Amateurism Around the Globe: No Consensus PDF

Highlight names in green Text in red if it was not on a slideshow __ Amateurism Around the Globe: No Consensus -Research by Matt Llewellyn and John Gleaves demonstrates that amateurism was a confounding issue for sport leaders around the globe at the turn of the century -While amateurism had be...

Highlight names in green Text in red if it was not on a slideshow __ Amateurism Around the Globe: No Consensus -Research by Matt Llewellyn and John Gleaves demonstrates that amateurism was a confounding issue for sport leaders around the globe at the turn of the century -While amateurism had been central to Pierre de Coubertin’s success in launching the international Olympic Committee, it was clear that it defied a widely accepted definition and this soon became problematic. -succeeded on founding the IOC on his 3rd attempt. -Pierre de Coubertin had no opinion on amateurism. Would have been happy carrying out Olympics not tied to amateurism. -Albert Bertier de Savuigny, an IOC member from France, observed that inconsistencies existed around the globe, and even within countries, concerning travel reimbursement, contact with professionals, instructors competing as amateurs, and the ability to recover one’s amateur status -CAAU said if you are an amateur athlete going to compete with professional, you aren’t being paid, but you are tainted and become a professional. -The IOC did not enjoy legislative authority on a global basis at this time, and decide that the national sport federations of the host country would carry the day with respect to amateurism -Decision was that for Olympic contests, national sport federation for an individual sport in the host country would decide on the rules of a game (whatever they used in their own country). Need to make sure your own athletes know how to operate at different countries. IOC did not have the clout to standardize an amateur rule for everyone -NOCs (National Olympic Committee)) were responsible for ensuring athlete eligibility, but as the definitions had no consistency across federations these provoked problems. NOCs were tempted to, and some did look the other way. Winning medals had become too important, and “political patriotism” had worn out. Jim Thorpe Case -good example of problems of amateur regulations in the early 1900s -American indigenous athlete. Won decathlon and pentathlon at Stockholm Olympics, revoked because he was technically a ‘professional’ and not an amateur -Jim Thorpe stripped of his Stockholm 1912 gold medals for having played semi pro baseball during the summers while he was a student some years earlier. However, if he had been a gold medalist in shooting, yachting, or gymnastics, he would not have been punished (because those sports said you have be pro in one sport and an amateur in another). Also, the complaint, having come beyond the 30 days time limit for such appeals, according to IOC rules, should not have even been heard (because it was past the appeal date). At the outbreak fo WW I, Coubertin was ready to throw up his hands, somewhat despondent that no solution to the amateurism puzzle had been found. Thought this project is held back by amateur regulations. -Showed us that: confounding rules, no consistency, different amateur regulations within different sports in the same country; difficult to govern -Samaranch: Brought first pro athletes to compete were in Korea, 1988. (E.g. NBA; Lebron). Did this kind of thing to make more money for advertising. -Got rid of amateurism because of its hypocrisy (other pros were competing), to make more money (television rights), diversify revenue base (can start corporate sponsors: TOP; the Olympic program. Launched by Horst Dassler and Juan). -Samaranch and Olympic games: responsible for funding structure (revenue generation plan) of the IOC. -Lord Callanan: IOC president to improve trust funds Canada’s Amateur Athletic War -The Amateur Athletic War pitted the CAAU (formerly AAA of C) against the Amateur Athletic Federation of Canada (AAF of C). -The CAAU (Toronto-based) fought to maintain a hard-line interpretation of the amateur code, while the AAF of C (Montreal-based) wished to permit professionals to play with or against amateurs without “professionalizing” all competitors, and to permit athletes to be an amateur in one sport and a professional in a different sport -Other issues such as travel stipends, amateur reinstatements, and the use of aliases were involved, but contact with professionals was the dominant issue (becoming a pro) -AAF of C LOST the war. Might have been pinned on Tom Longboat fiasco. Canadian public -They then merged -Lacrosse, as a sport was no longer willing to accept CAAU rules on amateurism. A number of lacrosse governing bodies withdrew from the CAAU at the turn of the century -MAAA/MLC pressed the CAAU to liberalize its policies with no success. MAAA formed the Amateur Athletic Federation of Canada (AAF of C) and the “War” lasts from Feb. 1907 to Sept. 1909. -1908 London Olympics and the Tom Longboat Controversy -The end of the Amateur Athletic War results in the emergence of the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada – hardline policies The Story Behind the Story: The Montreal Shamrocks  Why was lacrosse popular in the 1870s and 1880s? -entertaining, big cities, popular team sport because of its roughness -didn’t need technical knowledge to enjoy lacrosse -didn’t cost a lot to attend Summary: Entertaining, accessible, inexpensive, didn’t need knowledge to enjoy George Beers: Montreal dentist who loved lacrosse. Promoted lacrosse as Canada’s national sport. Famous of the myth of it actually being Canada’s sport, when it was never officially Canada’s national sport at this point. -Ice hockey is Canada’s national winter sport, Lacrosse is the summer one, which happened later -Rivalry between Shamrocks and the Montreal Lacrosse Club increased popularity  Who were the Montreal Shamrocks? -Irish-Canadian -fans were the most passionate and riotous, noisy (noisemakers) -media did not like the behaviour/antics of the fans -not misbehaviour; was the way for Irish working class to get out their frustration. Connectiveness, manly aggressiveness, would tear down fences to get in without having to pay. Would vandalise and steal flags, verbal assault, abused alcohol, gambled, interfered with play by assaulting players going into the crowd to get the ball (from MLC). -Griffintown and the expression of working class values -Accusations hurled at the fans included trespass, vandalism, partisanship, verbal assault, alcohol abuse, gambling, play interference and theft -The inability of the MLC to compete with the Shamrocks prompted it to establish the AAF of C  What type of rivalry did the Shamrocks “enjoy” with the MLC? MLC: upper class, England, prodistent religious Shamrocks: working class, Irish, Catholic. -Shamrocks were winning, and MLC attributed their success to the fact they were ‘professional’  Barb Pinto, “Aint Misbehaving’: The Montreal Shamrocks Lacrosse Fans, 1868-1884.” Early Canadian Sporting Traditions 1.0 Rowing in British North America and the new Dominion Early History -rowing might have been the “major” sport in Canada in the last half of the 1800s if judged on the basis of public interest, press coverage, international success and number of clubs Quidi Vidi Lake, Newfoundland (1820) -thought that the first rowing regatta occurred in Quidi Vidi Lake. St. John, NB and Halifax, NS -Early hubs for rowing in the country. Major sites for construction of rowing shells. Early rowing history until Ned Hanlan came and became Canada’s national sport hero. Paris crew -one of the most famous groups of athletes; amateur rowers who won the world amateur rowing championship in Paris, and from St. John NB in 1867. Ned Handlan: Canada’s First Sport Hero? -World Professional Champion of rowing (1880-1884) -most of his races did not occur in Canada (took place either in the US, Australia or the UK) -rowing had this status because it was 1. Really on point with respect to athlete identification (finding good athletes) 2. They had people running the sport that understood the value of marketing the sport -Ned Hanlan was 5’10, 155 pounds. Lighter than most individuals. He was one of the first athletes who mastered the sliding seat which was a new piece of technology, making up for his lightness -He was also one of Canada’s first sponsored athletes. The Hanlan Club (business men) did the planning, transport, etc. for him. Was a way for him to be able to fix on his sport -He was not a saint. He was a bit of a character. Working class Irish. Hanlan had to row back and forth to an Island his father owned in order to go to school each day. He was also called to transport (illegally) liquor from Toronto harbor to his father’s hotel. -In 1876, he participated in a regatta in Philadelphia, bringing more eyes onto him. He won the professional championship. He also won the Canadian professional rowing championship the following year. -He exhibited showmanship qualities. Some questioned his ethics. When he did win the world professional rowing championship, he stopped and let his competition catch up to him because he had such a lead. -Won 5 uears in a row until he lost to William Beach. He was bigger, stronger and mastered the sliding seat. Hanlan could never reclaim it, retiring and went into coaching/politics, and operating his dad’s hotel. Ned Hanlan vs. Charles Courtney, 1878-1880 -did not race at Philadelphia, but were both there. Charles won the amateur race, Ned won the professional race. Media wanted them to race, so Charles became professional. Hanlan one of the first athletes for newspaper editors to focus on – targeted at young males for readers. -Atlantic cable allowed us to hear about sporting results across to Europe. Helped facilitate the emergence of the sport page in NA. -Hanlan won the first race (reporters say narrow margin). -50 000 seat viewing built for second race. Corporate sponsor (Hop Bitters stomach tonic put in 6k in exchange for 5% of earnings). Race did NOT occur even after all this happened because someone went into the boat house and sawed Courtney’s boat in half. Hanlan’s team thought the other side did it. Courtney’s side thought Hanlan did it. Was never rescheduled. -There was a third race that DID take place. 100 000 people got together to watch. Hanlan badly defeated Courtney. Jake Gaudaur: Did not get as much attention but was another rowing champion. Alan Metcalfe says yes, if sport hero is defined as “one who transcends his or her own sport to become recognized within the nation as exemplifying basic national qualities.” 2.0 Lacrosse -Canada’s National Summer Sport Baggataway/Tewaarathon: two of the separate names for lacrosse (comes from indigenous people) Early history of “Lacrosse” -indigenous people would play lacrosse -some thought it was rather rough and chaotic. Fields had no dimensions and there could be 100s of people on each team. Running was the most important skill in Indigenous lacrosse. -After the new rules, they also changed the appearance/function of lacrosse sticks (adding better netting), changing the most important skill from running to passing/receiving (made easier). -Lacrosse itself did not attract non-Indigenous players in meaningful numbers until the 1840s. British garrison officers had appropriated the game earlier than this date, but it did not emerge as a popular club sport in the cities of Montreal and Toronto until the 1850s and 1860s. -The catalyst for this shift (trigger for lacrosse becoming a popular club sport) was the promotional efforts of the middle class businessmen and professionals in the 1850s and 1860s, with much credit falling on the shoulders of Montreal dentist, George Beers. -The most significant step in this process was the establishment of the Montreal Lacrosse Club (MLC) in 1856. -The MLC adopted an immediate leadership role in terms of organization, and eventually pushed forward with the establishment of the National Lacrosse Association (NLA) elevant years later (1867). Rules adopted by the MLC in 1867 became the basis for the accepted rules of lacrosse at the national level (passed by the NLA at the time of its establishment). Montreal came up with the rules, which were then adopted by the NLC -Name of lacrosse comes from thinking the lacrosse stick looks like a bishop’s crozier -Lacrosse play was “standardized” during the 1867-1885 period (Morrow). He argues that this period, bracketed by the establishment of the NLA (1867) and the formation of the first league system for top level or elite lacrosse (1885), marks out the time frame in which lacrosse became a modern” game. Was originally best 3 of 5 goals, but changed it to time limits. -“The way” of playing lacrosse was fully implemented in the 1880s when a time limit for play replaced best three out of five goals in terms of game management (1887), and the previously accepted challenge system (teams challenge others in order to become national champion?) to determine a champion was displaced by the NLA-backed league structure (taken from hockey) – 1885. Analogy from lacrosse to modern day boxers: having sexual abstinence before bouts (7 days before or after). This was the same in indigenous players, thinking that play would be somehow affected. Why did lacrosse fail to make a successful transition to a commercialized sport? – like hockey/baseball did -was not as on point and wise administration wise for the need of constant player development. There was a societal rejection with the notion of ‘rough play’ in lacrosse in the late 1800s. Biggest reason was that outside of major cities (with a few exceptions), lacrosse was pretty much locked into cities on the lake. Game just never got established in places like Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Halifax. Geographically, it was far more limited than ice hockey/baseball. 3.0 Baseball and the Abner Doubleday myth Early History: -was a historical line of thinking that NA baseball grew from an English medieval game called ‘Rounders’. Popular belief. -“Pretty Little Pocket Book” (1744/1762) / Whitehall Evening Post (1749) / John, Kidgell, “The Card,” (1755) / Baseball defined as early as 1768 in an English dictionary / William Bray Diary (1755) -David Block (Baseball Before We Knew It) informs us that the game did not likely evolve, as some believe, from the English game of rounders, as the first reference to baseball he located preceded the first literary reference to rounders by 32 years. But, just as clearly, says Block, baseball did not evolve from the thoughts of Abner Doubleday (former US civil war general). -Colonial period (U.S.) – evidence of baseball from diaries of adults and children -First start to definitively say where baseball came from: Alexander Cartwright and the “New York” Game (1840s) – bases 90’ apart, 9 players/side, three outs, tag and force outs rather than “soaking” were rules retained today, but others (45’ from mound to plate, game played until 21 runs or aces were scored, ball could be caught on the fly or first bounce for na out, pitches delivered underarm with an unbent elbow) disappeared over time. -foundation for modern baseball. Some of the rules stayed, some changed -soaking = throwing a ball at a player while they are running to a base to get them out -Despite the development of the Cartwright Rules, different forms of baseball, such as the Philadelphia, Massachusetts, and Canadian Games continued for some time before the New York Game became the “standardized” form of play on the continent -The Canadian Game gave way to the New York Game (in Canada in terms of the accepted method of play) by the close of the 1850s as a result of increased trade and interaction between Americans and Canadians in the middle years of the 19th century. -Cartwright rules are ALSO known as the New York Game, which became the game everywhere (starting in 1860s). Still got modified to what we see today. Previously, each region had their own set of rules. -In Canada, baseball leadership was provided by members of the business and professional classes; however, the game soon became accessible to people from different tiers of the socioeconomic scale -Baseball allowed town dwellers to assert their civic identity, furthered the political ambitions of some community leaders, and sparked inter-town rivalries (event spectators travelled to other towns) -Baseball surged in popularity because people lacking ball playing skills found it easier to master than cricket, rules for a period of time at least were modified to fit with local needs contrary to cricket’s rigid rules, and baseball did not remain the preserve of anglophone elites -Its transition in Canada to a professional gam commenced in the 1860s when team owners began to offer financial inducements (gate receipts) and tournament prizes to players. George Sleeman’s (first one to do this) decision to recruit American-born players in the 1870s for his Guelph Maple Leaf’s further hastened this transition. -At this time Americans could play baseball in Canada, but Canadians couldn’t play in America What is the myth? -that Abner Doubleday (war general) miraculously invented the game of baseball. Was not actually in Cooperstown 1839. Why does the myth exist?  Americans were looking for a national game. Were starting to see baseball as that game. Thought since iti s their pastime, they must have invented it. Spalding Commission created something out of the blue; that Abner Doubleday/America invented baseball. IN REALITY: -Canadian dentist invented baseball (who). Adam Ford described a baseball game that he viewed a year before Abner Doubleday invented baseball. Wrote a letter to sporting life. Was not necessarily the first baseball game, but first known game. June 4th 1848. N Bouchier: Found the letter of the dentist, wrote an article about Adam Ford and the letter. 4.0 Boxing Greats Sam Langford, George Dixon, and George Chuvalo  Tommy Burns -fighting name. Real name was Noah Brusso -lesser regarded reputations as a fighter because he was Canadian, was undersized (5’7, 180). -defended heavyweight title 12 times (over 2 years) -#13 unlucky # because he lost on his 13th title defense to Jack Johnson -Jack Johnson = African American. He deserves credit for not ducking Jack Johnson. Lowered the bar for African Americans to start boxing. -talked about the ‘Great White Hope’ for a decade. People wanted a white individual to take back the title, but Jack Johnson kept the title for over a decade (only fought white fighters for more money)  Sam Langford, George Dixon and George Chuvalo Sam Langford -Johnson beat Sam Langford before the championship title, but ducked Sam Langford after he had the title -Ring Magazine ranked Langford among the top 10 heavyweight boxers of all time despite never being the champion -ESPN called him the best boxer nobody knows. -5’6, 170. George Dixon: “little chocolate” -not heavyweight but did hold world championship in 3 different weight classes over 20 year period -first black man to win A world championship, first boxer at all to win 2 world titles -Dixon captured world championships in three weight classes between 1886-1906 -First black man to win world championship George Chuvalo -Boxing record and reputation Resilient: lost a wife to suicide, son to suicide, two sons to ODs, and still kept going. Was Canadian champion -Talked to lots of students in different highschools in Ontario about drug use to share his story to convince teenagers not to look into that direction -Fought Muhammad Ali, George Foreman, Joe Frazier (lost). Mostly won by knockouts, never knocked off his feet in 93 matches -Challenges outside of the boxing ring -Canadian, but never British Empire, Heavyweight champion -The road to march 1966 and his epic (first) encounter with Muhammad Ali at Maple Leaf Gardens -year before this, fought Ernie Terrell. Most people say Chuvalo was robbed by his loss to Terrell. Eventually cities would not sponsor Mohammad Ali because of his stand towards draft in USA and many cities in Canada. Eventually, Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto decided to sponsor the fight between George Chuvalo and Ali. C. Smythe sold all his shares in the Leafs to sponsor the fight (ask if important) -Chuvalo came in instead of Ernie Terrell who backed out of the fight. A Woman’s Sport Experience in Canada: A Historical Perspective -what it was in the Victorian era in particular that was problematic for women to participate in organized physical activity -woman were allowed to use safety bikes in late 1800s. This bike lead to significant changes in woman’s fashion. Went form wearing bulky skirts (floor length, hooped) and corsets. Bifurcated sport to ride bikes was made, later leading to the abandonment of corsettes.  The Victorian Era: Control of Women’s Bodies -The overriding belief during the Victorian era was one involving the concept of female frailty -Members of the male-dominated medical profession, and many contemporary writers, believed that involvement in sport and physical activity would damage a female’s reproductive organs.  dissuaded from participating because their primary function was reproduction -Historian Patricia Vertinsky (prof at UBC) dubbed these individuals (the doctors) “human engineers”. They were engineering the lives of women. Menstruation was an “eternal wound” that compromised a woman’s physical ability. -Some women, such as Catherine Beecher, Lydia Sigourney and Lydia Maria Child, campaigned for means of improving women’s health during this period. In other words, there were people who resisted the efforts of the human engineers, who not only questioned women’s physical abilities but also their fitness for higher education. -Human engineers were also controlling woman’s thoughts about intellectual capacity in education (not just physical) Patricia Vertinsky: study on what was thought about women’s bodies (through human engineers)  Women had a finite amount of energy and were chronically weak  Menstruation = an eternal wound  Medical doctors, states Vertinsky, influenced women’s thoughts about their own body  Colin Howell, author of Blood, Sweat, and Cheers: Sport and the Making of Modern Canada, notes that there existed three mysteries of the female body: 1) Puberty; 2) menstruation and 3) menopause  Women, notes Howell, were “prisoners of their gynaecology”  The Golden Age of Sport for Canadian Women (1920-1935) *The era which followed the first World War witnessed a new feeling about women’s relationship to sport and increased opportunities While there were gains with respect to female sporting opportunities during this period. This movement stalled during the Depression. WHY? 1. Women were forced back into the home to not take away jobs from men 2. There was an increase in hostility towards women in non-traditional roles (such as athletics and sport) -A second wave of feminism in the 1960s and 1970s resulted in further advances and opportunities for women in sporting realm -A review of the thoughts of French social theorist Michel Foucault reveals that sport can be viewed as a modern technology geared to shaping the body for public display -In the 1800s, says Foucault, it was not acceptable for women’s bodies to be displayed, at least in an athletic form. Over time, this sense of moral indignation at the display of the female form in such a manner experienced a shift towards greater acceptance. -Colin Howell notes the costs of consumer culture having shaped the idealized form of the female body, specifically rigorous dietary practices and exercise (resulted in women being  pushed to lose weight through dietary practice and exercise.) – now beach volleyball has uniforms which aim to attract male viewership o Education -Diploma programs for women in Physical Education were established at the University of Toronto, McGill university and the Margaret Eaton school in the first 15 years of the century. Permitted initial wave of graduates out into communities and school system who conveyed information that it is okay for women to be physically active, changing mindset of young women themselves o Edmonton Grads -Macdougall commercial school all came from the same system (was a feeder system), had dedicated group, conditioning -J. Percy Page Coach of Edmonton grads. Privileged in historical treatment (too much credit received) -Record -Keys to Success -K. Wamsley, “Power and Privilege in Historiography: Constructing Percy Page” Wamsley did research on Edmonton grads. Wrote this article to better understand the bias in historical treatment of the Edmonton grads. Found that too much of the credit of past historical work on them had been given to Percy Page (the coach), and not enough to the players themselves. o The Matchless Six -1928 Amsterdam Olympics Sent 6 athletes. First time women were permitted to compete in Olympic *track and field. Important turning point in Olympics for women to compete in Olympic track. They performed extremely well. Fanny Rosevelt: member of this 4x100 relay team that won gold. She won silver in 100m. Edna smith, *Myrtle Cook (favourite going into 100m race but DQ’d). Jean Thompson, *Ethyl Catherwood (high jump winner), Florence Bell (track athlete) -Union station celebration -the 800m race in Amsterdam indicates that the sport community had not discarded “old stereotypes”. Most historically significant event within this competition. *Alice Milliat: Pushed and launched the sport of women’s track and field. Launched track and field event in Paris using the word ‘Olympics’, leading the IOC to accept the fact that women would eventually come into the Olympic games. Condition was that she gives up women’s track and field to the IAAF (giving up women’s control of this to the men). She decided to say yes if that was what it took to get women onto the stage (sacrificed her control for the greater good). -Women were out of breath on hands and knees after 800m. IOC were shocked, and didn’t want to see this. Because of this, they wanted to create a movement to remove this from the Olympics -*Gustavus Town Kirby: Some guy said if you remove the women’s track and field, the women would not compete. They allowed it, but not over 1 lap of the track for 30 YEARS (until 1960). -1990 push: women onto executive board, more sport participation  Myrtle Cook and Bobbie Rosenfeld: Pioneer Female Sport Journalists -members of the matchless 6 – both Olympic gold medalists -two of the first female sport journalists First four women who were able to break into the field of sport journalism -tailored their written work to a female audience Phyllis Griffiths: Toronto Telegram Alexandrine Gibb: Toronto Daily star Myrtle Cook: Montreal daily star Bobbie Rosenfeld: Toronto Globe and Mail General trends: -all of these women sought to counter male-dominated coverage of sport, create a better image of women’s sport, and provide information on sporting opportunities for women. -important because pushed boundaries for what women can do and made further opportunities for women after their era closed. Fighting against mindset that women should be graceful/feminine – needed a big campaign to move male minds away from this The respective missions of Myrtle Cook and Bobbie Rosenfelt -same general purpose (general trends above)  Myrtle Cook (1929-1960) -Stared down three challenges in Montreal, the historical bastion of men’s sport in Canada 1) Recruitment of female athletes 2) The need to establish women’s sport organizations 3) Create a positive image for women’s sport  Rosenfeld (1938-199) -Focused on the promotion of basketball, softball, field hockey and industrial league sport for women, and international sporting exploits of Canadian men and women State Intervention, Sport and Leisure in Canada  Introduction Dominion rifle association: first federal sponsored sport? I think What evidence is there in 2024 that the government is involved in sport in Canada? -Own the Podium -Road to Excellence -Funding envelope for local sport facilities; local, provincial, federal (even Laurier field) Common myth: -Misperception that the federal government has only taken an interest in sport in Canada since 1961 (the year which it passed Bill C-131, “The Fitness and Amateur Sport Act”). -Legislation defining proper social activities outside the workplace was passed as early as 1758 in Nova Scotia. “An Act for the better observation and keeping of the Lord’s day” contained an umber of pertinent clauses; this is what you can and cannot do on Sunday (primarily religious observance). One of the first governmental decrees saying ‘no, you can’t engage in sport on Sabbath’ 1) No selling of goods on the Lord’s day, with the exception of milk and fresh fish; 2) No work permitted unless in pursuit of charitable causes; and 3) Under the threat of a fine, sport, games and play were also prohibited on the Sabbath  Pierre Trudeau’s Legacy: 1967-1984 Themes within Trudeau’s Political Philosophy 1. Liberalism; believed in equality of opportunity to pursue success regardless of race, ethnicity, birth status, etc. Felt federal government had a role in enforcing this. Was in many battles over language in Canada; fought off *Quebec’s separating 2. Federalism; argued for a strong federal state (Ottawa should hold most political power). Believed a strong federal state/Ottawa-based government was crucial to Canada 3. Cultural Identity: supported values of all cultural groups  4. Nationalism: Opposed to nationalistic governments. Thought excessive nationalism is intolerance and discriminatory. Wanted to develop a certain level of pan- Canadian nationalism as a tool to fight Quebec’s separatism. Did this by supporting with flags and the national anthem, began arts councils, worked to having federal government ownership of resources and industry – overrode strong provincial/regional identities. *FOCUS ON PREVENTING QUEBEC’S SEPARATISM 5. Counter-balancing Nationalism: He didn’t want a very nationalistic government. Wanted that process to take place through rational application of government directives. Needed to be control and focused, not overt/runaway in nature. Task Force on Sport for Canadians -Promise Trudeau made that he was going to establish a task force on sport to examine how we go about developing elite athletes in the country -task forces utilized which were sort of travelling town halls to get information on housing, arts, etc. to better Canada’s future. -Development of elite athletes and infusion of money into athletes directly. Wanted to tear down the old methods and pay for new ones. -Revealed that Trudeau thought that sport would have a unifying effect on the country 1. Establishment of national sport and recreation centre. Administrative hub. Wanted to bring all of the different leaders of national sport federations to this location to have everyone in the same building to build synergies. Wanted to do away with volunteer models (old) for sport federations and bring in professionals (who were paid to do the job). Some became a part of the new structure. Increase in finances for these national sport organizations, but loss of autonomy. 2. Sport Canada. Funding arm for sport within federal government structure. -Federal government started providing stipends to athletes (*Lord Callanan previous president of the IOC). He brought athlete trust funds into play. They have to present invoices, equipment costs and travel bills, then apply for it (it isn’t just a bank account). -Carding system: A level athletes, B level, C level, D level. Carding determined stipend amount 3. Coaching association of Canada. Belief athletes would perform better, would win more medals and stuff if the coaches were better. -Also got a new federation for ice hockey in this country (Hockey Canada)   The state, sport, and leisure: A historical perspective, 1750- 1790/1791-1839/1840-1866  The state, sport and leisure: A Historical perspective, 1750-1790 -“An act for the Better Observation and Keeping of the Lord’s Day” (NS, 1758) -Governments and religious groups had a shared interest in promoting certain fforms of behaviour -Legislation was proscriptive in nature focusing on Sabbath activities and gambling, Sport, games and liquor consumption seen as illegitimate Sabbath activity. Regional governments (not just Sunday) sought to suppress gambling activities because they saw it as a vice (extends to taxation policies re: billiards, at the tavern level, but not in private homes)” -if the same elites generating this new taxation policy wanted to have a billiard table in their home, didn’t apply. Only applied for taverns (working class) because they didn’t want gambling -During the 1791-1839 period, the legislative and administrative process was utilized in shaping values about leisure activities (within different regions, tried to make laws to shape behaviour of people). Some leisure activities were regulated and/or prohibited, while others were viewed as beneficial and were subsequently promoted -The elites were behind the pulling of the strings on this effort to shape desired behaviour -Gambling/Sabbath Legislation/Game Laws. Game Laws applied to hunting practices. Gambling laws applied to gambling. -Game Laws were “selectively preservationist”. Either you couldn’t do it because you couldn’t kill this kind of species or to kill as many as you want. These were the earliest forms of hunting legislation. Also introduced hunting at certain times of the year.  Federal State intervention in Sport and Leisure in the Dominion -The State, Sport and Leisure: 1840-1866 -Sabbath legislation: Dictates what is allowed or not allowed on Sunday. Didn’t allow sport on Sunday, were expected to reflect on bible. “An act to prevent the profanation of the lord’s day.” Views became more liberalized for Sunday activities. Still had to show up on Sunday, but a bit more forgiveness on what you can do on Sunday started being part of the catholic belief system coming from Europe. -Workpeople (middle class) could not sell or purchase properties or real estate – basically no business on Sunday. Continued to say no exercise. Selling of drugs/medicine was allowed, or if you were moving mail. Also didn’t allow drinking, fighting or public political meetings. No gambling, races, hunting, fishing. No bathing exposed. Gambling legislation -lotteries prohibited -dueling banned Game Laws -indigenous people in some regions were absented from the in season/out of season hunting Two Views on Government Intervention in Sport and Leisure Practice in the Pre- Dominion Era 1. Intervention of elites was a proper moral influence (was okay) because they were trying to build a better society with less crime, alcoholism and better values + Christian behaviour 2. Intervention was a form of social control of the elite groups in power to enforce a dominant ideology (their ideology). It restricted the leisure activities of people, most specifically the working class, and it was intended to coerce people to behave in certain ways -truth probably rests somewhere in the middle: they maybe had good intent but the way they went about it was Federal state intervention in sport and leisure in the Dominion -what was the government doing when Canada was starting? -Gambling (not allowed) -Sabbath (federal government didn’t try to impose anything in Quebec, but did in the rest of the country.) -During the period politicians, intellectuals and public figures began to shape a cultural image and build a nation (how are we going to define the country?) -What role did sport serve in this process? one of the main reasons for enhancing our military was because we were worried about what the Americans would do -the South (rebels) would bring ships to maritime ports, pissing off the North. The North wins the war and there’s fears. The fear + building a volunteer militia base to defend ourself, the government decides to make sure every young male in the country knows how to operate a rifle and can shoot with accuracy.  Made our Canadian sport rifle shooting. Provided guns, ammo, targets, ranges and trophies. Took our best of the best to go to tournaments. Rifle shooting -Nation building/cultural image -The BNA limited the federal government’s responsibility in local cultural matters, but there were some forms of leisure and expenditures that could be considered in terms of the “national interest”. -Why did the government promote rifle shooting? - fear of Americans turning on us after war. Invested 1.5 million in rifle shooting over 40 year period. Wanted young males to be able to good at guns. -create a large militia base -Canada was a new country searching for respect and recognition. Canadian victories in rifle shooting definitely had a value. Were the first sporting ambassadors -promote immigration and investment *Bisley Tournament: rifle shooting What were the drawbacks of the system? -City clubs sometimes distributed the money ineffectively (some of it ended in people’s pockets rather than all for guns and stuff) -Gender inequality (money and idea for men. But less family time for men as they often had to go train and compete in rifle-shooting) -Public perception sometimes tarnished by commentary of politicians __  Federal State Intervention in Sport and Leisure in the Dominion 1867-1883  1876 and 1883 Lacrosse Tours  George Beers The Canadian Image Abroad: The Great Lacrosse Tours of 1876 and 1883 -Games were Harlem Globetrotters, exhibition-style affairs, with the White players winning the majority of games, perhaps by design. -Queen Victoria witnessed a match in 1876 -Following this tour the number of British lacrosse clubs climbed from 2 to approx.. 150 (prior to 1883) -“Canadian settlers had harnessed the harsh environment, defeated the savage and are building a great nation..” A central purpose of the tour was “to represent Canada and Canadian muscle in the old land.” The Aboriginal players represented an “advertising gimmick.” Beers fought to promote the country and the game of lacrosse in 1876. -Tours were purposeful as particular players were taken (Caucasian/Indigenous) – games played in exhibition style format. Idea was to have the majority of the matches won by Caucasian players to portray the white settler population as established in this land. Sought to leverage these tours to increase immigration and status in Canada. “The dominant image being sold to the British during the 1883 tour was that of a young resourceful nation.” -While the government did not directly fund the tour in 1883, it took advantage of it, and Beers’ patriotism, to promote immigration and investment -Players distributed promotional literature (150 000 flyers and copies of the Canadian Illustrated News, all provided by the federal government), a process coordinated by some 80 emigration agents assigned to the task -The teams played 62 matches in 41 days, travelling more than 5800 miles by train in Great Britain (extensive and comprehensive tour) -“The great lacrosse tours of 1876 and 1883 projected images of Canada that were contrived, sport-related, mythically induced by a British fascination for Aboriginals and a Canadian willingness to cater to that interest and geared towards promoting immigration.” Ice Hockey and Canada: The Legends of Maurice “Rocket” Richard and Paul Henderson Introduction -18 NHL seasons, 544 regular season goals, 966 goals in 978 games, voted league’s 1st all- star team RW on 8 occasions, 8 Stanley cup wins on the Canadiens -only 6 teams but the teams were very good because there were so few spots -was a “power forward” before the concept was a point of discussion amongst hockey executives and fans -When he passed away in 2000, and over 1 million people lined Montreal’s streets for his funeral procession, former teammate Jean Beliveau remarked that he better understood the emotional connection between Richard and the people of Quebec -The “Rocket” was the first sports figure to receive a “national” funeral in Quebec (reserved for distinguished Quebecers). Beliveau was the second to receive this same honour in 2014. -Richard’s biographer, Benoit Melancon, asserts there are four distinguishing features to Richard’s career: 1. He was driven to score goals 2. He was virtually unstoppable in his drive to the net (with or without puck) 3. He was prone to violent outbursts and retaliation as he felt himself a target for hooks, holds, slashes and trips 4, He was unpredictable “The Sweater” -video on Montreal vs. leafs sweater (Rocket Richard) Protest and March 17th, 1955 – Rocket Richard December 29th, 1954: Richard had a fight with a leaf player. After leaving the ice, he turned and attacked the linesman. Rocket fined $250. -March 13th, 1955, and the Hal Laycoe “Incident”: Montreal vs. Bruins. Bruins defenseman took a stick to Rocket Richard’s face, making Richard get 5 stitches. Ref Frank Advari called for penalty. Richard knew he was a target for slashes/hooks/verbal abuse. He had a temper. Rocket exploded, jumping the Bruins with his stick, breaking it on him and fist fight. In melee, he strikes another linesman (a guy trying to breakup the fight) – no excuse for a linesman being hit. -Clarence Campbell, NHL president steps in: Hearing about Richard incident, hearing testimonies from both sides. Decision was to suspend Richard for the last 3 season games AND the Stanley Cup Playoffs. This was deemed excessive by Montreal Canadian fans because the playoff game is important. March 17th, 1955: Richard Riot. Day after Richard’s suspension. Clarence Campbell (I think the Bruins Defenseman from earlier) sat down in Montreal Seating area in front of Montreal Fans, goading him for being there. He got boos and stuff thrown at him. Outside was a riot with fires and vandalism, people getting hurt. Didn’t stop until Rocket Richard went on radio to make an appeal for peace. He returned next season to a win -This riot started a revolution Politics and “The Quiet Revolution” What was “The Quiet Revolution?” -The quiet Revolution denotes a period of massive change in Quebec’s health care system, its education system, its control of natural resources, and an overhaul of the province’s political, social and cultural life resulting form the death of Premier Maurice Duplessis (in 1959), and the defeat of his party (Union Nationale) suffered at the hands of Jean Lesage’s Liberal Party in 1960 -The end result was the elevation of power of French Canadians in a province that had been controlled for years by an Anglophone minority. The Lesage years are associated with the term, “Maîtres chez nous”, or “Masters in our own house” -Duplessis had favoured rural regions of the province, had not pursued meaningful trade with other provinces, accentuated the French/English divide, and impeded modernization. Lesage wrested control of education and health care from the Catholic Church and relieved Anglophone elites of control over the electrical grid -The Richard Riots did not cause the Quiet Revolution, but signalled Quebecers’ aspirations for change. French Canadians were no longer willing to have second-class status in terms of the province’s socio-political life -Know Maurice Duplessis -Know Jean Lesage -Know what the Quiet Revolution is The Statistical story -hard to compare across eras, equipment, technology Paul Henderson and “The Goal” -one of the most famous Toronto maple leaf players – but not in hockey hall of fame. Should people in this hall be considered for short-term actions or long-term actions? Soviet and Canadian Ice Hockey: The State of Play in the Early 1970s -Soviet and Canadian Ice Hockey: Amateurs vs. Pros, Boris Mikhailov (“State Amateur”) vs. Bobby Orr (“professional”) – Bobby unable to participate in WCs or Olympics. Mikhailov got his money from the government, and Canadians were angry at this. Because of this, Canada withdrew from the WCs as a Canadian protest. -Canada’s withdrawal from world championships (1970-76) and Olympic Ice Hockey (1972 and 1976) -Avery Brundage’s Compromise Plan (1970 WC) Fails. Proposed a solution: can bring up to 9 non NHL professional hockey players. Canada still said they were not coming. – Ask about this. -How did Canada’s performance in international ice hockey in the post-world war II years influence its withdrawal from international competition? The short answer, “greatly.” Our last WC was in 1961 (Trail Smoke Eaters), and we did not win the Olympic gold medial in 1956, 1960, 1964, or 1968. This reality drove the decision (lack of success in international ice hockey influenced our withdrawal) So how were we supposed to reclaim being the best hockey nation in the world? – Needed our best players to be able to play. Canada said “how could the Soviets be the best if they aren’t playing the best Canadian players?” So soviets decided they wanted to play Canadians’ best players Pierre Trudeau and the Federal Government’s Sporting Interests in the 1970s Why did Canada’s international sport accomplishments “matter” to Trudeau? Trudeau saw hockey as a potential unifying element for Canadians if we were successful in ice hockey and other sports. Task force Sport on Sport for Canadians -gave Canada a failing grade for how they were allowing hockey players to develop The Birth of Hockey Canada -aftermath of task force for sport for Canadians. Wanted to put us at the top of the podium. -Soviets performed extremely well. Canadians felt overconfident facing them Paul Henderson: An Unlikely Hockey Hero Henderson’s hockey background Henderson’s 38 goals (scored) in 1971-72 likely caught the attention of team selection officials -It would not be our best team players such as Bobby Hull who jumped to the rival WHA were not eligible to play in the series, and Bobby Orr was injured. -Soviet and Canadian officials both yearned for such a series, but for different reasons. PE Trudeau wanted us back on top of the hockey world in sport (national unity) while Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin wanted to prove their hockey ability (bragging rights). NHLPA executive director, Alan Eagleson, was also a key player in the planning process – organizing their games which would be played in both Canada and the Soviet Union Fast Forward: September 28th, 1971 Game 1 = Disaster for Canada -team Canada digs a deep hole in games 1 through 4 what did sport victories mean to the former Soviet Union? -One individual said it felt like war on ice to show the world who is most powerful. Other individual said to prove communism is better than capitalism. They ended up winning 50% of medals despite providing only 10% of competitors. Sport success on the world stage was a major priority for Soviet politicians. -Henderson’s path to heroic status begins in game 6 -Game 8 and the Josef Kompalla and Franz Baader Controversy. Almost didn’t take place because Soviets announced that these guys would referee game 8 (they are west Germans; biased). Canadians exploded because there was an agreement that Swedish and Czech would ref as they would be fair. -J.P Praise “loses his mind” -Triumph -What have been some other iconic goals in Canadian men’s ice hockey?  Hendersons winning goals in games 6 and 8. We won against soviets. Other iconic goals in Canadian men’’s ice hockey? -18/25 players in the team ended in the hockey hall of fame. -best clutch goal scorer: Marie-Phillip Poulin (OT GWG at multiple Olympics/WCs) -Darryl Sitler, Mario Lemieux, Sidney Crosby The Aftermath -Canada exhaled (after beating soviets) -Canada had won but did we prove ourselves wildly superior to the Soviets? – hardly -“The Canadians battled with the ferocity of a cornered animal.” -In 2000, a national survey of the Dominion Institute placed Henderson’s goal at the #5 of most important moments in Canadian history: -1st was the Confederation. -2nd: The “Last Spike” -3rd: War of 1812 4th: Vimy Ridge 5th: Paul Henderson’s Goal 6th: Canada’s Role in WWII Politics, Regional Concerns, Interest Groups and Sport Introduction: The Growth of Team and Spectator Sport  Social changes -Population expansion in Western provinces. 2.5 million people came from GB and ___, sport carried to western provinces in these periods of time. People were chasing employment opportunities. -French Canadians and Sport. Montreal was the hub of organized sport. Largely resided within anglophone population of Montreal. French-Canadians lesser so in participant- base. This started to change. Louis Cyr: Professional strongman. Attracted much attention here and abroad. Became famous in Quebec.. Etienne Desmarteau: Tied to Olympics. One of our first gold medalists in 56 pound hammer throw.. Jean Baptiste Laviolette: Founder of Montreal Canadiens. Georges Vezina: Goaltender in Montreal Canadians. Very popular. -WWI. Brought sport to a halt in many regions of the nation. Men were brought into military. Places in the country made sport facilities into military training centres. -Sporting Ties with the U.S. Grew stronger. We started adopting U.S. based rules. Baseball and U.S. Cultural influence -by 1915 baseball received more newspaper attention in Canada than any other sport, but as years passed Janice Waters’ content analysis of Canadian newspapers shows baseball and hockey “neck and neck” for newspaper column space between 1926 and 1935. Canada was a baseball country. National Hockey League -Hockey’s surge (and challenge to baseball in Canada for media attention) begins with the establishment of the NHL in 1917. Why did NHL owners achieve their goal of establishing the NHL as the pinnacle in terms of competition at the professional level in the 1920s and 1930s? – 2 pushes: 1. Strong desire from NHL to increase spectators and attention. Wanted to change audience demographics by bringing more women into spectators. To do this, decided that they would collectively aim towards greatly improving the quality and comfort of the facilities themselves. New arenas built as well. Regional politics: Case study: Western and Maritime Discontent -Throughout Canadian history, the Western and Maritime provinces have resented the domination of Central Canada in most aspects of Canadian economic, social and political life. -Between the wars, this antagonism was intensified. Sport became a vehicle for the expression of discontent.  What were the sources of discontent in the West? -Hardship and Isolation (geography and climate imposed). Couldn’t just go to the West to play sport -Agricultural Tariffs. People upset by these and railway rates. These were established by inidvudals based on Toronto or Montreal. Some felt gouged by officials tied to railways. -Wheat pricing: So many farmers lives’ tied to wheat. Needed to increase it. -Natural resource management -Absentee Owners (industry): Lots of businesses in mining, logging, fishing. These companies were owned by people living in Toronto or Montreal (absent). So for decisions on laying off workers and stuff, they did it from far away, not facing people. -Depression: Great depression.  How did this play out in sport? -used sport to express discontent. Ontario branch of Amateur Athletic Union controlling track and field staged its provincial championship the same day as the national championships had been previously scheduled. 1922. Drove ppl out West wild because they had to travel to Central Canada (Ontario or Montreal). Ontario people decided not to come. West felt like it had little voice in Canadian sport. Suggested the forward pass in football, but denied. Felt like the power was held in central Canada. What were the sources of discontent in the Maritime provinces (East)? -Confederation: felt federal government had made the Eastern provinces into a cultural backwater. -Atlantic provinces had been transformed into a political, social and cultural backwater -Immigration -Lack of federal government assistance. Sport: -Ontario and Quebec athletes would not go to other provinces. -1928 Olympic team. Cylus Mccloan? – Training staff gave more attention to training staff from central Canada. -Brawn drain: losing a lot of Maritime’s best athletes seeking better opportunities in central Canada (better facilities, opportunities, sponsorship) Central Canadian athlete advantages: 1. Population density. Much higher in Ontario and Quebec, meaning there are more athletes and more competition. More opportunity to improve skill 2.Proximity to U.S. Closer to U.S. competition. Test skills against them more readily. 3. International sporting tours. When international athletes came from other countries, Ontario and Quebec were the main areas to reduce travel time. This meant more opportunities for central Canadian athletes. 4. Better facilities. 5. Climate. Better playing conditions. 6. Commercial Sponsorship. More money involved in organization and staging of sport in central Canada than in the Maritimes and the West. 7. Travel. Less travel times necessary for competition because of population density Interest Groups: Case Studies: 1. Toronto’s Bid for the 1996 Summer Olympics Bruce Kidd “The Toronto Olympic Commitment: Towards a social contract for the Olympic Games” -if vote took place 3 years earlier, Toronto could have won the vote and hosted the games. Intervening years gave those in Toronto who were opposed to Toronto hosting the games in 1996 undercut their bid. Toronto favour status took a stumble. -Social contract: can’t host games without people on board. Toronto’s bid unsuccessful. Calgary said no to Olympics. Would have been a guaranteed win, but younger people did not want to municipal budget to be tied tightly for a decade to this one project. -It is no secret that special interest groups have taken an interest in sport. -These groups are generally interested in encouraging change in the manner in which sport is conducted, maintaining the status quo, building facilities, or halting the construction of facilities because of a perceived threat to the public purse. Toronto, 1996: Toronto’s Business Elites and Paul Henderson vs. Inner City Activists  Showdown between business elites (on bid committee; pushing for participation and securing IOC member votes). Paul Henderson was the head of this committee (not hockey player). Inner city activists = “bread not circuses” – group name. Lead by Michael Shapcott, opposed to Toronto’s bid for the 1996 Olympic games. Should Paul Henderson and the Toronto Ontario Olympic Council (TOOC) have anticipated problems?  YES. Why? -City’s Tradition of open decision-making, constatation, argument. -NDP faction on city council (new democratic paty). No interest in megaspending projects for people perceived as elites. Olympic projects always go way overbudget, leading to increased taxes and stuff. Montreal took 30 years to repay debt. -Media – people like fights/arguments. They had a vested interest in this debate to drive readership. Economic troubles  15k homeless  200k in sub-standard apartments  80k using food banks  Corporate restructuring and job losses  Toronto city council heavily stocked with NDP members What was the Olympic Task Force? A potential ally, not a threat, but Henderson didn’t see it that way. -group of city hall bureaucrats who came together to evaluate the economic viability for the Toronto bid for the Olympic games. Were neutral, but were interested in the topic. Wanted to subject this idea to more financial scrutiny. For Paul Henderson, his reaction to this was to make assumptions thinking that these bureaucrats were another group getting in his way and dealt with them harshly. This was a misassumption because they were more neutral. Could have convinced them. -Bread not Circuses and Michael Shapcott The Toronto Olympic Commitment: THE Social contract. To get city hall and Olympic task force over, need to convince them. Had to make a number of promises in order to get this done. Promised: -affordable housing (60% Olympic housing had to be designated as affordable post-games) -Gender parity (bid committee for Olympic games. Organizing committee carries off the games. There had to be gender parity on this organizing committee) -No displacement of people in the city of Toronto for the need of facilities. -Maximize union jobs. Workers with union protections -Affordable facilities in post-games era for use as individuals in the city of Toronto. -Financial risk sharing (cost placed on tax payers) -Environmental assessments for all major infrastructure projects (if building new arena, etc. needed an environmental assessment completed) Importance of this document: was a model for all future host cities for the Olympic games for the next decades. While 1996 was not hosted in Toronto, the bid had long-lasting effects on the Olympic games, specifically the bidding process. (Realized that you can’t get the necessary consensus from the population unless that population has a solid idea on what the project entails) -David Crombie (former mayor) and Toronto’s 2008 Bid: A kinder, more gentle face?  city went forward with another bid for Olympic hosting. Had a good bid but David Crombie’s task was too tall. IOC had more or less made the decision that it was important to take the Olympic games to China for the first time. Played out in favour of Beijing and Vancouver (who then hosted in 2010). There was an IOC sympathy vote to host in Vancouver because Toronto had the best technical bid earlier, but Beijing was picked. 2. Olympic Agenda 2020 MISSED LECTURE HERE Recent Trends -there has been a greater push on gender equity within the athlete development system -Francophones are well represented in winter sports (international level) -Federal government contribution dipped in the 1990s, but the award of the 2010 Winter Games to Vancouver-whistler opened the (federal) funding tap (via own the podium). Canada and the Olympic movement  The Olympic Movement Today Key concepts: -The international Olympic committee -national Olympic committees -international sport federations -these three entities comprise the “Olympic Tripartite” why are cities still intent on winning the right to host an Olympic festival despite the size of investment necessary to operationalize such a mega-project?  Samaranch helped with elevate profile of Olympic  Coubertin? helped with finances and showed that you can reuse old facilities and even make money through Olympics  Overall created a competitive want to host Olympics  What’s in it for cities apart from debt? – become recognized, economic growth,   Pierre de Coubertin’s Dream What influences coalesced and moved Coubertin to revive the Olympic games? -used sport to promote peace so looked back to Greeks -was pushed back multiple times while trying to establish Olympic games Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). -Pierre was super angry at Prussians. Wanted to let this go because he started to see rampant nationalism in European countries. They started to believe that this would take Europe into a dark place. WW1 then started. Used sport to promote peace. Education Reform Thomas Hughes (Tom Brown’s Schooldays) Peace Movement (sport) -It is important to understand that Coubertin was not the first person to consider reviving an “Olympic-like” tradition in modern times. -Of these people, the most historically significant is William Penny Brookes, (Founder of the Much Wenlock Games, and the individual who inspired Pierre de Coubertin) -Pierre knew no international Committee would come to be unless he had the support of European Elites (people who had money). So he send a series of invitations to many countries to invite them to Paris to have a discussion about Amateurism. He sucked everyone in and then revealed that it was about the Olympics established and funded. -Pierre established Olympic games BUT he might not have if he hadn’t sat down with William Penny Brookes in 1890. -Close behind Brookes in importance is Evangelis Zappas, who sponsored Greek Olympic festivals (Zappas Games) of 1859, and following his death (1865) – allowing it to be staged in 1870, 1875, and 1889.  Early History First games in 1896 (Athens) -First IOC president: a Greek who Pierre installed as the first president because he thought by having this, it would open up a financial tap for the first Olympic games. First president was: Demitrios Vikelas Paris, 1900 -George Orton (Canadian-born but representing America, gold 2500 m Steeplechase, first Canadian to get a gold medal) St. Louis, 1904 -so few people came to this. Terribly organized -Etienne Demarteau (Gold medal in hammer throw). First Canadian to get a gold medal London, 1908 -Bobby Kerr (bronze 100m, gold 200m) -Tom Longboat story and marathon All three of these games were staged under a larger event. Dorando Pietri: -ran in the Olympic marathon -didn’t want Americans to win, so when he was at the finish line, was dragged across by the British when he collapsed. Represented the America-Brittish rivalry. He was DQ’d and an American won Stockholm 1912 -turnaround moment for Olympics: very well organized -Introduction of swimming and diving grows the number of female participants Berlin 1936 -politics into Olympic games -relating to WWII.  Montreal 1976 and Calgary, 1988 (hosting efforts) -The Montreal Olymics represented the first opportunity for a Canadian city to host an Olympic festival Jean Drapeau’s Vision -financial disaster -had 3 prong approach -expo 67 brain child of Jean Drapeau. Got the IOC votes for the 1976 Olympic games -had grandiose plans for montreal games, not caring about their cost -$975 million in debt (2024 purchasing power, 4.9 billion dollars) -not paid off until 2006 Cost+ scheme: -Hired architect. To be able to afford building, put it out for TENDER to get a construction company. Sent the info to all construction companies, where they then bid. Place looks at bids to look for price, and builder to make a decision.  DID NOT work like this in Montreal. Drapeau took each construction project to his friends. Said they each need to build their own parts. Each person was payed 3.5% of how expensive the building was, so everyone spent as much as possible on the buildings. Drove up construction costs What were the keys to Calgary’s success?  Leadership  Government money  Peter Ueberroth (president of 1984 Los Angeles Olympic organized committee showing how to use old facilities and not leave cities saddled with debt). Renewed interest around the globe for hosting the games. Lead to SLC bid scandal where people were trying to buy votes.  Television market -1988 Olympic Winter games US TV contract ABC was 309 million dollars. Showed increase in television market demand. 1988 Summer games 300 million. Summer was usually 2.5 times larger than winter, but in 1988 this was not the case. Calgary negotiated first and money went way beyond expectation (expected 175 million).  volunteer force  Ben Johnson -Johnson/Carl Lewis rivalry consumed Canadians in the mid-late 1980s. -Much of this was due to our natural rivalry with the U.S. as well as Canadian’s perception of Lewis. -Many Canadians suspected drug use, but were willing to look the other way. “Everyone is using”. -Johnson’s positive drug test led to the “Dubin Inquiry”. -While the Dubin Inquiry and its connotation for a moment of “national reckoning” ultimately pushed Canada to be more vigilant, it had little effect on the global sport community. -The global sport community did not become truly activated in the fight against doping until the 1998 Tour de France. This debacle that played out over television resulted in the development of the WADA (world anti-doping agency) -WADA represented a collaborative effort of the global sport community (IOC and International Sport Federations) and national governments to tackle the issue. -But, the fallout from the 2014 Sochi Olympics, and the state-sponsored doping program orchestrated by Russia, resulted in Russia’s ban (in terms of nation status) from the 2018 OWG. -Donovan Bailey and Ben Johnson’s shadow (100m gold medalist for Canada)  Juan Antonio Samaranch  Tarnished Rings