1408 Biology Fall Semester Final 2024 PDF

Summary

This is a biology final exam, covering topics from earlier chapters, including topics like cellular respiration, photosynthesis, genetics including DNA, reproduction, evolution, and cell structure and function. Multiple choice and essay-style questions are likely present in this final exam document.

Full Transcript

1408 Biology Fall Semester Final 2024 **Exam 1 (Ch. 1, 2)** Effects of pH on proteins Characteristics of living things Central dogma Producers vs consumers Water properties Organic compounds Isotopes Protein structure Acids vs bases Hydrolysis vs Dehydration synthesis Experimental design...

1408 Biology Fall Semester Final 2024 **Exam 1 (Ch. 1, 2)** Effects of pH on proteins Characteristics of living things Central dogma Producers vs consumers Water properties Organic compounds Isotopes Protein structure Acids vs bases Hydrolysis vs Dehydration synthesis Experimental design (independent vs dependent variables) Adaptation Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes Negative vs positive control **Exam 2** Ideal conditions for plant cell/animal cell (tonicity) Diffusion Factors that affect enzymes Enzyme structure and function (Induced fit, substrate, active site, activation energy) Animal cells vs plant cells (structure) Endergonic vs exergonic Structures found in all cells What happens to plant/animal cell in hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic conditions? Organelle functions Why are cells small? Membrane structure Domains of Life **Exam 3** What is reduced vs what is oxidized in cellular respiration & photosynthesis? Electron transport chain purpose Where do events of cellular respiration occur? Oxidation vs reduction Autotrophic vs heterotrophic Where do light reactions vs Calvin cycle occur? Products of light reactions Wavelengths best for photosynthesis ATP How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related? Cristae Absorption spectrum for chlorophyll Conditions for stomatal closing/opening Color absorbed/reflected Where does the O~2~ released by plants come from? What is the terminal electron acceptor in cellular respiration? **Exam 4** Double helix How many chromosomes in normal human diploid cells? In haploid cells? Percentages of each nucleotide when one is known Purpose of mitosis Base pairing rules Transcription & translation Point mutation -- base substitution nonsense mutation Mitotic spindle Cancer Leading vs lagging strand Interphase Gene DNA vs RNA Binary fission DNA replication purpose Mutation Codon chart **Last unit** Purpose of meiosis Natural selection Why must gametes be haploid? Homozygous vs heterozygous Phenotype vs genotype Sex-linked traits Simple dominant vs recessive (monohybrid crosses) Alleles Determining gamete combinations from parental genotypes Blood type crosses (multiple alleles) Predicting probability of offspring outcomes Evolution Natural selection acts on individuals, but evolution occurs in populations

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