Spain and the Philippines in the 19th Century PDF

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM SEMESTER |Life and Works of Rizal 1st...

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM SEMESTER |Life and Works of Rizal 1st DR. JOSE G. TAMAYO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY – B.S. Nursing A.Y. 2024 – 2025 LAGUNA SPAIN AND THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH Abandonment of Mercantalism CENTURY SPAIN IN THE 19TH CENTURY Political Instability in Spain After the death of Ferdinand VII 1830 all of Spain’s American colonies have seceded and became independent (except Cuba and Puerto Rico) Mercantalism - An economic doctrine based on Struggle for the thrown ISABELLA VS the idea that a country’s wealth and power is CHARLES (CARLOS) = CARLIST WAR measured in terms of its stock of gold and silver. CARLIST WAS DEFEATED Laissez Faire ISABELLA - Defied the tradition to become the sole female monarch of Spain UNDER ISABELLA II Lost the bid to re-conquer Peru and Chile Mismanagement by her favorites Frequent changes of government prevailed event after Isabella’s overthrow in 1868. The 19th century was a turbulent century of politics in Spanish history. End of the Galleon Trade Period of Political Instability Philippines was opened to world commerce Reason: Frequent rise and fall of ministries Philippines During Rizal’s Time and constitutions. Solution: Canovite System / Rotativism Encomienda System - a system of forced labor Policy: The liberals and conservatives in imposed on indigenous workers by Spanish Spain took turns in administering the affairs colonists. of the country. Effect in the Philippines? Affected Philippines adversely. Dumping around of relatives and favorites of Spanish Politicians in Madrid. 1 | Arjen Nicole A. Camat  Administrative Organization Judicial Power The Philippines was governed directly by the Spanish Crown thru, the Ministry of Colonies. The government was unitary as policies implemented by the colonial administrators from Luzon to Mindanao came from Manila- central government APPOINTED BY THE SPANISH MONARCH Governor-General ✓ Head of the Spanish Colonial Government ✓ Represents the Crown in all government matters Others: ✓ Vice Royal Patron over religious affairs (can nominate priests for ecclesiastical No Legislature, No representation in the administration and parishes) Spanish Cortes ✓ Commander in Chief As a consequence-Governance of the Philippines was based on special laws National Government Reason: Distance – Gov.Gen. exercised Absolute Powers: Chief Executive – ex-officio president of the Can reward position to his favorites Royal Audencia (Supreme Court) even if unqualified Legislative powers (actos acordados) Widespread selling of key position to Cumplase or power to decide which law or the highest bidder royal decree should be implemented or disregarded in the colony. (distance) Social Structure of Filipino Society Local Government Units Philippine Society was feudalistic as a consequence of encomienda system. Imposed collection of taxes and tributes and required the natives to render polo y servicio. Doctrine of Limpieza De Sangre (Purity of Key Figure in the Local Administrative Set-up Blood) Frailrocracia Guardia Civil – filibusteros & erehes 2 | Arjen Nicole A. Camat  EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM ❖ UNIVERSITY OF STO. TOMAS ❖ COLLEGIO DE STO TOMAS ❖ COLLEGIO DE SAN JUAN DE LETRAN IN MANILA ❖ ATENEO MUNICIPALS (JESUITS) ❖ SANTA ISABEL ❖ LA CONCORDIA ❖ SANTA ROSA ❖ SANTA CATALINA The Educational Decree of 1863 – public education was opened to the natives, 1 elementary school for boys and 1 for girls. Weakness of the Educational System Over emphasis on religion Limited and irrelevant curriculum Obsolete classroom facilities Inadequate instructional materials Absence of academic freedom Racial prejudice against the Filipinos in school ECONOMIC SITUATION The country was opened to Foreign Trade, which resulted in the rapid rise of foreign firms in Manila. The presence of foreign traders stimulated agricultural production and export of sugar, rice, hemp and tobacco. 3 | Arjen Nicole A. Camat  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM SEMESTER |Life and Works of Rizal 1st DR. JOSE G. TAMAYO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY – B.S. Nursing A.Y. 2024 – 2025 LAGUNA THE DAWN OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM ▪ CAVITE ▪ PAMPANGGA UNIFICATION OF THE PHILIPPINES UNDER ▪ BULACAN SPANISH RULE DESIRE TO REVERT TO THEIR NATIVE RELIGION ▪ Igorot ▪ Tamblot ▪ Lanab and Alababan ▪ Tapar ▪ Francisco Rivera The reducción plan of Fr. Juan de Plasencia ▪ Hermano Pule ▪ Muslims in Southern Philippines was implemented. Natives should live in the area near the church. The Emergence of Filipino Sense Of Filipinos was transformed into “little brown Nationhood Spaniards” Opening of the Philippines to the world Early Resistance to Spanish Rule commerce Integration into Spanish Empire resulted into the Rise of clase media implementation of: Liberal regime of Carlos Ma. dela Torre Racial discrimination Taxation without representation Secularization controversy Polo y servicio Cavite Mutiny of 1872 Galleon trade Indulto de comercio The Opening to World Trade Monopoly in government ❖ Jean Jacques Rousseau’s Social Contract “THE DESIRE TO REGAIN THEIR LOST Theory: People FREEDOM” 1574-1843 give up sovereignty to a government or ▪ Raha Sulayman and Lakan Dula other authority in ▪ Tondo Conspiracy order to receive or ▪ Malong maintain social ▪ Dagohoy order through the ▪ Diego Silang rule of law. ▪ Palaris RESISTANCE TO SPANISH IMPOSED ❖ John Locke’s Theory of INSTITUTION Revolution: People could ▪ Magalat overthrow the government ▪ Irrayas that is not working for the ▪ Cagayan governed. ▪ Sumoroy ▪ Maniago AGRARIAN UNREST ▪ BATANGAS ▪ LAGUNA 1 | Arjen Nicole A. Camat  RISE OF CLASE MEDIA YOUNG JOSE RIZAL Rise of principalias, spanish Mestizos a.k.a. Affected his choice of profession the ruling elites. “At the sight of those injustices and cruelties, while Liberal Regime of Carlos Ma. dela Torre still a child, my imagination was awakened and I swore to devote myself to avenge one day so many victims, and with this idea in mind I have been studying and this can be read in all my works and writings.” – Rizal to Ponce, 1889 The fall of Queen Isabella RESULTED to Dela Torre’s appointment as chief executive. Freedom of speech and of the press as guaranteed by the Spanish Constitution WERE RECOGNIZED. Fr. Burgos (of Gomburza) worked for Filipinization of parishes throughout the country (Liberty Serenade) 1870 – replaced by Rafael de Izquierdo Racial Discrimination “Indios” Si Tandang Basyong Macunat of Fray Miguel de Bustamante portrayed Filipino with low mental ability, incapable of acquiring European education and fitted only to work in the field and tend a carabao. *Spaniards and Filipinos = two separate, distinct peoples! SECULARIZATION CONTROVERSY CAVITE MUTINY 1872 GomBurZa Filipino soldiers in the arsenal of Cavite under the leadership of Sgt. La Madrid 2 | Arjen Nicole A. Camat  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM SEMESTER |Life and Works of Rizal 1st DR. JOSE G. TAMAYO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY – B.S. Nursing A.Y. 2024 – 2025 LAGUNA RIZAL AND HIS CHILDHOOD YEARS IN Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y CALAMBA Alejandra II ginamit na apelido ni rizal para lowkey di malaman agenda niya Born on May 11, 1818 Calamba, the Hero’s Town Born in Biñan, Laguna June 28, 1848, he married Teodora The youngest of the 13 children of Cirila Alejandro and Juan Mercado Calamba was an hacienda town which belonged to the Dominican Order It is a picturesque town nestling on a verdant plain covered with irrigated rice fields and sugar-lands. A few kilometers to the south is the legendary Mount Makiling Teodora Alonzo Realonda – Mother of Jose Rizal Birth of Young Jose Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos Born on November 9, 1827 Advent of a National Hero Rizal’s first teacher ❖ June 19, 1861 – birth date of Jose Rizal Second child of Lorenzo Alonso and Brigida ❖ Born in Calamba, Laguna de Quintos ❖ June 22, 1861 – baptismal of Rizal went to College of Sta. Rosa ❖ nickname “Pepe” ❖ Father Rufino Collantes - baptized Rizal at Calamba Catholic Church ❖ Father Pedro Casañas - Rizal’s godfather ❖ Mariano Herbosa – nephew of Casañas that will marry Lucia ❖ “Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Y Alonzo Realonda” ❖ Lieutenant - General Jose Lemery - the governor general of the Philippines when Rizal was born Rizal’s Parents Jose Rizal’s Siblings: Francisco Mercado Rizal – Father of Jose Rizal 1 | Arjen Nicole A. Camat  Rizal’s Ancestry ❖ From his father he inherited a profound feeling of dignity, self-respect, serenity and Ancestry Paternal Side poise and seriousness Rizal came from a mixture of races. Doña Teodora Alonso Domingo Lamco – great-great grandfather a Chinese merchant /immigrant from Chang ❖ Was an educated woman chow “China’s City of Spring”, he was ❖ Completed educated at the Colegio de Santa married to Ines De la Rosa a wealthy Rosa (a prestigious college for girls in Chinese mestiza. Manila) He assumed the surname Mercado in ❖ Disciplinarian, a woman of more than keeping with the gubernatorial decree of average education, a woman of culture and Narciso Claveria on the use of Spanish religion, a sacrificing and industrious surname in the Philippines by all Spanish in housewife the colony to free their children from ❖ From his mother he learned the values of prejudices associated with a Chinese warmth and virtue. surname, ❖ He inherited a practical temperament, From Paria Manila, they moved to Biñan stoicism, self-sacrifice, temperament of a ending up as tenants in the Dominican dreamer and fondness of poetry. hacienda. Rizal’s Siblings Juan Mercado - Rizal’s grandfather married a Chinese-Filipino Mestiza - Cirila SATURNINA RIZAL (1850-1913) Alejandro. Eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo marriage. They had 13 children, one of whom is Don Married Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of Francisco. Tanauan, Batangas. Ancestry Maternal Side PACIANO RIZAL (1851-1930) Only brother of Jose Rizal and the second Lakan Dula – descendant child. Studied at San Jose College in Manila; Manuel de Quintos – Rizals great became a farmer and later a general of the grandfather, a Chinese Mestizo from Philippine Revolution. Lingayen Pangasinan. Manuel married Regina Ursua, a woman NARCISA RIZAL (1852-1939) with Japanese ancestry. The third child. married Antonio Lopez at One of their daughters, Brigida married Morong, Rizal; a teacher and musician. Lorenzo Alberto Alonso. The couple have 5 children one of them was OLYMPIA RIZAL (1855-1887) Doña Teodora. The fourth child. Married Silvestre Ubaldo; Rizal’s Immediate Family died in 1887 from childbirth. Don Francisco Mercado LUCIA RIZAL (1857-1919) ❖ Was an educated man The fifth child. Married Mariano Herbosa. ❖ Took courses in Latin and Philosophy at the Colegio de San Jose in Manila MARIA RIZAL (1859-1945) ❖ Model father owing to his honesty, frugality The sixth child. Married Daniel Faustino Cruz and industry of Biñan, Laguna. ❖ Tenant at the Dominican hacienda in Calamba 2 | Arjen Nicole A. Camat  JOSE RIZAL (1861-1896) buried treasure and trees with blooming The second son and the seventh child. He diamonds, and other fabulous stories. was executed by the Spaniards on Sometimes, when he did not like to take his December 30,1896. supper, the aya would threaten him that the aswang, the nuno, the tikbalang, or a terrible CONCEPCION RIZAL (1862-1865) bearded Bombay would come to take him The eight child. Died at the age of three. away if he would not eat his supper. Another memory of his childhood was the JOSEFA RIZAL (1865-1945) nocturnal walk in the town, especially when The ninth child. An epileptic, died a spinster. there was a moon. matandang dalaga Recounting this childhood experience, Rizal TRINIDAD RIZAL (1868-1951) wrote: The tenth child. Died a spinster and the last of the family to die. matandang dalaga “Thus my heart fed on sombre and melancholy thoughts so that even still a child, I already wandered SOLEDAD RIZAL (1870-1929) on wings of fantasy in the high regions of the The youngest child married Pantaleon unknown.” Quintero. Pilgrimage to Antipolo Childhood Days and Memories On June 6, 1868, Jose and his father left for Earliest Childhood Memories Calamba to go on a pilgrimage to Antipolo, in order to fulfill his mother’s vow which was The first memory of Rizal, in his childhood, made when Rizal was born. was his happy days in the family garden. It was the first trip of Jose across Laguna de Because he was frail, sickly, and undersized Bay and his pilgrimage to Antipolo. child, he was given the most tender care by He was thrilled, as a typical boy should, by his parents. his first lake voyage. He did not sleep the whole night as the casco sailed towards the Pasig River because he was awed by “the magnificence of the watery expanse and the silence of the night. After praying at the shrine of the Virgin of Antipolo, Jose and his father went to Manila. They visited Saturnina, who was then a boarding student at La Concordia College in Sta. Ana. The Hero’s First Sorrow His father built a nipa cottage in the garden for him to play in the daytime. The Rizal children were bound together by Another childhood memory was the daily the ties of love and companionship. Angelus prayer. Their parents taught them to love one By nightfall, Rizal related, his mother another, to behave properly in front of elders, gathered all the children at the house to pray to be truthful and religious, and to help one the Angelus. another. With nostalgic feeling, he also remembered They affectionately called their father Tatay, the happy moonlit nights at the azotea after and mother Nanay. the rosary. Jose was jokingly called Ute by his brother The aya (maid) related stories to Rizal and sisters. The people in Calamba knew children many stories about fairies; tales of him as Pepe or Pepito. 3 | Arjen Nicole A. Camat  Of his sisters, Jose loved most little Concha The Story of the Moth and the Flame (Concepcion). Background: He was one year older than Concha. He played with her, and from her, he learned Doña Teodora was teaching Pepe how to the sweetness of brotherly love. read the book “El Amigo de los Niños” Unfortunately, Concha died of sickness in His mother became impatient listening to his 1865 when he was 3 years old. poor reading Jose, who was very fond of her, cried bitterly He yawned and his mother noticed of his loss to lose her. of interest. Of the story told by Dona Lakeshore Reveries Teodora to Jose, it was During the twilight hours of summertime, that of the young moth Rizal, accompanied by his dog, used to made the profoundest meditate at the shore of Laguna de Bay on impression on him. the sad conditions of his oppressed people. The tragic fate of the young moth, which died a victim of its illusion in search for the light. But he came to realize the sweetness of dying in search for the light. Why was the story considered to be Rizal’s biography? Early Demonstration of Inborn Talents As a child he had a pet dog named Usman according to the historian Zaide. In Rizal’s Calamba, As a young boy, there were indication that Rizal was intellectually gifted. Laguna ancestral home there is a statue of young Rizal with a dog that the statue says is named Artistic Talents Verguenza. Since early childhood Rizal revealed his Young that he was, he grieved deeply over God-given talents for the arts. the unhappy situation of his beloved He drew sketches and pictures on his books fatherland. of his sisters, for which reason he was The Spanish misdeeds awakened in his scolded by his mother. boyish heart a great determination to fight tyranny. José was designed by nature to be an artist. This he revealed before he was five years of age, for without any assistance from others he began to draw with his pencil and to mould in wax or clay any object he saw about him. Fortunately, his mother, father, recognized this unusual talent and gave him every encouragement. 4 | Arjen Nicole A. Camat  The First Taste of Injustice INJUSTICE TO HERO’s MOTHER Jose Alberto, Dona Teodora’s brother found his children abandoned and his wife living with another man. Dona Teodora advised and convinced J. Alberto not to divorce his wife as he announced due to them being a devout Catholic and to avoid public scandal. The wife was in no way repentant and resented the reconciliation. J. Alberto frequented Dona Teodora in A Group of Sketches by Rizal. Calamba to which the wife interpreted as He carved figures of animals and persons out they were plotting something criminal against of wood. her. Even before he learned to read, he could The wife filed a case against Dona Teodora already sketch pictures of birds, flowers, and her brother Don Jose Alberto and with fruits, rivers, mountains, animals and the connivance of Spanish Lieutenant of persons. guardia civil and assistance of Antonio Jose had a soul of a genuine artist. Vivencio del Rosario, Gobernadorcilio of Rather an introvert child, with a skinny Calamba, succeeded in arresting Dona physique and sad dark eyes, he found great Teodora. Forced to walk from Calamba to joy looking at the blooming flowers, the Sta. Cruz (50 km.) ripening fruits, the dancing waves of the lake, and the milky clouds in the sky; and the listening to the songs of the birds, the chirpings of the cicadas, and the murmurings of the breezes. He loved to ride on a spirited pony (which his father bought for him) or take long walks in the meadows for him and lakeshore with his big black dog named Usman. In his room, he kept many statuettes which he made out of clay and wax. At one time, his sisters teased him: “Ute, what are you doing with so many statuettes?” Dona Teodora was defended by Messrs. He replied: “All right laugh at me now! Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan, Someday when I die, people will make most famous lawyers of Manila. She was monuments and images of me!” acquitted by Manila Royal Audiencia and was released after two- and- half years Prodigy of the Pen because of young Soledad. Not only was little Jose skilled in brush, Preparation for Formal Schooling chisel, and pen-knife, but also in pen. He was born poet. The Hero’s First Teacher His mother encouraged him to write poetry. Doña Teodora was Jose’s first non-formal teacher On her lap, Jose learned prayers and the alphabet at the age of three. 5 | Arjen Nicole A. Camat Private Tutors of Rizal Maestro Celestino was Jose’s first private tutor. Maestro Lucas Padua was the second private tutor. Maestro Leon Monroy became the hero’s tutor in Spanish and Latin. He was a classmate of Don Francisco. papa ni rizal The Uncles of Rizal Uncle Jose Alberto - gave wise direction in the studies of Jose Uncle Gregorio - instilled into the mind of Jose the love for education “Work hard and perform every task very carefully; learn to be swift as well as thorough; be independent in thinking; and make visual pictures of everything.” – Uncle Gregorio Uncle Manuel Alberto – seeing Jose was frail in nature, concerned himself with the physical development of his nephew He also taught Jose the love for open air and admiration for the beauty of nature Jose Goes to Biñan Don Leon died five months later; Jose was sent to a private school in Biñan. namatay teacher niya sa spanish at latin 6 | Arjen Nicole A. Camat  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM SEMESTER |Life and Works of Rizal 1st DR. JOSE G. TAMAYO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY – B.S. Nursing A.Y. 2024 – 2025 LAGUNA Formal Schooling at a Village School First Day at the Village School Rizal Moves to Binan Paciano accompanied Rizal to the village school under Maestro Justiniano Aquino June 1869 – Jose goes to Binan with Cruz he was Paciano’s elementary teacher. Paciano Rizal described Maestro Justiniano as tall, Carromata – the mode of transportation thin, long-necked, sharp nosed, with a body slightly bent forward The school was in Maestro Justiniano’s house. Pedro – son of Maestro Cruz He challenged Rizal to wrestling Tio Manuel – taught him the art of wrestling Andres Salandanan – challenged him with arm wrestling With his poker face Paciano gave Rizal a Academic Studies at the Village School cue on how a man should behave during partings and sentimental occasions. Best Student in School After one and a half hour of travel they Rizal was able to demonstrate his intellectual reached their destination. Its already superiority midnight. Jose surpassed his classmates in Spanish, Stayed in his aunt’s house - Tomasa Latin and other subjects Mercado. Emerged as Best in the class Tomasa had an unmarried daughter His older classmates were jealous and Margarita and a widower son Gabriel. squealed to the teacher whenever he had Rizal’s young kinsfolk was Leandro fights (mischievous), Florentina (vulgar type) and Jose usually received five or six blows while Arcadia (hot headed, simple and honest) laid out on a bench who became his friend. Rizal invited by his cousins for a walk around Academic Instruction at the Village School the town to familiarize him with the place but Rizal did not enjoy his schooling at the village he felt homesick as he remembered his school mother and sisters. He considered his teacher as expert in Latin and Spanish grammar. He detested from his teacher the use of corporal punishment to make pupils learn the lesson of the day. His bitterness against these barbarous methods of instruction never left him. In the Noli, the first thing Ibarra proposes when he came home was to build a house in San Diego where “the primer would not be a black book bathed in children’s tears but a friendly guide to marvelous secrets”. “Not a torture-chamber but a playground of the mind”. 1 | Arjen Nicole A. Camat  His derision of the sadistic method of ❖ Rizal in Binan was a struggle, an initiation, teaching at Binan was due to his height. cruelty for one so young, felt displaced and He was small for his age, he tried to as outsider. overcome this deficiency in physical stature Painting Lessons in Biñan with a self-assertiveness centered on aggressiveness. Old Juancho – freely gave Jose painting Reason for him being on top of his class. lessons. (father-in-law of Maestro Cruz) Jose Rizal and his classmate Jose Life in Biñan Guevarra became apprentices of Old Daily Life in Biñan Juancho Jose’s daily routine: End of Schooling at the Village School Hears mass at 4 a.m. or studies lesson December 17, 1870 – Jose left Biñan after before going to mass receiving a letter from his sister Saturnina Goes to orchard to look for mabolo to eat Before leaving Binan, he made his last visit Breakfast to the town church and bade goodbye to Goes to class at 10 a.m. Maestro Cruz and classmates. Lunch break After one and a half year of schooling in Goes back to school at 2 p.m. Binan he will be seeing his parents again. Goes home at 5 p.m. Talim – the steamer that Jose rode Prays with cousins Arturo Camps – a Frenchman and a friend Studies lessons, then draws a little of Don Francisco, he took care of Jose during the trip. Has supper Prays again Plays in the street if moon is bright Sleeps Other Binan memories: ❖ Playing in the streets in the evening under the moonlight, remembered his beloved father, idolized mother and loving sisters. ❖ Rizal was shoved by his naughty nephew Leandro into the river where he nearly drowned if not caught by someone on his feet. ❖ Tasked to deliver viand to her Tia Tomasa’s children, only to be suspected of consuming part of it. ❖ Supper – one or two helpings of rice and single piece of fish ❖ Lunch – sent first on errand before allowed to sat. ❖ For all of these he told his sisters Narcisa and Maria he wanted to go home but was told he can’t go home. ❖ Rizal must have felt he was in prison. 2 | Arjen Nicole A. Camat  UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM SEMESTER |Life and Works of Rizal 1st DR. JOSE G. TAMAYO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY – B.S. Nursing A.Y. 2024 – 2025 LAGUNA FORMAL SEARCH FOR KNOWLEDGE AT Two competing empires ATENEO MUNICIPAL Romans – boarding students Enrollment At Ateneo; Carthaginian – non-boarding Ranks/Dignitaries: June 10, 1872 - Rizal took the entrance emperor – best scholar examination at the Colegio de San Juan de tribune Letran, which covered reading, arithmetic, decurion and Catholic doctrines. centurion standard bearer Two empires competed as team through Q&A. Ratio Studiorum - a system of indoctrination under tight and constant discipline. ‘Ad majorem Dei gloriam’ or for the greater of God - one aim pursued in The Ateneo Municipal Atenean Education. Father Magin Fernando - who was the Academic Performance at Ateneo college registrar, denied them of admittance First Year in Ateneo (1872-73) - Jose Rizal for two reasons: 1.) he was late for belonged to the class composed of Spaniards, registration and 2.) he was sickly and mestizos and Filipinos. His first teacher was Fr. Jose undersize for his age. Bech. As a newcomer and knowing little Spanish, he However, they sought the intercession of was considered as inferior and placed at the bottom Manuel Xerez Burgos, nephew of Father of the class. He was an extern hence he was Burgos. As a result, he was reluctantly assigned to the Carthaginians, an occupant of the admitted at the Ateneo. Jose Rizal was end of the line. then eleven years old. 11 years old lang nakapasok sa ateneo Second year in Ateneo (1873-74) - Jose Rizal repented having neglected his studies the previous year. He studied harder this year and regained his Jose Rizal when he was 11 years old. leadership composure and became an emperor again. His Favorite Books: ‘Count of Monte Cristo’- (Alexander Dumas) The Atenean System of Education ‘Travels in the Philippines’- (Dr. Feodor Jagor) Ateneo offered a six-year program, entitled ‘Universal History’ - (Cesar Cantu) ‘Bachiller en Artes’. Third year in Ateneo (1874-75) - Jose Rizal Five learning areas; returned to Ateneo shortly before the classes began ✓ Christian doctrine; Languages to start his junior year. He met his mother and ✓ History and Geography informed him that she was finally released from ✓ Mathematics and Sciences prison, just as he predicted when he visited her to ✓ Classic disciplines her prison cell in Santa Cruz, Laguna. lugar san nakulong si teodora 1 | Arjen Nicole A. Camat Fourth Year in Ateneo (1875-76) - On June 16, Literary Works at Ateneo 1875, he became a boarder in Ateneo. He “Poems of Jose Rizal” befriended his professor Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, whom he regarded as great educator and ‘Mi Primera Inspiracion’ (My First scholar. He inspired him to write poetry and to study Inspiration) - was dedicated to his mother harder. Fr. Sanchez recognized his God-given on the occasion of the latter’s natal day. talents. Because of the inspiration and recognition ‘Un Recuerdo de Mi Pueblo’ (My Memory given, he regarded the Jesuit professor as Model of of My Town) - written in 1876. The foregoing uprightness, earnestness, and love for the poem was his way of paying homage to his advancement of his students. birthplace, Calamba. ‘Al Nińo Jesus’ (To the Child Jesus) - was Last year in Ateneo (1876-77) - Although there was his expression of his devotion to Catholicism. a great improvement in his performance but his ‘La Alianza Intima Entre Religion y La previous years of performance made a great effect, Buena Educacion’ (The Intimate Alliance he graduated on March 23, 1877 (16 years old) and Between Religion and Good Education) - received the degree of Bachelor of Arts, with highest honors and not a valedictorian. here Rizal stressed the importance of religion to education. He passed the oral examination on March 14, 1877 ‘Por La Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria’ with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. (Through Education the Country Receives Light) that the people have to Extra-curricular Activities at Ateneo seek knowledge.  An emperor inside the classroom  Campus leader  Active member and became an officer -- Sodality of Our Lady and Apostleship or Prayer  Member of the Academy of Spanish Literature and the Academy of Natural Sciences  Poet  Improved his sculpture talents under the supervision of Romualdo de Jesus.  Studied painting under the famous Spanish Painter, Agustin Saez during his free time. Influences of Schooling at Ateneo on Rizal  Engaged in gymnastics and fencing and continued the physical training under his Conferred the degree of Bachiller en Artes on sports-minded Tio Manuel. March 23, 1867 From being a boy to mature individual Imbibe the Jesuit values of fairness, justice The triumph of and reason after five years science over death (left) The Sacred Heart of Jesus (center) The triumph of death over life (right) 2 | Arjen Nicole A. Camat