380 pictures - 3 Macro and Micro  Minerals Macrominerals – Microminerals –  Macrominerals Calcium (Ca) – Bone – Teeth – Nerve and muscle function  Macrominerals Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Chlorine (Cl) – Osmotic balance – Nerve function – Muscle function  Microminerals Iodine – T3/T4 - Metabolic rate Iodized salt Goiter  Microminerals Iron (Fe) – Hemoglobin – oxygen transport – Deficiency affects half of human population  Nutrients Requirement Nutrient Classes – Water – Water – Carbohydrates – Simple/Complex – Energy – Fats – Protein – Amino Acids – Vitamins – Vitamins Fat Soluble / Water Soluble – Minerals – Minerals Macro / Micro  Vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins – A,D,E,K Water-soluble vitamins – C, B, B-complex  Fat-soluble vitamins Vitamin A – Cell Growth Vitamin D – Bone Formation Vitamin E – Red Blood Cell Vitamin K – Clotting Factors Can be stored!!  Water-soluble vitamins B-complex vitamins – Many functions – metabolism – Thiamin – Riboflavin – Niacin – B6 – B12 – Folic acid – Biotin – Choline  Water-soluble vitamins Vitamin C – Antioxidant – Scurvy Swollen, bleeding, ulcerated gums Loosened teeth Weak bones Hemorrhaging  Nutrients Requirement Nutrient Classes – Water – Water – Carbohydrates – Simple/Complex – Energy – Fats – Protein – Amino Acids – Vitamins – Vitamins Fat Soluble / Water Soluble – Minerals – Minerals Macro / Micro  Nutrient requirements Change with Physical: – Weight/Size – Stage of production – Level of production – Work – Age Change with Environmental: – Climate – Physical activity – Diseases and parasites  Feed Classifications Roughages Concentrates Feed Additives Roughages – (10% CP) – Carbonaceous (10% CP) - Legumes Alfalfa Clovers Symbiotic Rhizobium spp. Fixate Nitrogen  Roughages Carbonaceous - (60% TDN) Energy – (Low in fiber = high energy) – Plant Sources – Protein – (35%-90% - Crude Protein - CP) – Animal Sources – Plant Sources Corn Wheat Barley Milo Oats Increase Processing:  Concentrates Energy – (Low in fiber = high energy) – Plant Sources Protein – (35%-90% - Crude Protein - CP) – Animal Sources – Plant Sources  Protein Concentrates Animal Sources 60 - >90% CP Meat and Bone Meal Blood Meal Fish Meal  Protein Concentrates Plant Sources – Oil Seeds 30-45% CP Cottonseed Meal Soy Bean Meal Linseed Meal  Feed Additives Nutrient Additives – Essential for life support Non-Nutrient Additives – Alters Metabolism Salt Block - NaCl Trace Mineral Block – NaCl, macro/micro  Feed Additives Nutrient Additives – Essential for life support Non-Nutrient Additives – Alters metabolism Ionophore- Selective Antibiotics Monensin Other Approaches to Alter Microflora New “Antibiotics/Compounds” being developed and tested Eliminate antibiotic resistant bacteria CRISPR-Cas9  Yeast Cultures Adding “Beneficial” Organisms  Processing – Mixing Forages/Concentrates/Additives Nutrition and Feed Resources  Animal Nutrition Body composition of animals – 60% water – 16% protein – 2-20% fat – 4% ash Components Themselves + Means to Run the Systems Energy – Vitamins - Others  Nutrients Requirement Nutrient Classes – Water – Water – Carbohydrates – Simple/Complex – Energy – Fats – Protein – Amino Acids – Vitamins – Vitamins Fat Soluble / Water Soluble – Minerals – Minerals Macro / Micro  Water Transport Lubrication Cooling – (species dependent) Perspective: What happens if >10% of water is lost?  Water Exception: Camel – Can loose up to 25% of its water – Intake >100 liters (>25 gallons)  Nutrients Requirement Nutrient Classes – Water – Water – Carbohydrates – Simple/Complex – Energy – Fats – Protein – Amino Acids – Vitamins – Vitamins Fat Soluble / Water Soluble – Minerals – Minerals Macro / Micro  Energy Commonly the most limiting nutrient First concern when balancing a ration  Energy – Carbohydrates Carbohydrates – Energy Substrates – Monosaccharides: Glucose**, Fructose, Galactose – Disaccharides: Sucrose – Glucose + Fructose Lactose – Glucose + Galactose Maltose – Glucose + Glucose Sucrose Glucose + Fructose  Energy – Carbohydrates Carbohydrates – Energy Substrates – Monosaccharides: – Disaccharides: – Polysaccharides: (Example – Glucose polymers)  Energy – Carbohydrates Carbohydrates – Energy Substrates – Monosaccharides: – Disaccharides: – Polysaccharides: (Example – Glucose polymers) Easy to Digest Nope! Easy to Digest  Energy – Carbohydrates Chemical Microbial Digestion Digestion Monogastric – Simple CHO’s (Glucose) Ruminants and Non-Ruminant Herbivores – Simple CHO’s (Glucose) – VFA’s play the primary role as an energy substrate >80% of energy substrate for ruminants (typical: depending on feed) >60% of energy substrate for non-ruminant herbivores (typical: depending on feed)  Energy - Lipids Fats – ~2.25x that of carbohydrates Fat sources can include: – Animal sources – Plant sources Example Uses: Heart Sleeping Exercise/Work Hibernation Where does energy go? Think Fuel Efficiency Gross Energy (GE) Fecal Digestible Energy (DE) Urine/Gasses Metabolic Energy (ME) Heat Net Energy (NE) Maintenance Production  Nutrients Requirement Nutrient Classes – Water – Water – Carbohydrates – Simple/Complex – Energy – Fats – Protein – Amino Acids – Vitamins – Vitamins Fat Soluble / Water Soluble – Minerals – Minerals Macro / Micro  Protein Amino Acids – Muscle – Tendons – Ligaments – Connective Tissue  Protein Amino Acids – Muscle – Tendons – Ligaments – Connective Tissue  Protein Ruminants – Protein in diet – Digest microbes Monogastrics – Protein in diet  Nutrients Requirement Nutrient Classes – Water – Water – Carbohydrates – Simple/Complex – Energy – Fats – Protein – Amino Acids – Vitamins – Vitamins Fat Soluble / Water Soluble – Minerals – Minerals Macro / Micro  Minerals Macrominerals – Microminerals – Macro and Micro Worlds Biggest Passenger Plane airbus a380 pictures - 3 Macro and Micro  Minerals Macrominerals – Microminerals –  Macrominerals Calcium (Ca) – Bone – Teeth – Nerve and muscle function  Macrominerals Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Chlorine (Cl) – Osmotic balance – Nerve function – Muscle function  Microminerals Iodine – T3/T4 - Metabolic rate Iodized salt Goiter  Microminerals Iron (Fe) – Hemoglobin – oxygen transport – Deficiency affects half of human population  Nutrients Requirement Nutrient Classes – Water – Water – Carbohydrates – Simple/Complex – Energy – Fats – Protein – Amino Acids – Vitamins – Vitamins Fat Soluble / Water Soluble – Minerals – Minerals Macro / Micro  Vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins – A,D,E,K Water-soluble vitamins – C, B, B-complex  Fat-soluble vitamins Vitamin A – Cell Growth Vitamin D – Bone Formation Vitamin E – Red Blood Cell Vitamin K – Clotting Factors Can be stored!!  Water-soluble vitamins B-complex vitamins – Many functions – metabolism – Thiamin – Riboflavin – Niacin – B6 – B12 – Folic acid – Biotin – Choline  Water-soluble vitamins Vitamin C – Antioxidant – Scurvy Swollen, bleeding, ulcerated gums Loosened teeth Weak bones Hemorrhaging  Nutrients Requirement Nutrient Classes – Water – Water – Carbohydrates – Simple/Complex – Energy – Fats – Protein – Amino Acids – Vitamins – Vitamins Fat Soluble / Water Soluble – Minerals – Minerals Macro / Micro  Nutrient requirements Change with Physical: – Weight/Size – Stage of production – Level of production – Work – Age Change with Environmental: – Climate – Physical activity – Diseases and parasites Quiz I Read and follow the directions! A cat has all four types of teeth. Thus, all boxes should be marked. A cow does not have canine teeth. Therefore, incisors, premolars and molars would be marked Dog Sheep Goat Cow Horse Pig Cat What is the rumen? Introduced species are perceived to be beneficial to human interests. While invasive species are considered harmful in some manner to human interests. Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Cecum Large intestine  How to Succeed Read the directions Follow the instructions for each question Present only what is being asked Present your response in the correct format Review what you missed and determine why you were not successful  Feed Classifications Roughages Concentrates Feed Additives Roughages – (10% CP) – Carbonaceous (10% CP) - Legumes Alfalfa Clovers Symbiotic Rhizobium spp. Fixate Nitrogen  Roughages Carbonaceous - (60% TDN) Energy – (Low in fiber = high energy) – Plant Sources – Protein – (35%-90% - Crude Protein - CP) – Animal Sources – Plant Sources Corn Wheat Barley Milo Oats Increase Processing:  Concentrates Energy – (Low in fiber = high energy) – Plant Sources Protein – (35%-90% - Crude Protein - CP) – Animal Sources – Plant Sources  Protein Concentrates Animal Sources 60 - >90% CP Meat and Bone Meal Blood Meal Fish Meal  Protein Concentrates Plant Sources – Oil Seeds 30-45% CP Cottonseed Meal Soy Bean Meal Linseed Meal  Feed Additives Nutrient Additives – Essential for life support Non-Nutrient Additives – Alters Metabolism Salt Block - NaCl Trace Mineral Block – NaCl, macro/micro  Feed Additives Nutrient Additives – Essential for life support Non-Nutrient Additives – Alters metabolism Ionophore- Selective Antibiotics Monensin Other Approaches to Alter Microflora New “Antibiotics/Compounds” being developed and tested Eliminate antibiotic resistant bacteria CRISPR-Cas9  Yeast Cultures Adding “Beneficial” Organisms  Processing – Mixing Forages/Concentrates/Additives