Domestication and Specialization of Species
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of strict captivity in the domestication process?

  • Encouraging genetic diversity
  • Encouraging wild species integration
  • Limiting breeding opportunities (correct)
  • Promoting natural selection

    • What does the term 'Genetic Firewall' refer to in the context of domestication?

  • A method to enhance inherited traits
  • A strategy to maintain wild species genes
  • Promoting hybridization with wild species
  • Minimizing genetic contribution from wild species (correct)

    • Which animal is NOT listed as one that underwent self-domestication?

  • Horse (correct)
  • Pig
  • Cat
  • Dog

    • What is the primary distinction between self-domestication and intentional domestication?

    <p>Intentional domestication involves control of every step</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals was domesticated from the European Wild Boar?

    <p>Pig</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy characteristic of carbonaceous roughages?

    <p>Low in fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a plant source of protein concentrate with a crude protein content of 30-45%?

    <p>Soy Bean Meal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do nutrient additives serve in animal feed?

    <p>Support life essentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a non-nutrient additive used to alter metabolism?

    <p>Monensin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feed additive type is essential for life support?

    <p>Nutrient Additives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main practices of specialization in animal breeding?

    <p>Intentional breeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal is primarily associated with fiber production in the form of hair?

    <p>Bezoar ibex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of the genetic firewall technique in animal breeding?

    <p>Minimized genes from wild species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of horse is characterized by its ability to operate in a variety of climates?

    <p>Warmblood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Domestication of animals often leads to changes in which aspect?

    <p>Reproductive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect that contributes to the purpose of digestion in animals?

    <p>Production of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a domesticated wild species typically referenced?

    <p>Snow leopard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is affected by domestication concerning animal products?

    <p>Increased quantity and quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of macrominerals such as calcium in the body?

    <p>Bone and teeth health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient class is essential for energy storage and insulation in the body?

    <p>Fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one main difference between ruminants and monogastrics regarding protein digestion?

    <p>Ruminants digest microbes to obtain protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is primarily responsible for blood clotting?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes microminerals from macrominerals?

    <p>Microminerals are essential for oxygen transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vitamins can be stored in the body?

    <p>Vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is primarily composed of amino acids and has various structural roles in the body?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of digestible energy in animal nutrition?

    <p>Energy available for maintenance and production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient class is commonly regarded as the most limiting in animal diets?

    <p>Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula representation of sucrose?

    <p>Glucose + Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carbohydrates are primarily used as energy substrates for ruminants?

    <p>VFA’s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two categories of soluble vitamins?

    <p>Fat Soluble and Water Soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much water can a camel lose without significant harm?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy content of fats compared to carbohydrates?

    <p>Approximately 2.25 times that of carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of carbohydrate mentioned?

    <p>Oligosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is a component of proteins that is NOT a carbohydrate?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Domestication

    • Self Domestication – Species selected by the environment based on adaptability for survival (e.g., village dump analogy)
    • Intentional Domestication - Humans control the breeding and development of species by controlling movement, sex ratios, and age structures

    Specialization

    • Strict Captivity – Limiting breeding to select desired traits
    • Intentional Breeding – Selective breeding for desired traits
    • Trait Standardization – Establishing a consistent, desired phenotypic expression
    • Genetic Firewall – Minimizing genes from wild species

    Domesticated Species

    • Dogs (Canine) - Domesticated from wolves around 12,000–10,000 years ago, multiple ancestral wolf populations involved (e.g., Arabian, Chinese, Indian and European)
    • Pigs (Porcine) – Domestication process traced to the European Wild Boar and East Indian Pig
    • Cats (Feline) – Originated from European Wildcats and African/Asian Wildcats
    • Mice (Murine) – Domestication process not well delineated
    • Sheep (Ovine) – Domesticated from the Mouflon, primarily for wool and meat
    • Goats (Caprine) – Domesticated from the Bezoar and Ibex, primarily for milk, meat, and fiber
    • Cattle (Bovine) – Domesticated from the Aurochs, raised for meat, milk, and labor (drafting)
    • Horses (Equine) – Domesticated for various purposes and breeds, categorized by their body type, temperament, and purpose: Heavy (cold), light (hot), and Warmblood.
    • Donkeys (Equine) – Originated from African Equus africanus asinus
    • Llamas (Camelidae) - South American domesticated species
    • Red Jungle Fowl (Galliformes) - Asia, wild ancestor of domestic chickens
    • Turkeys (Galliformes) - New World species, domesticated in North America
    • Guinea Pigs (Cavies) - Domesticated in South America
    • Rabbits (Leporidae) - Europe
    • Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) - Domesticated in Russia and Scandinavian countries

    Wild Species

    • Musk Ox - North America
    • Water Buffalo - Asia & Africa
    • Yak - Asia
    • Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius) - Domesticated, one hump
    • Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus) - Two humps, Asian wild species

    Non-Domesticated Species

    • Ornamental Fish - 90% saltwater species, >90% freshwater species

    Domestication Results

    • Changes in behavior – Tameness, size, appearance, reproductive changes, growth rates
    • Increased Production – Greater quantity and quality of products (e.g., meat, wool, milk).

    Digestive Systems and Strategies

    • Nutrient Requirements - Water, energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals
    • Water - Camels can lose up to 25% of their body water but can consume over 100 liters (25 gallons).
    • Energy – Energy is often the most limiting nutrient (key concern when balancing a ration).
    • Carbohydrates –
      • Monosaccharides – Glucose, fructose, galactose
      • Disaccharides – Sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose (glucose + glucose).
      • Polysaccharides - Glucose polymers (e.g., starch).
    • Lipids - Fats provide ~2.25x the energy of carbohydrates. Sources include animals and plants.
    • Protein - Amino acids make up muscle, tendons, ligaments, and connective tissue. Ruminants obtain protein from diet and microbes, while monogastrics rely solely on diet.
    • Vitamins - Fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and Water-soluble (C, B, B-complex).
    • Minerals – Divided into macrominerals and microminerals.
      • Macrominerals – Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Chlorine (Cl).
      • Microminerals – Iron (Fe), Iodine.
    • Energy Utilization – Gross Energy (GE) → Digestible Energy (DE) → Metabolic Energy (ME) → Net Energy (NE)

    Feedstuffs

    • Roughages - Carnaceous – high in fiber (low energy). Protein sources: Animal and Plant

    Concentrates

    • High energy – low in fiber.
      • Protein Concentrates – Animal Sources: Meat and Bone Meal, Blood Meal, Fish Meal.
      • Protein Concentrates - Plant sources – oilseeds: Cottonseed Meal, Soy Bean Meal, Linseed Meal

    Feed Additives

    • Nutrient Additives - Essential for supporting life (e.g., salt, trace mineral blocks).
    • Non-Nutrient Additives – Alter metabolism (e.g., antibiotics, yeast cultures, ionophores).

    Feed Processing

    • Mixing – Blending different components of feedstuffs (e.g., forages, concentrates, additives).

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    Related Documents

    Animal Domestication PDF

    Description

    Explore the concepts of self and intentional domestication as they relate to various species. This quiz will cover the processes involved in domestication, specialization, and the significance of trait selection and standardization. Test your knowledge on domesticated species like dogs, pigs, cats, and mice.

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