Types of Speech & Communication Strategies (PDF)

**TYPES OF SPEECH** 1. ***[Entertainment]*** - amuse audiences \- *[less formal]* in nature to help communicate **emotions** than facts 2. ***[Informative]*** - discussion of *[facts], [studies] & [statistics]* \- simplifies **complex theories** into *[simpler & less ambigu...

**TYPES OF SPEECH** 1. ***[Entertainment]*** - amuse audiences \- *[less formal]* in nature to help communicate **emotions** than facts 2. ***[Informative]*** - discussion of *[facts], [studies] & [statistics]* \- simplifies **complex theories** into *[simpler & less ambiguous ideas]* 3. ***[Demonstrative]*** - demonstrates how an object works or how to do certain things 4. ***[Persuasive]*** - tries to prove a certain *[point of view]* \- persuades audience to *[embrace]* the point 5. ***[Motivational]*** - *[special persuasive]* for encouraging audiences to pursue their own well-being \- relies on *[stirring emotions]* than logic 6. ***[Impromptu]*** - unprepared speech \- used in *[sudden or unnecessary situations]* needing **less readiness** 7. ***[Oratorical]*** - long & formal speech \- **act of speech giving & making** to the public *[eloquently & effectively]* 8. ***[Debate]*** - *[persuasive speech]* \- mechanics & figures only to ***support claims*** \- *[justifies]* a stance towards something rather than *[convince]* a point II. **STRATEGIES TO COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN** 1. ***[Message Abandonment]*** - leaving message unfinished due to a *[constraint]* like **language** 2. ***[Topic Avoidance]*** - not talking about *[other concepts]* to express 3. ***[Circumlocution]*** - describing or *[paraphrasing]* target objects 4. ***[Approximation]*** - using *[alternative terms]* to express meaning of target word as **closely as possible** 5. ***[Use of all-purpose words]*** - expanding *[general words]* or *[overuse of words]* 6. ***[Word Coinage]*** - creation of new words based on how *[language's grammar]* wworks 7. ***[Use of Nonverbal]*** - miming, gesturing, facial expression or imitation to *[express meaning]* 8. ***[Literal translation]*** - translation of statement from ***mother tongue to English*** using *[structure]* of first language 9. ***[Foreignizing]*** - use of *[native language]* & **pronouncing** in English 10. ***[Code Switching]*** - using of ***native expression*** for a desired expression 11. ***[Appeal for Help]*** - appealing or seeking help from other people like *[experts or experienced]* 12. ***[Use of Fillers]*** - use of *[short, repetitive & undesirable]* words like **'Ah'**, **'Um'** & **'You Know'** III. **COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES** ***[Communicative Strategies]*** - plans or means to sharing information \- for *[social], political, [psychological] & [linguistic]* purposes 1. ***Nomination*** - *[clear]* presentation of topic & *[truthfully]* saying what is relevant 2. ***Restriction*** - constraining responses to a *[set of categories]* 3. ***Turn-taking*** - recognize **[when & how]** to speak in a turn 4. ***Topic Control*** - keeping **interaction going** by *[questioning]* or *[eliciting responses]* 5. ***Topic Shifting*** - introduction of *[new topics]* followed by continuation 6. ***Repair*** - overcoming **breakdown** to send comprehensible messages 7. ***Termination*** - using *[verbal & nonverbal]* signals to **end** interaction IV. **SPEECH WRITING/DELIVERY** ***[Speech Writing]*** - conveying of thoughts or message through *[correct punctuation & expression]* **TIPS:** \- Figure out the primary point \- Understand who will listen \- Find supporting information through research \- Add Structure \- Give Personality **PROCESS:** 1. ***Audience Analysis*** a. \- age range - nationality \- gender ratio - economic status \- education - academic designation b. \- time - occasion \- venue - size c. \- values - preferences \- beliefs - cultural/racial ideologies \- attitude - needs 2. ***Determine Purpose of Speech*** a. b. c. 3. ***Selecting a Topic*** \- Choosing an *[interesting topic]* 4. ***Narrowing Down a Topic*** *-* Specifying the *[main idea]* 5. ***Data Gathering*** \- Collecting of *[ideas, info, sources & references]* related to topic **WRITING PATTERNS:** 1. ***Biographical*** - descriptions of a *[person's life]* 2. ***Categorical/Topical*** - *[presentations of categories]* supporting a topic 3. ***Causal*** - relationship of *[cause and effect]* 4. ***Chronological*** - presentations of idea *[in order]* 5. ***Comparison/Contrast*** - presentations of *[comparison & contrasting]* of ideas/points 6. ***Problem-Solution*** - presentation of *[problems & recommended solutions]* **[Outline]** - hierarchical list showing *[relations of ideas]* = **Introduction** - clear presentation of the main idea or point = **Body** - provides *[explanations, examples or details]* that deliver the purpose & explain idea of speech = **Conclusion** - summarizes all points discussed **Editing/Revising** - correcting errors in writing *(**grammar**, **punctuation**, **capitalization**, **unity**, **coherence**, etc.)* **Rehearsing** - identifying what is *[viable]* to do or not do for *[you and the audience]* **PRINCIPLES OF EDITING(Dlugan, 2013):** 1. ***Edit for Focus*** - ensures everything is related to *[central message]* 2. ***Edit for Clarity*** - arrange everything in a *[logical order]* 3. ***Edit for Conclusion*** - keep speech *[short, simple & clear]* by eliminating irrelevant ideas 4. ***Edit for Continuity*** - keep speech flow *[smooth]* through transitions 5. ***Edit for Variety*** - shift *[tone & style]* from *formal to conversational*, move around, or add *[humor]* 6. ***Edit for Impact & Beauty*** - make speech *[memorable]* **PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY:** 1. ***Articulation*** - proper *[pronouncing & speaking]* of words with clear diction that transmits *message* effectively 2. ***Modulation*** - capability to *[adjust/manipulate]* resonance and timbre of vocal tone 3. ***Stage Presence*** - ability to *[control]* or *[fill the space]* to project their **personality** 4. ***Facial Expressions, Gestures & Movement*** - use of *[nonverbal communication]* to reinforce, clarify & complement **message** 5. ***Audience Rapport*** - ability for the speaker to *[connect]* to the audience at a deeper level **[Audiovisual Aids]** - *[catches and keeps]* audience attention \- supports & clarifies the message \- devices like ***film, videos, audio clips, presentations, models*** & ***blackboard notes*** \- accompanies *[verbal messages]* for comprehension, appreciation & retaining of **information**