Circulatory System and Transport in Animals PDF

Circulatory system and transport in Animals  Levels of Organization Remember, the human body is organized in several levels, from the simplest to the most complex... Cells – the basic unit of life Tissues – clusters of cells performing a similar function Organs –...

Circulatory system and transport in Animals  Levels of Organization Remember, the human body is organized in several levels, from the simplest to the most complex... Cells – the basic unit of life Tissues – clusters of cells performing a similar function Organs – made of tissues that perform one specific function Organ Systems – groups of organs that perform a specific purpose in the human body ***The purpose of the 11 organ systems is for the human body to maintain homeostasis.  Learning Objectives 1. Describe the structure of the Heart 2. Label the Heart 3. Explain how the heart functions 4. Discuss the role of diet in maintaining good cardiovascular function 5. Discuss blood related disorders such as anemia, hemophilia, leukemia Epithelium,Connective, Nervous and Muscle TYPES OF TISSUE  Tissue Tissue is an aggregate of similar cells and cell products forming a definite kind of structural material with a specific function, in a multicellular organism Four main types of tissue Epithelial, connective , nerve and muscle tissue  Epithelial Tissue Also referred to as epithelium Forms the outer layer of skin It is an interface tissue Sheet of cells that covers a body’s surfaces or lines the body’s cavities (include lining the trachea and mouth)  Connective tissue One of the most widely distributed tissue throughout the body It is used to connect muscle to muscle, bone to muscle and bone to bone connective tissue include cartilage, adipose (fat) blood and bone tissue  Nerve tissue This tissue allows is to feel and sense things around us Also allows our body to respond stimuli Neurons are nervous tissue  Muscle Tissue Highly cellular Responsible for most body movement Includes skeletal and cardiac tissue The Circulatory System Functions of the Circulatory System Transportation system by which oxygen and nutrients reach the body's cells, and waste materials are carried away. Also carries substances called hormones, which control body processes, and antibodies to fight invading germs.  Parts of the Circulatory System Divided into three major parts: – The Heart – The Blood – The Blood Vessels  The heart, the lungs, and the blood vessels work together to form the circle part of the circulatory system.  How does this system work? pulmonary vein lungs pulmonary artery head & arms aorta main vein Right Left liver digestive system kidneys legs Circulatory System  Circulation Two parts Heart acts as double pump Blood from the right side of the heart is dark red and low in oxygen (oxygen-poor) Blood from the left side of the heart is bright red and high in oxygen (oxygen-rich)  Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system. This means it has two parts parts. Lungs the right side of the left side of the system the system deals with deals with deoxygenated oxygenated blood. blood. Body cells  3 Kinds of Circulation: Pulmonary circulation Coronary circulation Systemic circulation  Pulmonary Circulation Movement of blood from the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart again  Coronary Circulation Movement of blood through the cardiac muscle cells of the heart  Systemic Circulation Supplies nourishment to all of the tissue located throughout the body , except for the heart and lungs THE HEART  The Heart Size of your fist Thick muscular walls Divided into two pumps Each pump has two chambers Upper chambers – left and right atria receive blood coming in from the veins Lower chambers – left and right ventricles squeeze blood out into the arteries  The Heart (contd) Left atrium and left ventricle are separated by the bicuspid valve (mitral valve) Right atrium and right ventricle are separated by the tricuspid valve Pulmonary valves also separate the ventricles from the aorta and pulmonary artery All valves prevent the back flow of blood  The Heart This is a vein. It brings These are arteries. blood from the body, They carry blood except the lungs. away from the heart. 2 atria Coronary arteries, the hearts own 2 ventricles blood supply The heart has four chambers now lets look inside the heart http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/circdia.html  The Heart Artery to Lungs Artery to Head and Body Vein from Head and Body Vein from Lungs Right Atrium Left Atrium valve valve Right Ventricle Left Ventricle  How does the Heart work? STEP ONE blood from the blood from body the lungs The heart beat begins when the heart muscles relax and blood flows into the atria.  How does the Heart work? STEP TWO The atria then contract and the valves open to allow blood into the ventricles.  How does the Heart work? STEP THREE The valves close to stop blood flowing backwards. The ventricles contract forcing the blood to leave the heart. At the same time, the atria are relaxing and once again filling with blood. The cycle then repeats itself.  Learning Objectives 1. Justify the need for a transport system in multicellular organisms 2. Name the major constituents of the transport system in Animals 3. Differentiate between Arteries, Veins and Capillaries based on structure and function. 4. Name the components of blood 5. State the function of each component of blood BLOOD VESSELS  Blood Vessels Hollow tubes in which blood flows There are 3 types of blood vessels – Arteries – Veins – Capillaries  Arteries Carry blood AWAY from the heart Usually carry oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary arteries Main artery called the aorta – Aorta divides and branches many times into smaller arteries Each region of your body has system of arteries supplying it with fresh, oxygen-rich blood.  The ARTERY Arteries carry blood away from the heart. the elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch under pressure thick muscle and the thick muscle can elastic fibres contract to push the blood along.  Arteries Carry blood away the heart Transport oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart and the rest of the body – The pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated blood  The VEIN Veins carry blood towards from the heart. veins have valves which act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction. thin muscle and elastic fibres body muscles surround the veins so that when they contract to move the body, they also squeeze the veins and push the blood along the vessel.  Veins Carry blood to the heart Receive blood from the capillaries Transport waste-rich/ oxygen-poor blood back to the lungs and heart – The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood Valves are located inside the veins – Allow blood to move in one direction Walls are not as thick as arteries as blood flows under lower pressure  The CAPILLARY Capillaries link Arteries with Veins they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells. the wall of a capillary is only one cell thick The exchange of materials between the blood and the body can only occur through capillaries.  Capillaries Very thin Only one cell thick for efficient diffusion of gases and nutrients Connect arteries & veins In close proximity to tissues  Capillaries Food and oxygen released to the body cells Carbon dioxide and other waste products returned to the bloodstream Relationship between arteries, veins and capillaries BLOOD  what’s in digested food red blood cells white blood cells oxygen waste (urea) carbon dioxide platelets plasma hormones  Blood Pumped by your heart. Travels through thousands of miles of blood vessels Carries nutrients, water, oxygen and waste products to and from your body cells. Made up of liquids, solids and small amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide.  Blood Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body. Takes carbon dioxide and transports it back to the lungs About 5,000,000 Red Blood Cells in ONE drop of blood. Made up of formed elements and plasma Plasma is the liquid part of blood: 90% water, with gases, ions, salts, proteins  Formed Elements of Blood Erythrocytes: red blood cells (RBCs), discoid in shape, no nucleus, 120 day life span, hemoglobin transports oxygen Leukocytes: white blood cells (WBCs), larger than RBCs, distinct nucleus, functions in protection Platelets: not true cells but cellular fragments, functions in blood clotting  Red blood cells White blood cells White blood cells http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/circdia.html  Blood related disorders Anaemia; Abnormally low amount of red blood cells. Hemophilia; bleeding disorder due to lack of clotting factors required to limit bleeding. Leukemia; Cancers of the blood cells.  Red Blood Cells contain haemoglobin, a molecule specially designed to a biconcave disc that is round hold oxygen and carry it to cells and flat without a nucleus that need it. can change shape to an amazing extent, without breaking, as it squeezes single file through the capillaries.  White Blood Cells there are many different types and all contain a big nucleus. the two main ones are the lymphocytes and the macrophages. macrophages ‘eat’ and digest micro-organisms. some lymphocytes fight disease by making antibodies to destroy invaders by dissolving them. other lymphocytes make antitoxins to break down poisons. Platelets Platelets are bits of cell broken off larger cells. Platelets produce tiny fibrinogen fibres to form a net. This net traps other blood cells to form a blood clot.  Plasma It also contains useful things like; carbon dioxide A glucose straw-colour amino acids ed liquid that carries proteins the cells and minerals the platelets which help vitamins blood clot. hormones waste materials like urea.  SUMMARY copy and complete the following; Arteries take blood ______ from the heart. The walls of an artery away are made up of thick _________ walls and elastic fibres. Veins carry muscular blood ________ the heart and also have valves. The _________ link towards arteries and veins, and have a one cell thick wall. Blood is made up of capillaries four main things ______, the liquid part of the blood; Red Blood plasma Cells to carry ______; White Blood cells to protect the body from oxygen disease and _________ to help blood clot. platelets