Historical Development of Pharmacy PDF

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Valenzuela. Quezon City. Antipolo. Pampanga. Cabanatuan. Laguna HISTORY OF PHARMACY PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY Name of Lecturer ANBEL M. BAUTISTA, MS PHARM Assoc. Dean, College of Pharmacy OUTCOMES:...

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Valenzuela. Quezon City. Antipolo. Pampanga. Cabanatuan. Laguna HISTORY OF PHARMACY PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY Name of Lecturer ANBEL M. BAUTISTA, MS PHARM Assoc. Dean, College of Pharmacy OUTCOMES: At the end of the session the students will be able to: Identify the major events in the evolution of pharmacy Identify the major personalities and their contribution in the history of pharmacy. READINGS: http://miter.mit.edu/articlebenc h-boardroom-historical- developmentspharmaceutical- industry/ 3 CHECKLIST: § Read course and unit objectives § Read study guide prior to class attendance § Read required learning resources; refer to unit terminologies for jargons § Proactively participate in discussions § Participate in weekly discussion board (Canvas) § Answer and submit course unit tasks Watch this Videos: (History of Pharmacy) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpmsHMtRdyc (The future of Pharmacy) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcZ7hJvZO8E Pharmacy derived from Greek word “Pharmakon” art of dispensing and preparing of medicines or drugs establishment and place where drugs or medicines are sold. § They are also known as druggists § They are healthcare professionals who practice in pharmacy, the field of health sciences focusing on safe and effective medication use.  The symbol of two snakes on a staff is called the Caduceus. BOWL OF The staff, depicted with wings, HYGEIA is that of Mercury (Roman) or Hermes (Greek), messenger of the Gods and The bowl with a snake coiled also God of commerce. around it is called the bowl of Hygeia with the serpent of Epidaurus. Hygeia was Aesculapius’s daughter and a Greek CADUCEUS Goddess of health. Her symbol was a serpent drinking from a bowl.  The recipe sign appears at the MORTAR & start of prescriptions. Although universally accepted as an PESTLE abbreviation of “recipe” (Latin for ‘take thou’) It has long been used as a It has also been suggested that pharmaceutical symbol in Britain it is the astronomical sign of and on the European mainland, the planet Jupiter. and is still widely employed as a pharmacy shop sign in Scotland. The mortar and pestle are tools of traditional pharmacy, hence their use as an easily recognizable visual motif. Rx SYMBOL q HUMANS have several Features, they know how to treat ailments, physical and mental with medicines. q Based on archeological evidences, man always searched for other tools to treat his conditions. q Since the dawn of humanity, pharmacy has been part of everyday life. q By trial and error , folk knowledge of the healing properties of certain natural substances grew. SHANIDAR CAVE BURIAL 50, 000 years ago, Neanderthal man was buried in the shanidar caves in nothern iraq with clusters of flowers and herbs. SHAMANS q Faith Healers q Because both disease and its treatment involves this world of spirits, they need a specialist who understood and could control the spirits. Oral rite Manual rite Pharmacy in antiquity q Changes occurred gradually influence concepts of disease and healing. q Each civilization developed its own characteristics, but each grew out of previously existing cultures. q This debt to precedent cultures was particularly evident in pharmacy and medicine. This is because the animistic-religious-magical notions of disease and its treatment did not disappear. § They believe that one could avoid disease by leading a righteous life and worshipping the proper God. § Mesopotamians made offerings to the ghost of their ancestors, respected taboos, and even acquire magical accessories to keep away evil. 3 Deities/Gods 1. Ninazu – Lord physician 2. Ningishrida – son of Ninazu - carries the staff with snake around it. 3. Gula – Goddess of death and healing - Patroness of the physician - Great lady of physicians 3 Main Medical Practicioners: 1. Asu – physician priest 2. Ashipu – exorcist and incantation priest 3. Baru – the seer priest They believe that disease is a consequence of a SIN. Cures therefore should involve spiritual religious purification and catharsis. LIBRARY OF NINEVEH § 32,000 clay tablets § Collected by Assyrian King Asshurbanipal in 17th century BC § 250 drugs of vegetable origin § 120 of mineral origin § 180 from other sources. qAncient Egyptians believed that a sick person was one out of harmony with the world, having irked the gods, the dead or the spirits. qThe logical way to restore harmony was by religious and magical means. Dieties: Thoth, the inventor of science and medicine and patron of physicians, Imhotep, a mortal of the third millennium BC who was deified in Egypt during Greco-Roman times. PAPYRUS EBERS §Most important pharmaceutical record is the "Papyrus Ebers" (1500 B.C.), §It is a collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs. §The Ebers Papyrus, also known as Papyrus Ebers, is an Egyptian Medical papyrus of herbal knowledge dating to c. 1550 BC. GEORGE EBERS § Among the oldest and most important medical papyri of Ancient egypt, it was purchased at Luxor (Thebes) in the winter of 1873–74 by Georg Ebers. § It is currently kept at the library of the University of Leipzig, in Germany. §Legendary Emperor Shen-nung was credited the father of pharmaceutics by the scholar-ruler Liu An in the second century BC. §Pen-ts’ao which was translated as “material medica”, “fundamentals of simples”, and “the botanical basis of pharmacy”. § The civilization developed by the Hellenes was individualistic, speculative, this-worldly, and concerned with the concepts of liberty and aesthetics—and Greek medicine and pharmacy developed within this cultural framework. § The momentous achievement of Greek medicine was it seeking a natural basis for disease, its causes and its treatment. Greek Physicians: § Prepared their own medicines and left prescription behind for family members to compound and administer Theophrastus (about 300 B.C.) § The greatest early Greek philosophers and natural scientists, is called the "father of botany." § His botanical works, De Historia Plantarum and De causis plantarum § A period from Fall of Rome to Fall of Constantinople. § The following are the persons with important contribution to the discovery of Pharmacy profession: CLADIUS GALEN §A prominent Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman empire. §His principles of preparing and compounding medicines ruled in the Western world for 1,500 years; and his name still is associated with that class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means - galenicals. §He was the originator of the formula for a cold cream, essentially similar to that known today. Three remedies that were to become universally celebrated and esteemed, although they were not original with him, 1. hiera picra 2. terra sigillata 3. theriaca (theriac). HIERA PICRA §It is the oldest pharmaceutical compound TERRA SIGILLATA in existence § or sealed earth was a greasy clay. It was formed into large, tablet-like units §Galen’s formula called for upon which the seal of the aloes, to which spices and place origin was other herbs were added and impressed. with the addition of honey § It was used as an antidote for poisons, dysenteries, fevers and other illnesses. THERIACA §It is also known as treacle, was the pharmaceutical par excellence §Contained varying number of ingredients, sometimes more than seventy §Contents were largely herbal, opium playing a prominent role, castoreum, viper flesh and skink §Intended as an antidote to the bites of wild creatures, became eventually a universal antidote for poisons and remedy used in many illnesses. Mithridates VI, King of Pontus (about 100 B.C.) §The royal toxicologist §Make the art of poisoning, but also the art of preventing and counteracting poisoning. §He used himself as well as his prisoners as "guinea pigs" on which to test poisons and antidotes. §His famed formula of alleged panantidotal powers, "Mithridatum," Pedanios Dioscorides (first century A.D.) § He was a physician, pharmacologist and botanist, the author of De Materia Medica —a 5-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances (a pharmacopeia), that was widely read for more than 1,500 years. § Dioscorides wrote De Materia Medica in Greek, his native language. He was employed as a medic in the Roman army. § Mohamedanism – new civilization arose. § Greek writings about medicine were translated to Arabic. § Works of Galen and Dioscorides was accepted by Arabs. Hunain ibn-Ishāq §Hunain ibn-Ishāq translated the entire available Hippocratic corpus and works of Galen, Dioscorides, Oribasius and Paul of Aegina. Sābūr ibn-Sahl Sābūr ibn-Sahl compile a prototype of the formularies now used today—it was a compilation of formulas or recipes for medications, arranged in an orderly (usually alphabetical) fashion and including instructions for compounding and suggestions for their use. It was called al–Aqrābādhīn al-Kabīr. AVICENNA Ibn-Sina, known as Avicenna A Persian philosopher and physician sought to unify all medical knowledge in his Canon medicinae. Canon medicinae It contained a treatise on poisons, sections on the preparation of medicines, and a long list of medicinal recipes. Rhazes (860-932) & Avicenna (980-1063) § They added to the writings of Greek. § Rejected the old idea that foul tasting worked best in medicine § they developed and exert effort in their dosage forms elegant and palatable through silvering of pills and use of syrups. § King of Sicily, King of Jerusalem, King of Germany & Italy & Holy Roman Empire. § In mid 13th century (1240) Frederick II codified the separate practice of pharmacy from medicine. Public pharmacies became relatively common in Southern Europe (Apothecary) Writings of Greek translated to Arabic were further translated to Latin for the use of European schools. § During the Renaissance, medicine moved more boldly outside the rather rigid framework of clerical and Arabic Scholasticism. § Paracelsus introduced the idea of the body as a chemical process which became more widely applied in pharmacy. § Chemicals were used more boldly for internal therapy, and extraction of medicinally active quintessences from nature’s resources became a goal. Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim § Paracelsus is referred to as the father of toxicology for his claim that, “All things are poison, and nothing is without poison.” § Sparked the growth of modern Pharmaceutical Sciences § Process of distillation and extraction was introduce in the laboratory research. DISCOVERY OF QUININE (1820) § Quinine drug was discovered to treat malarial fevers. § Advocate of chemical medicines displaced the therapeutic agreement of Galenism which had lasted for nearly 1,500 years Germ theory of disease § by Pasteur and Koch (1880-1890) § Robert Koch proved that microorganism cause disease (1876) § Established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease. DISCOVERY OF VACCINE § Pasteur discovered 3 vaccines; for fowl cholera (1881), anthrax (1881) and rabies (1885). § Emil Von Behring diphtheria antitoxin Paul Ehrlich’s Salvarsan in 1910 § first discovered chemotherapeutic agents. § Introduced the “selective toxicity” principle. § He also discovered Salvarsan. § 20th century dramatic change for medical care including Pharmacy. § Cortisones, tranquilizers, antihypertensives, radioisotopes and oral contraceptives was discovered § Pharmaceutical Industries became one of the most advanced industries in the world. 1930s – 75% of Rx required compounding by a pharmacist 1950s – 25% of Rx required compounding by a pharmacist 1960s – only 4% (1 in 25 Rx) needed compounding 1970s – only 1% ( 1 in 100 Rx ) needed compounding skills § Pharmacist were not a loss for work as the number of prescriptions grew, or new effective drugs came into the market. § Chain drugstores displacing independent corner drugstores especially in urban areas. § Laws regulating the production of drugs and pharmacy were modernized. § BS Pharmacy was extended to 5 years and curriculum continued to emphasize physical sciences which underlie the making of medicines. APOTECHARY IN USA. Apothecary shops first appeared in Boston, New York and Philadelphia. Christopher Marshall, Irish immigrant, developed a pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise. Marshall Apothecary in Philadelphia § This was a leading retail pharmacy, large-scale chemical manufacturer, a place for training pharmacists, and an important supply depot during the American Revolution. § Most of the early American apothecaries sold various items including crude drugs, chemicals, imported nostrums (secret cures), spices, teas, and coffees. PATENTS FOR NEW DRUGS §Patents were first granted in 1790 by newly founded United States of America. § Such patents were granted for so-called secret cures. §Patents granted protection of the knowledge of the ingredients for 17 years. America’s first Association of Pharmacists §The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy §It was founded in 1821 at Carpenter’s Hall, same place were the Declaration of Independence of USA was announced. William Proctor Jr. §He is the Father of American Pharmacy. §American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) began in 1852. §It was started to improve communication among pharmacists, to develop standards for education and apprenticeship, and to improve the quality control of imported drugs. §From early 1900 through the early 1940s druggists continued to compound and prepare medicines for patients. § Drug manufacturers were starting to discover the active ingredients of various products derived from nature. §Gradually, medicines were made with active ingredients and made available for druggists to dispense directly to patients. §Shortly, after World War II (1945) a young entrepreneur from Erie, Pennsylvania, named Jack Eckerd made his mark by starting self service in the pharmacy. HOSPITAL PHARMACY PRACTICE §The first hospital pharmacy was established at the Pennsylvania Hospital started by Benjamin Franklin, in Philadelphia in 1752 §The first hospital pharmacist was Jonathan Roberts §John Morgan a pharmacist and a physician championed prescription writing and the separation of the two professions §The first hospital pharmacy internship program was started by Harvey Whitney in 1927 at the University of Michigan Hospital in Ann Harbor §A section for hospital pharmacists within the American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) was established in 1936. §American Society of Hospital Pharmacists (ASHP) was formed in 1942 and ended joint membership with APhA in 1972. §In 1995, the organization changed its name to American Society of Health System Pharmacists A. Pre-historic Period: 1. Mythical period 2. Superstitious 3. Empiric B. Spanish Period C. American Occupation D. Modern Period A. MYTHICAL PERIOD Katalonan or Babaylan § a woman mystic who is "a specialist in the fields of culture, religion, medicine and all kinds of theoretical knowledge about the phenomenon of nature. B. SUPERSTITIOUS PERIOD Ancient Filipino believed that diseases are caused by spiritual or elemental forces. Examples: § Mambabarang § Aswang § Nuno C. EMPIRICAL PERIOD Pre – Spanished era there were herbolarios § These are skilled men in the use of healing herbs § heals people using herbs and traditional practices such as hilot or massage. D. SPANISH ERA § Began with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition on February 13, 1565 from Mexico. § UST- The UST was the first great institution of learning established in the Philippines. § “Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Rosario de Santo Tomas” located in Intramuros. Fr. Fernando Santa Maria (1704-1774) Dominican priest, native of madrid “ Medicinas Caseras” 1st ed. 1786 – contained suggestions for treatment of certain diseases. 3 Topics of the book: 1. Medicinal barks and herbs 2. Various sickness 3. Various secrets and rareties worth knowing Fr. Blanco,OSA § and his botanical masterpiece “Flora de Filipinas” Post- Pharmacy Period § Once the was firmly established in July, 1871 its work and teaching mission started smoothly. § Professors had to be contracted from Spain. § 1871 there were about 8 students enrolled and out of these 6 were graduated as Bachelors in 1875 and as Licenciates in 1876. § Doctor s degree were granted by the Govt , this was reserved only to Universidad Central de. Madrid. Post- Pharmacy Period § Foreign Pharmacist come to Philippines to do business or to practice their profession. § Rector should approve first before the Foreign Pharmacist to practice here in the Philippines. § Examination was given to them Establishment of the school of “Practicantes de Medicina y Farmacia” § The purpose is to protect the health of the Filipinos by producing well- trained practitioners to help the physicians and pharmacist. § There were lot of students flocked to the university to enroll in the new course. Hospital during Spanish Era § Many hospitals were already in operation in the islands during the Pharmacy Period and in this respect, the Spanish government deserved some credit. § The first hospital built by the Spaniards was the Military Hospital in Cebu, built by Legaspi in 1565.  Hospital de San Hospital de San San Lazaro Hospital Gabriel Juan de Dios also built by the in Binondo constructed in 1577 Franciscans in the 1588- managed by by the Franciscans same year Dominicans Drugstore during Spanish Era Started as a small apothecary shop at Escolta, Manila in 1830 Spanish Pharmacist and physician, Don Lorenzo Negrao.  Botica de Santa Cruz established in 1861, located at Plaza de Goiti It passed through several hands until 1902 it was purchase Dr. Carlos Jarhling, a German-Filipino Pharmacist and Mr. Luis Santos, A Philippine born Spaniard E. AMERICAN OCCUPATION § Establishment of the Board of Pharmaceutical Examiners in 1903. § It is later converted into Act No. 597 of the Philippine Commission § Board of examiners composed of a chairman, and two chairman took charge of the registration of the pharmacists and supervision of their practice 1904 – Started as a review class organized by Dr. Alejandro Albert through the request of some UST graduates to help them in board examinations 1915- converted into the Manila College of Pharmacy by Atty. Felimon Tanchoco 1929- Manila College of Pharmacy and Dentistry 1947 – Manila Central University ( MCU ) 1911 – Dr. Andrew Dumez was its first director upon the recommendation late Dr. Edwards Kremers of the University of Winconsin. Succeeded by Dr. Manuel del Rosario and was passed on to Dr. Partocinio Valenzuela Dr. Alfredo Abcede, Dr. Jesusa Concha, Dr. Natividad de Castro, Dr Amorita Castillo, Dr. Magdalena Cantoria. 1920 § PPHA was established. § It is national profession organization of pharmacists in the Philippines. § Considered as the mother association with which other associations of pharmacists and pharmacy students are affiliated. 1937 § Southstar Drug was established. § The 1st chain of drugstores in the Philippines. § It started as a small business venture engaged in the retail of Chinese herbal medicines which was located in Naga City, Philippines. León María Guerrero y Leogardo January 21, 1853 – April 13, 1935 § He is the first Filipino Pharmacist. § He was a Filipino writer, revolutionary leader, politician, the first licensed pharmacist in the Philippines, and one of the most eminent botanists in the country in his time. Pharmacy Practice Today - Clinical Pharmacy § Pharmacy took over the an aspect of medical care partially abandoned by physicians § Drug utilization § survey polls that Pharmacist is one of the trusted in the field of medicines administration  Thank you! 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