19th_Century_Philippines_as_Rizal_s_Context(3).pptx

19th Century Philippines as Rizal’s Context The Social, Political, And Economic Status of The Philippines in the 19th Century Rizal was born in the 19th century, a time marked by significant changes in the world. He grew up amidst the Philippines' struggle for independence and the shifting socia...

19th Century Philippines as Rizal’s Context The Social, Political, And Economic Status of The Philippines in the 19th Century Rizal was born in the 19th century, a time marked by significant changes in the world. He grew up amidst the Philippines' struggle for independence and the shifting social, economic, cultural, and political landscape. The 19th Century marked a significant shift towards modernity, which entailed a break from traditional ways of life and the emergence of new ideas, attitudes, and institutions. It was also part of the Age of Revolution, as it was characterized by several transformative events. ECONOMIC CONDITION: Industrial Revolution: The industrial revolution brought about new modes of production, transportation, and communication, leading to a shift from manual labor to machine-based production Positive effects took place as the industrial revolution contributed many things to the people: 1. The Philippines was opened for world commerce. 2. Foreigners were engaged in manufacturing and agriculture. 3. The Philippine economy became dynamic and balanced. 4. There was rise of new influential and wealthy Filipino middle class. 5.People were encouraged to participate in the trade. END OF GALLEON TRADE Trading in the Philippines can be traced back to the time before the Spanish colonization. Early Philippine merchants traded with various countries, such as China, Japan, Siam, Cambodia, India, Borneo, and the Moluccas. They closed the ports of Manila to all countries except Mexico This decision created a trade monopoly, known as the Manila-Acapulco Trade or Galleon Trade. The goods traded included mangoes, tamarind, rice, carabao, Chinese tea, textiles, fireworks, perfume, precious stones, and tuba (a coconut wine). These were sent to Mexico and, on the return voyage, numerous and valuable flora and fauna were brought into the Philippines, including guava, avocado, papaya, pineapple, horses, and  The trade monopoly made Spain a mercantilist superpower for a while. However, it did not last forever. The decline of the Galleon Trade can be attributed to several factors: Tough competition from other nations who became self- sufficient and preferred direct trade. Spain's heavy dependence on the silver mines of its colonies in South America. Revolts in the New World, particularly the War for Independence in Mexico, shifted the focus and priority of consumers away from trade. As a result of these factors, the Galleon Trade was no longer sustainable. By the first decade of the 19th century, the trade system was ended by decree. Forced Labor (Polo y servicio) - Is the forced labor for 40 days of men ranging from 16-60 years of age who were obligated to give personal services to community projects. In 1884, labor was reduced to 15 days. Indulto de comercio – privilege of provincial governors to engage in and monopolize trade. Taxation – to support the colony, several forms of taxes and monopolies were imposed. The tithe is the payment of the 10% of an individual’s annual income to the government. The sanctorum is the tax being paid as support to the church, the tribute (buwis) is the tax or rent given to the landlord a resident is under. It may be in cash or in kind (tobacco, chickens, produce, or gold) Social Condition During the early years of the Spanish colonial period (until mid-19th century), education was not a right but a privilege, usually reserved for those who belonged to the highest racial class. This class consisted of a privileged few, mostly individuals with Spanish blood, who had the opportunity to pursue college education. SOCIAL CLASSES 1. Peninsulares - The highest class was the Peninsulares, which consisted of pure-blooded Spaniards who were born in the Iberian Peninsula, such as Spain. They were officials and friars who had the power and authority to rule over the Filipinos. 2.. Creoles or Insulares - The second-highest racial class was the Creoles or Insulares. Insulares were the specific term given to creoles, who were full-blooded Spaniards born in the 3. Mestizos - Mestizos, or colloquially Tisoy, referred to people of mixed native Filipino and any foreign ancestry. (Chinese, Spanish etc.) 4. Principalia - former Filipino tribe leaders before the invasion of Spain (datus, rajahs, maharlikas and others) 5. Indios - The lowest class was the Indios, a term that lost its original meaning as Spanish officials used it negatively to refer to the poor people of the country who were viewed as inferior and treated as second-class citizens. The Political System in the Philippines in the 19th Century The political system in the Philippines during the 19th century was based on the Spanish colonial model, with power concentrated in the hands of the Governor-General and the Spanish colonial authorities Governor-General – was the highest authority in the colony and had broad powers over the civil, military, and ecclesiastical affairs of the colony. The Governor-General was appointed by the Spanish Crown and served as the head of the colonial administration. The first one was Miguel Lopez de Legaspi and the last was Diego de Los Rios The Philippines was divided into administrative regions called provinces, each of which was headed by an Alcalde Mayor (Alcaldia) Corregidor (Corregimiento) (Governor). The governor had authority over the local administration, including the collection of taxes, maintenance of law and order, and the distribution of The provinces were further subdivided into municipalities, each of which had a local government headed by a Gobernadorcillo (Mayor) Cabeza de Barangay Audiencia – The Audiencia was a court of appeals that had jurisdiction over the entire colony. The Audiencia was responsible for administering justice, and its members were appointed by the Spanish Crown Council of the Indies – The Council of the Indies was a legislative body based in Spain that was responsible for enacting laws and regulations for the colony, composed of high-ranking officials and advisors to the Spanish Crown Spanish Cortes – The Spanish Cortes was a legislative body based in Spain that had jurisdiction over the entire Spanish empire. The Spanish Cortes was responsible for enacting laws and regulations for the empire These officials formed the backbone of the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines during the 19th century. They were responsible for the administration of the colony, the collection of taxes, the maintenance of law and order, and the distribution of justice. However, their authority was often challenged by various movements and individuals who sought greater political representation and democracy FRAILOCRACY For more than three centuries of Spanish rule, the missionaries or the friars as they were known at that time played a major role not only in propagating the Christian faith but also in the political, social, economic and cultural aspects of the Filipinos. They are actually the ‘real conquistadors’ during the The Advent of Frailocracy. When the Legazpi expedition reached the Philippines in 1565, the Augustinian missionaries also began to make its presence. Other religious orders followed such as the Franciscans (1577), Jesuits (1581), Dominicans (1587), Recollects (1606) and the Benedictines (1895). The primary role of these missionaries is to propagate Christianity among the natives of these new The parish priest is the most powerful figure in a town or pueblo. Even if he is the only Spaniard in town, he was feared and obeyed by the people, and was often kissed on the hands as a sign of respect and of his great influence. As the friars become powerful, abuses among the Filipinos took place. The issue about the friar lands became one of the reasons for the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution. The Philippines of Rizal’s time The decay of Spain cast an ominous shadow over the Philippines during Rizal's time. The Filipino suffered under the weight of Spanish misrule because they were the unfortunate targets of an oppressive, prejudiced, and collapsing colonial authority. These evils included, among others: Power – instability of colonial administration Corrupt Officialdom ❑ No Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes ❑ Human Rights Denied to Filipinos ❑ No Equality Before the Law ❑ Maladministration of Justice ❑ Racial Discrimination ❑ Frailocracy ❑ Forced Labor or ‘Polo Y Servicios’ ❑ Haciendas Owned by the Friar