Tipos de Mapas, Longitud, Altitud, Escalas y Coordenadas Geográficas PDF

# Tipos de mapas - **Mapa topográfico**: Se le considera el mapa base. From this, other maps are made. It represents the relief with detail on a large scale. It uses contour lines. It includes information such as hydrography, vegetation, communication routes, and population. - **Mapa meteorológico*...

# Tipos de mapas - **Mapa topográfico**: Se le considera el mapa base. From this, other maps are made. It represents the relief with detail on a large scale. It uses contour lines. It includes information such as hydrography, vegetation, communication routes, and population. - **Mapa meteorológico**: Shows the current weather in a place and time. - **Mapa político**: Shows how a territory or country is subdivided with its borders. This can be for a state, municipality, capital, important cities, mountains, or main rivers. - **Mapa urbano**: Registers the distribution of what is in a city such as infrastructure, avenues, streets, services, hospitals, schools, banks, etc. - **Mapa turístico**: Helps travelers to locate areas of major interest. It includes communication routes, access points, beaches, etc. # Longitud - Distance measured in degrees from the Greenwich meridian (0°). It goes from 0° to 180° east or west. # Altitud - Height measured from sea level. It is typically measured in meters. # Circulos Polares - **Artic**: Imaginary circle located in the northern hemisphere. It has a value of 66° 33° latitude. - **Antartic**: Imaginary circle located in the southern hemisphere. It has a value of 66° 33° latitude. # Las Escalas - **Objective:** Use different map scales to measure the dimensions of the geographical space representation. ## La Escala - This is the mathematical relationship that dictates the proportion between the real dimensions of space and those that are represented on the map. It is the number of times the ground has been reduced in order to represent it on paper. - **Escala gráfica:** This is a segmented graph that helps measure what is represented. - **Escala númerica:** This a fraction that helps measure what is represented. ## Exercise - What is the real distance from Florida to Oregon if the distance on the map is 22 cm and 1.5 cm corresponds to 500 km? - Answer: 7333.33 km - What is the real distance from Nevada to Washington if the distance on the map is 18.3 with 1.2 of a segment corresponding to 500 km? - Answer: 7625 km - What is the real distance from Virginia to New Mexico if the distance on the map is 10.3 with 1.5 of a segment corresponding to 500 km? - Answer: 3433.33 km # Coordenadas geográficas - **Objective**: Identify geographical coordinates with the goal of locating points and areas on a map. This is achieved through cardinal directions (north, south, east, west) and geographical coordinates. - The geographical coordinates form a network of parallels and meridians. This is used to locate a point on the Earth’s surface. They are: latitude, longitude, and altitude. - **Latitude:** Distance measured in degrees from the equator. It goes from 0° to 90° north and south. # Representaciones del espacio geográfico - **Croquis:** - A simple sketch that uses a large scale to display large features. It is not precise, and scales, measurements, or distances are not accurate. - **Plano:** Represents a local space with accurate dimensions. The scale matches real dimensions and does not exceed 111 kilometers. It includes scale, symbols, and orientation. - **Globe:** A three-dimensional representation of the Earth. It displays the Earth’s shape and coordinates, showing the distribution of continents and oceans. - **Map:** A flat representation of the Earth’s surface using coordinates. - **Satellite Image:** A visual representation captured by sensors aboard artificial satellites. - **Geographic Information System (GIS):** A computer system that stores, analyzes, and relates information to identify patterns and create maps. - **Atlas:** A collection of maps of different themes. # El mapa y sus elementos - **Objective**: Identify the characteristics of the elements that make up a map. This helps to accurately depict the geographical space. ## The map has 5 elements: 1. **Title:** Indicates the topic, place, and time period represented on the map. 2. **Orientation:** Shows the direction of the winds, indicating the cardinal points. If that is not shown, a north arrow is at the top of the map. 3. **Coordinates:** This system of imaginary lines on the Earth's surface helps locate points. It uses Latitude (North and South) and Longitude (East and West). 4. **Scale:** The mathematical relationship that indicates the proportion between the real dimensions of space and those represented on a map. This is the number of times the ground has been reduced to fit on the paper. 5. **Symbology:** This is the language used on the map to represent information. Symbols include lines, points, colors, areas, or icons that are explained to understand the information and its meaning. It is based on the scale and theme of the map. # Husos horarios - The time zones were created during the Industrial Revolution. - The increase in production, locomotives, and trade made it necessary to standardize time. - The Greenwich meridian is the starting point for this system. - Every 15 degrees represents a change in time zone. - This results in a total of 24 time zones. # Points, lines, and circles on the planet - **North Pole:** Imaginary point at 90° North on the Earth’s axis. - **South Pole:** Imaginary point at 90° South on the Earth’s axis. - **Meridian of Greenwich:** This imaginary semicircle has a value of 0°. It goes from pole to pole and divides the Earth (west and east). - **Equator:** This imaginary circle is horizontal. Its value is 0° latitude. It divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres - **Earth axis:** This imaginary line goes through the center of the Earth, - **Tropic of Cancer:** Imaginary circle in the Northern hemisphere with a value of 23° 27° latitude. - **Tropic of Capricorn:** Imaginary circle in the Southern hemisphere with a value of 23° 27° latitude. - **Antimeridian:** Semi-circle that divides the map in half, value at 180°. It goes from pole to pole and divides the day from night. # Tipos de Mapas - **Economic Map:** Displays regions or economic activities (agriculture, livestock, mining, industry, routes or commercial sites). - **Social Map:** Shows aspects of social development such as population, education, life expectancy, income per capita and immigration. - **Demographic Map:** Shows information related to the inhabitants of a specific space. Information includes a total number of inhabitants, age, gender, etc. - **Cultural Map:** Shows cultural information that shapes a country's identity, such as languages spoken, religions practiced, etc.