Oral Comm 2nd Quarter Notes (2) PDF

ORAL COMMUNICATION Quarter 2 - Lesson 1: Intercultural Communication INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION culture or an unjustified were one of them” - The sending and receiving of messages high regard for the new across languages and culture...

ORAL COMMUNICATION Quarter 2 - Lesson 1: Intercultural Communication INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION culture or an unjustified were one of them” - The sending and receiving of messages high regard for the new across languages and culture one - This happens when individuals interact, Stage 3: Minimization “Once we see through negotiate, and create meaning while Although individuals the cultural bringing their varied cultural backgrounds see cultural differences, differences, we really (Ting-Toomey, 1999) they bank more on the are just the same!” university of ideas - Pertains to communication among people rather than on cultural from different nationalities (Gudykunst, difference 2003) Stage 4: Acceptance “These people and I Characteristics of Competent Intercultural The individual begins to have different values appreciate important and experiences, and I Communicators World Bank (2010) cultural differences in think we can learn behaviors and from one another” 1. Flexibility and the ability to tolerate high eventually in values levels of uncertainty 2. Reflectiveness or mindfulness Stage 5: Adaptation “To address our issue, 3. Open-mindedness The individual is very I have to adjust my 4. Sensitivity open to world views approach to consider 5. Adaptability when accepting new both my own and my 6. Abilty to engage in divergent thinking perspectives counterpart’s systems - level thinking background” 7. Politeness Stage 6: Integration “I can look at things The Developmental Model of Intercultural Individuals start to go from the perspectives Sensitivity (DMIS) beyond their own of various cultures” cultures and see - A structure that explores how people themselves and their experience cultural differences actions based on - According to Bennett and Bennett multifarious cultural (2004), it has sixe stage: viewpoints Stage 1: Denial “All cities are the Importance of Intercultural Communication The individual does not same; they all have ❖ Symbolic Exchange recognize individual buildings, malls, and ❖ Irreversible Process differences coffee shops” ❖ Different Cultural Communities ❖ Negotiate Shared Meanings Stage 2: Defense “This culture does not ❖ Interactive Situation The individual starts to view life the way we recognize cultural do, our culture is differences and is definitely better” intimidated by them, resulting in either a “Their ways are better superior view on own than my own; I wish I ORAL COMMUNICATION Quarter 2 - Lesson 2: Speech Text TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION - This refers to communication that centers - This refers to communication between on one person where the speaker acts and among people and establishes both as the sender and the receiver of personal relationship between and among message. them - “The message is made up of your - “The inter part of the word highlights how thoughts and feelings. The channel is interpersonal communication connects your brain, which processes what you are people, when you engage in interpersonal thinking and feeling. There is feedback in communication, you and another person the sense that as you talk to yourself, you become linked together. The personal discard certain ideas and replace them part means that your unique qualities as a with others” (Hybels & Weaver, 2012) person matter during interpersonal communication” (Solomon and Theiss, Dimensions of SELF (Steinberg, 2007) 2013) Physical Self Types of Interpersonal Context - The material body with its internal functions and outward appearance. 1. Dyad Communication - Occurs between two people Emotional Self 2. Small Group - The affective side of people - Communication involving 3 to 12 people in face-to-face interaction, Intellectual Self allowing participants to openly - The cognitive part of the human share ideas to achieve a common being goal. 3. Public Moral Self - This involves delivering a message - The ethical beliefs and values to an audience, typically in front of being observed by the people. a group, with the aim of informing Their morals reflect on their or persuading them. behavior towards different - “In public communication, unlike in situations or other people interpersonal and small group, the channels are more exaggerated. The voice is louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience is bigger. The speaker might use additional visual channels such as slides or a Power Point Presentation” (Hybels & Weaver 2012) Effects of Interpersonal Communication ❖ Learning ❖ Helping ❖ Relating ❖ Influencing ❖ Playing  Types of Speech Style 1. Intimate - Used in private settings, often between close family members or individuals, with language not shared publicly. 2. Casual - Common among friends and peers, using jargon, slang, or vernacular language. 3. Consultative - A standard, professional style requiring mutually acceptable language, used in situations like teacher-student, employer-employee, doctor-patient, or judge-lawyer communication. 4. Formal - Used in formal settings, often one-way communication, such as sermons, State of the Nation Address, or speeches by judges. 5. Frozen - A fixed style that does not change, often used in ceremonies, like the Preamble to the Constitution or the Lord’s Prayer. ORAL COMMUNICATION Quarter 2 - Lesson 3: Speech Act 5 Classifications of Speech Act (John SPEECH ACT Searle, 1976) - An utterance made by a speaker to achieve a specific effect, such as offering 1. Assertive an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal. It can - Expresses belief about the truth of a be expressed with a single word, several proposition. words, or full sentences. Examples: “All men are mortal.” “No one makes better pancakes than I do” 3 Types of Speech Act (Justin L. Austin, 1962) 2. Directives 1. Locutionary Act - Attempts to get the listener to perform an action. - The physical act of producing an utterance, including the words and their Examples: “Please close the door,” meaning. - The word said “Can I get a glass of water?” Example: “Please do the dishes” (just 3. Commissive saying the words). - Commits the speaker to a future action 2. Illocutionary Act Examples: “Let’s go out tonight” - The social function or intent behind the utterance, like making a request, order, or “I promise to love you forever” promise. - The intention behind the words 4. Expressive Example: “Please do the dishes” (the - Conveys the speaker’s emotions or intent is to request). feelings 3. Perlocutionary Act Examples: “Thank you for coming” - The effect of the utterance on the listener, 5. Declaratives such as changing their feelings, thoughts, or actions. - Brings about a change in the external - The effect on the listener situation Example: “Please do the dishes” (the Examples: “You are fired” listener might feel obligated to do it). “I now declare you husband and wife” Performatives - Statements that accomplish an action simply by being spoken. The verbs used in these utterances directly execute the act they signify. - They require the right person and circumstances to bring about a change in the world. Example: I now pronounce you husband and wife There are 2 Types of Declaratory Act: 1. Verdictives - Judgments or decisions made within institutions based on someone's actions (Herbert Clark, 1996). Examples: - A referee giving a yellow card. - A judge declaring someone guilty. 2. Effectives - Actions that occur as a result of the utterance. Examples: - A teacher announcing, “Class has finished.” - An employer declaring, “You are fired.” ORAL COMMUNICATION Quarter 2 - Lesson 4: Communication Strategies 4. Topic Control Types of Communicative Strategy - Managing how a topic develops within a conversation Since engaging in conversation is also bound by - Respect procedural formality in implicit rules, Cohen (1990) states that meetings strategies must be used to start and maintain a - Use minimal responses like “yes” conversation. Knowing and applying grammar or tag questions to maintain flow appropriately is one of the most basic strategies to maintain a conversation. The following are Examples: “You mentioned something exciting some strategies that people use when earlier, didn't you?” communicating. 5. Topic Shifting 1. Nomination - Moving from one topic to another - Opening a topic productively and - Ensure the current topic has been collaboratively sufficiently discussed - Uses inquiries or announcements - Use transitions like “by the way” or to start “which reminds me” - Keep the environment open for opinions Examples: “Speaking of plans, have you decided - Ensure a smooth transition to new on the weekend?” topics Examples: “Have you heard about the new policy in school?” 6. Repair - Addressing problems in 2. Restriction understanding during a - Limits set on what a speaker can conversation say - Give way if other try to fix a - Often occurs in formal settings like misunderstanding classrooms or meetings - Take initiative to clarify or correct - Stay focused and avoid deviating from the given topic Examples: “Sorry, could you repeat that part about the deadline?” Examples: A teacher asks you to discuss only peer pressure in your speec 3. Turn-Taking 7. Termination - Ensuring equal opportunities to - Concluding a topic or conversation speak in a conversation - Use summarizing or - Keep contributions concise and agreement-seeking cues relevant - Signal the end meaningfully - Use polite cues to let others speak Examples: “That was insightful! Let’s plan the - Visual signals like nodding or next steps soon” stepping back can help Examples: “What do you think about this?” ORAL COMMUNICATION Quarter 2 - Lesson 1: Intercultural Communication The Speech Writing Process Guidelines in Speech Writing Conducting an audience analysis 1. Keep your words short and simple. Your Determine the purpose of the speech speech is meant to be heard by your Select a topic audience, not read. Narrow down a topic 2. Avoid jargon, acronyms, or technical Gather data words because they can confuse your Select a speech pattern audience. Prepare an outline 3. Make your speech more personal. Use Create the body of the speech the personal pronoun, “I”, buttake care Prepare an introduction not to overuse it. When you need to Prepare a conclusion emphasize collectiveness with your Edit or revise for final copy audience, use the personal pronoun, Rehearse “we”. 4. Use active verbs and contractions because they add to the personal and conversational tone of your speech. 5. Be sensitive of your audience. Be very Components of the Speech Writing careful with your language, jokes, and Process nonverbal cues. 6. Use metaphors and other figures of Audience analysis (demography, speech to effectively convey your point. situation, and psychology) 7. Manage your time well; make sure that Purpose (to entertain, to inform or to the speech falls under the time limit. persuade) Topic Narrowing down a topic Data gathering Principles of Speech Delivery Writting pattern - Biographical According to Stephen Lucas (2011), a good - Categorial/Topical delivery effectively communicates the speaker's - Causal message in a clear, coherent, and interesting - Chronological way. He emphasizes that good delivery should: - Comparison/Contrast - Problem-solution - Convey ideas clearly and interestingly, Outline without distracting the audience. Body of the speech - Combine formality with the best qualities Introduction of good conversation, such as: Conclusion - Directness Editing/Revising - Spontaneity Rehearsing - Animation - Vocal and facial expressiveness - A lively sense of communication  Types of Speech According to Delivery Disadvantages - Tendency to be disorganizedLacks 1. Extemporaneous connection with the audience - Speaking with limited - Nerve - racking for inexperienced preparationGuided by notes or speakers and beginners outline Tips: - Delivered conversationally - Once you are requested to say something - Most popular type pause for a moment to plan in your head what to say. Speaking Situations: - State your main point briefly and deliver it - When you are a candidate for a post in a at a pace your audience can follow. student government and you deliveryour - End by saying thank you. campaign speech before a voting public - When you are assigned to report a topic in class 3. Manuscript - Speaking with advanced Advantages: preparation - Helps you look confident - Planned and rehearsed speech - Engages the audience - Reading aloud a written message Disadvantages: Speaking Situations: - May not have adequate time to plan, - Newscasting with A TelePrompter or an organize and rehearse autocue device - Presenting the legal proceedings and Tips: verdict in court - Create an outline - Reading the rules and criteria in a contest - Organize your points logically - Use facts and real – life experiences as Advantages: your examples - Exact repetition of the written words - Manage your time well and rehearse. - Guided speech Disadvantages: 2. Impromptu - Boring and uninteresting presentation - Speaking without advanced - Lacks audience rapport or connection preparation - Unrehearsed speech Tips: - Spoken conversationally - Rehearse the speech over and over again until you sound natural. Speaking Situations: - Observe accomplished news anchors and - In an event where you are asked to say a note how conversational they sound when few words they deliver the news. - First day at work or in class, or during an interview Advantages - Spontaneous or natural speaking - More focused and brief 4. Memorized - Speaking with advanced Types of Speech According to Delivery preparation - Planned and rehearsed speech - Reciting a written message 1. Informative Speech word-for-word from memory - Aims to provide the audience with a clear understanding of a concept Speaking Situations: or idea. - When you perform in a stage play Example: Teachers' lectures. - When you deliver a declamation, oratorical, or literary piece 2. Entertainment Speech - When an actor or actress in a scene - Designed to amuse and entertain performs a script from memory the audience. Example: Comedians' and Advantages: performers' humorous speeches. - Exact repetition of the written words from memory 3. Persuasive Speech - Free to move around the stage - Seeks to influence the audience's ideas and decisions in favor of Disadvantages: certain views. - Speakers might end up speaking in a Example: Campaign speeches by monotone pattern. Alternatively, he/she political candidates. might take a fast pace. - When the speaker cannot control his/her stage fright, s/he might have difficulty remembering his/her memorized speech. Tips: - Rehearse the speech over and over again until you sound natural and feel confident. - Observe how actors/actresses perform their script in a theater, television, or moviescenes.