Year 11 Biology - Transport Systems in Animals (PDF)

Year 11 Biology Transport Systems in Animals– Circulatory systems 1 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006 Syllabus Reference 2.3.1 - investigate transport systems in animals by comparing structures and components using physical and digi...

Year 11 Biology Transport Systems in Animals– Circulatory systems 1 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006 Syllabus Reference 2.3.1 - investigate transport systems in animals by comparing structures and components using physical and digital models, including but not limited to: – macroscopic structures in animals – microscopic samples of blood and the cardiovascular system 2.3.3 - compare the structures and function of transport systems in animals and plants, including – vascular systems in plants and animals – open and closed transport systems in animals 2 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006 Open vs Closed Circulatory Systems 3 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006 Open circulatory systems Consist of one or more hearts and open-ended vessels. The heart pumps the fluid called haemolymph - into a cavity that surrounds the organs, the haemolymph is returned to the heart through special openings. Only nutrients and wastes are transported – gas exchange occurs via a different system. Open-ended systems are less efficient than our system, but they are efficient enough for small animals. Examples – invertebrates - insects, spiders, snails 4 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006 Closed circulatory systems Consist of one heart and blood vessels in a sealed system. Nutrients, wastes and gases are transported in a closed system. Transport fluid is blood which stays in the vessels. They are more efficient than open systems and are used in larger active animals. Examples – vertebrates – mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and frogs. 5 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006 Work to do Complete the worksheet on Open and Closed Circulatory Systems as a summary. 6 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006 Closed circulatory systems - humans 7 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006  The circulatory system Deoxygenated Oxygenated blood is lungs blood returns pumped from to the heart the heart to the through the lungs through pulmonary the pulmonary vein. artery. Oxygenated Deoxygenated blood is pumped blood returns to at high pressure the heart from the heart to through the the body through vena cava. body’s the aorta. cells 8 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006  The double circulatory system The pulmonary circulation carries: deoxygenated blood from the lungs heart to the lungs oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the heart, ready to be pumped out to the body. The systemic circulation carries: oxygenated blood to the rest of the body through the arteries deoxygenated blood back to the body’s heart through the veins. cells 9 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006  The Lymphatic system It carries fluid called lymph - that is surrounding the cells in the tissues– back to into the blood. This prevents fluid from building up in the tissues. The lymph vessels have valves which keep the lymph moving in one direction. Is part of the circulatory system 10 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006  Cardiac system – the heart The four chambers of the heart have specific names: An upper chamber is called an atrium (plural: atria). right atrium left atrium right left ventricle ventricle A lower chamber is called a ventricle. 11 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006  Cardiac system Here are some other important parts of the heart: The walls The semi-lunar are made of valves prevent cardiac expelled blood muscle. flowing back into the heart. The wall Bicuspid dividing the (mitral) valve left and Tricuspid right sides of the heart valve is called the These two valves septum. prevent blood flowing back into the atria from the ventricles. 12 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006 The heart as a pump https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBt5jZSWhMI 13 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006 The heart – label the diagram – do not learn 14 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006  Extra: The heart during exercise Heart rate (or pulse rate) is You can measure how fast the number of times your your heart is beating by heart beats every minute. taking your pulse. It is expressed in beats per minute (bpm). Resting heart rate varies from individual to individual and is affected by fitness. The fitter you are, the lower This can be done at the your resting heart rate will be. wrist or the neck. The average resting heart Count how many times your rate is about 70–75 bpm. heart beats in 6 seconds and then multiply by 10. 15 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006  Blood Blood is the body’s means of transporting substances around. It transports: oxygen from the lungs to the heart and then to the body’s tissues carbon dioxide from the tissues to the heart and then to the lungs to be expired materials like hormones from one organ to another nutrients (especially glucose) and minerals from the intestines to the tissues waste products to the kidneys. 16 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006  Red blood cells Blood is made up of a number of different elements. The most common cell in blood is the red blood cell. Also called erythrocytes. Disc-shaped. Made in the bone marrow. Contain a red-coloured compound called haemoglobin which bonds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. Transport oxygen to the tissues. 17 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006 Red Blood cells 18 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006  White blood cells Blood also contains white blood cells. Also called leucocytes. They are bigger than red blood cells and have large nuclei. Act as the body’s defence system. Some white blood cells surround and consume harmful microbes. Some produce chemicals called antibodies that fight infection. 19 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006  Platelets Platelets are also carried in the blood. Formed in red bone marrow. Produce thrombokinase – a chemical needed for blood clotting. Platelets help to repair tissues and close wounds both internally and externally. When needed, they grow into irregular shapes and stick together to form a plug over the wound. 20 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006 Looking through different microscopes at blood light microscope electron microscope 21 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006 Components of Blood 22 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006  Plasma The blood cells and platelets are suspended in a substance called plasma. Plasma is made up of: 90% water inorganic salts glucose antibodies plasma urea and other waste products plasma proteins. Plasma can be separated from the other components of blood using a centrifuge. 23 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006 Blood cells 24 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006 Complete the worksheet on Blood – using information on pages 184 – 187 textbook as a summary. 25 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006 Circulation of blood around the body 26 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2006