Biology Exam 1 (Ch. 1, 2)

Exam 1 (Ch. 1, 2)

Effects of pH on proteins: Protein structure is affected by pH.
Characteristics of living things: Living things exhibit certain properties.
Central dogma: Describes the flow of genetic information.
Producers vs. consumers: Organisms that produce and consume.
Water properties: Physical and chemical properties of water.
Organic compounds: Compounds containing carbon.
Isotopes: Atoms with differing neutron counts.
Protein structure: Level of protein organization.
Acids vs. bases: Chemical differences between acids and bases.
Hydrolysis vs. dehydration synthesis: Opposite reactions involving water.
Experimental design: Includes independent and dependent variables.
Adaptation: Process of organisms adjusting to their environment.
Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes: Differences between cellular structures.
Negative vs. positive control: Control groups in experiments.

Exam 2

Ideal conditions for plant cell/animal cell (tonicity): Optimal conditions for cell function.
Diffusion: Movement of substances across a membrane.
Factors that affect enzymes: Enzymes are affected by various external conditions.
Enzyme structure and function: Structure and how enzymes work.
Animal cells vs. plant cells (structure): Structural differences between animal and plant cells.
Endergonic vs. exergonic: Energy release vs. energy needing reactions
Structures found in all cells: Common cellular components.
What happens to plant/animal cell in hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic conditions? Cell responses to differing external solutions.
Organelle functions: Specific functions of each cellular component.
Why are cells small? Factors impacting cell size.
Membrane structure: Composition of cell membranes.
Domains of Life: Major classifications of life.

Exam 3

What is reduced vs. what is oxidized in cellular respiration & photosynthesis?: Electron transfer processes in cellular reactions.
Electron transport chain purpose: Function in respiration.
Where do events of cellular respiration occur?: Locations of respiration processes.
Oxidation vs. reduction: Definition and relationship in chemical reactions.
Autotrophic vs. heterotrophic: Differences in energy acquisition.
Where do light reactions vs. Calvin cycle occur?: Relative locations in the photosynthesis process.
Products of light reactions: Primary products from light reactions.
Wavelengths best for photosynthesis: Optimal light absorption for photosynthesis.
ATP: Energy carrying molecule.
How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related?: Relationship between the two processes.
Cristae: Inner folds of mitochondria.

Exam 4

Double helix: Structure of DNA.
How many chromosomes in normal human diploid cells?: In haploid cells?: Number of chromosomes in different cell types.
Percentages of each nucleotide when one is known: Proportions of nucleotides in a genetic sequence.
Purpose of mitosis: Purpose of cell replication.
Base pairing rules: Rules governing DNA base pairing.
Transcription & translation: Processes of genetic information transfer.
Point mutation – base substitution: Gene mutation resulting in base change.
Nonsense mutation: A mutation that leads to a premature stop codon
Mitotic spindle: Essential components of cell division.
Cancer: Uncontrolled and unregulated cell growth.
Leading vs. lagging strand: Aspects of DNA replication.
Interphase: Part of the cell cycle.
Gene: Specific segment of DNA.
DNA vs. RNA: Differences between DNA and RNA.
Binary fission: Type of prokaryotic cell division.
DNA replication purpose: Creating identical copies of DNA.
Mutation: Change in the DNA sequence.
Codon chart: Mapping DNA codons to their corresponding amino acids.
Last Unit:
- Purpose of meiosis: Purpose of cell division in sexual reproduction
- Natural selection: Differential survival and reproduction based on traits.
- Why must gametes be haploid? Necessary for successful fertilization.
- Homozygous vs. heterozygous: Genotypes describing gene pairs.
- Phenotype vs. genotype: Observable characteristics vs. genetic makeup.
- Sex-linked traits: Traits determined by genes on sex chromosomes.
- Simple dominant vs. recessive (monohybrid crosses): Inheritance patterns for single gene traits.
- Alleles: Alternative forms of a gene
- Determining gamete combinations: Finding possible combinations of alleles from parental cells.
- Blood type crosses: Inheritance of blood types (multiple alleles)
- Predicting probability of offspring outcomes: Calculating probability of offspring traits based on parental genotypes.
- Evolution: Changes in allele frequencies in a population over time
- Natural selection acts on individuals, but evolution occurs in populations: Natural selection affects individuals; evolution changes population frequency.
Absorption spectrum for chlorophyll: Absorption of light by chlorophyll.
Conditions for stomatal closing/opening: Factors affecting stomata function.
Color absorbed/reflected: Absorption/reflection of light for color perception.
Where does the O2 released by plants come from?: Location of oxygen production.
What is the terminal electron acceptor in cellular respiration?: Final electron acceptor in respiration.