Geography Exam Study Notes PDF

lOMoARcPSD|51536830 Geography exam study notes Canadian Geography (Cardinal Carter Catholic Secondary School) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Haniyah A...

lOMoARcPSD|51536830 Geography exam study notes Canadian Geography (Cardinal Carter Catholic Secondary School) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Haniyah Anver ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51536830 Unit 1: Introduction to Geographic Skills Career opportunities: -Geologist -Ecologist -Urban planner -Vulcanologist -Oceanographer -Demographer -Glaciologist -Cartographer -Meterologist Characteristics of a map: - Borders: 2 borders one around the map and one around the legend - Direction/compass: direction is represented in two ways; compass rose and latitude and longitude - Legend: provides the information needed in order to understand what the symbols and colours represent - Title: identifies the topic of the map, describes the area shown on the map - Source: author and date of publication/creation tells who made the map and when it was made - Scale: compares the distance between points on a map, it allows readers to measure the distance and calculate the area, 3 types of scales; verbal scale, linear scale, ratio Map Types: Physical Map: shows the landforms, vegetation or climate regions Historical Map: indicates the early settlement patterns of a country Political Map: regions, cities, towns and boundaries are found on these map types Aerial: photos that are taken by a plane or a helicopter Satellite Images: these maps are produced from information obtained from space Topographical: the landforms are indicated by brown lines with a specific height numbering Economic: maps that show the natural resources or the wealth of a county Population: maps that indicate the lifestyle of people Map of the World: 7 continents: North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, Antarctica, Australia Oceans: Downloaded by Haniyah Anver ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51536830 49°N Parallel - Border Between Canada & USA: Geotechnology: GPS: Is a Global Positioning System which is satellite-based, position-finding system operated by the United States government GIS: Short for Geographical Information System Is a computer system which stores, and displays data related to the Earth’s surface. Time zone: 1 time zone every 15o longitude, measure time from the Prime Meridian, Every 15o to the East = +1 hour, Every 15o to the West = - 1 hour Canada has 6 time zones: Scale determines the amount of detail a map will show. Compass rose: Large Scale Maps: show a large amount of detail and a small area. e.g. 1:50 000, 1:25 000 Small Scale Maps: show a small amount of detail over a large area. e.g. 1:250 000, 1:500 000 Longitude and Latitude: Equator is the starting point of latitude lines, latitude measures north and south, approximately 111km apart, prime meridian is starting point for longitude, measures east and west of the prime Meridian, determines time zones Absolute location: This location is specified by a series of numbers, Degrees, Minutes, Seconds: 44 25 14N Map projections: Two most used maps are Winkle Tripel projection and Mercator Projection Winkle Tripel used the most Mercator projection map of the globe on a flat surface Downloaded by Haniyah Anver ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51536830 Unit 2: Canada’s Physical Geography The Ring of Fire: The Ring of Fire is an area where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean *75% of earth’s volcanoes are located here *90% of earth’s earthquakes occur here - Majority of activity is because of the convergent boundary between the Pacific plate and North American plate, has 452 volcanoes and has 75% of the world’s active and dormant volcanoes - A volcano is an opening on the Earth’s surface where molten magma escapes to the surface - When two plates collide, one section slides on top of the other, the one beneath is pushed down Magma is squeezed up between two plates - Canada's West Coast is one of the most active places in the world Earthquakes: - Earthquakes are the rumblings, shaking or rolling of the earth's surface - Occurs when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another or break apart from each other as a result of tension caused by prolonged energy build-up - The instrument used to record and measure these vibrations is called a seismograph - Seismograms (the graph output) are used to determine the location and magnitude of earthquakes - About 8000 occur every day or one every 11 seconds - Caused by plates sliding beside each other (sliding/transform) Mountain Building: - Folding: plates are pushed together and the land at the plate’s edge begins to buckle and rise. - Faulting: land that is located between two long cracks or faults can be forced upward which forms a block mountain. - Volcanism: A weakness in the earth’s crust (fault) is present. The pressure from magma below the surface can cause a break in the crust. These openings allow the magma to reach the surface (lava) which cools and hardens. This repeated process builds a cone shaped mountain. Faults: - A strike-slip fault is formed where two parts of the earth’s crust (plates) slide past each other - A thrust fault occurs when the plate moves in an upward motion - Normal plate movement is slipping in a downward motion Seismic waves: - Are waves of energy that travel through the Earth as a result of an earthquake - P waves: Primary waves, Fastest waves, Arrive first at the epicenter - S waves: Secondary waves, Move in up-down motion - L waves: Slowest moving seismic waves, Travel on top of Earth’s surface The rock cycle: - 3 types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic - Each of these types of rocks are formed in different ways and each type of rock can be changed into each of the other types of rock - The Rock cycle is the process that makes and recycles rocks 1. Igneous rock: Igneous rock is rock formed by the hardening and crystallization of magma that originates deep within the Earth - Two types of igneous rock: intrusive and extrustive - Intrusive igneous rock: solidify below the Earth’s surface, Granite, and Diorite - Extrusive igneous rock: solidify on or above Earth’s surface, basalt, and obsidian Downloaded by Haniyah Anver ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51536830 2. Sedimentary rock: As the layers of deposits pile up, perhaps over millions of years, pressure from the weight of the sediments above turns the lower layers into solid rock - sand may turn into sandstone - silt and clay become shale - Examples are sandstone, limestone, and shale 3. Metamorphic rock: Metamorphic rocks are sedimentary or igneous rocks that have been modified or changed in form, that is, the size, shape and arrangement of the minerals in rocks, by heat or pressure - Example of sedimentary rocks turning into metamorphic rocks are limestone turning into marble and shale turning into slate Glaciation: - Glaciation Peaked 20,000 years ago, Glaciers took thousands of years to form, Glaciers advance and retreat - Glaciers move through pressure underneath the glacier and gravity on top - As long as more snow is added the ice moves outwards, - If melting happens faster than accumulation, glaciers retreat - Continental: move due to their own weight, northern ice cap - Alpine: movement is mainly due to gravity, some exist in western mountains Products of glaciers: - U shaped valley: Glaciers pass through jagged mountain valleys making them smooth and u-shaped after the ice retreats. - Striations: Rocks are carried in the bottom of a glacier act like cutting tools. The direction of these grooves shows which way the glacier traveled. - Till: This is the material picked up and carried by the glacier. - Spillway: When glaciers melt, huge amounts of water must flow away. These large volumes of water carve out wide deep valleys. - Moraines: These are ridges of till left either at the front or sides of a glacier as it retreats. - Drumlin: These are egg shaped hills that usually occur in clusters, used for farming and mined for gravel - Erratic: An erratic is a large boulder that is carried by the ice to a spot where it is dropped. - Esker: A long sinuous ridge of sand and gravel deposited by water flowing under a glacier or ice sheet. - Kettle lakes: Blocks of ice get separated they melt and form lakes called kettle lakes Canada’s landform regions: - A landform is any physical feature of the Earth’s surface having a characteristic, recognizable shape, produced by natural causes. - Canada is made up of 3 distinct landforms: the Canadian shield, lowlands, and highlands 1. Canadian Shield: The Canadian Shield is the foundation of Canada’s land mass. The Canadian Shield is the foundation of Canada’s land mass. - Now nearly flat, many cities built upon it due to mineral deposits, not good for farming 2. Lowlands: The bedrock of these regions was formed by the eroded material of the shield being deposited by the seas which covered parts of Canada. These sediments were gradually compressed over time into rock. Composed of interior plains, Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lowlands, and Hudson Bay Arctic Lowlands 3. Highlands: mountainous regions that were formed a very long time ago and have been eroded down over time, composed of Appalachian mountains, Western Cordillera, and the Innuitians Downloaded by Haniyah Anver ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51536830 Unit 3: Climate Weather vs Climate: Weather: short term (day to day) conditions of the atmosphere, i.e. precipitation and temperature Climate: long term conditions of the atmosphere, i.e. seasons, and continental/maritime climate Climate in an area will depend on the physical location as well as the surrounding features. Maritime climate: influenced by proximity to ocean/large water body small annual temperature range, high precipitation Continental climate: develops away from ocean influence large annual temperature range, low precipitation Climate change: refers to long term shifts in temperature and weather Effects of climate change: - Hotter Temperatures: the last decade has been the warmest on record - More severe storms: destructive storms have become more intense and more frequent in many regions - Increased drought: water shortages in water-stressed areas increases and puts more pressure on agriculture, species, and dangers to wildfires - Rising ocean: melting ice adds to ocean volume. Water acts as heat sink, and expands when warming, thus increasing levels Factors that affect climate: Latitude: - The closer to the equator, the warmer it is - The sun’s energy is more concentrated at the equator than at the poles - The atmosphere filters out more of the sun’s rays as you move away from the equator Ocean currents: - Currents move ocean water - They take on the temperature of the area where they start - They can affect the temperature of the air Air masses and winds: - Air masses take on the temperature of where they form - Air moves from high pressure areas to low pressure areas which causes WIND - Prevailing winds are those that are most commonly found over an area, Canada = Westerlies - There are four categories for air masses: - Arctic air masses form in the Arctic region and are very cold. - Tropical air masses form in low-latitude areas and are moderately warm. Polar air masses take shape in high-latitude regions and are cold. Equatorial air masses develop near the Equator, and are warm. - The polar-front jet stream separates cold, dry air from warm, moist air. - The position of the jet stream at any particular time has a major impact on our weather Elevation: - Elevation refers to how high above the ground you are - As air rises it expands because of the lower air pressure - As air expands it gets colder - Eventually the air gets so cold that it is saturated with water vapor - This can lead to condensation which is when water vapor becomes liquid (clouds, rain, snow or hail depending on - This process releases heat which means that the air mass will cool more slowly as it continues to rise Downloaded by Haniyah Anver ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51536830 Relief: - condensation that forms as air masses rise up a mountain can form large rain droplets - When these droplets are too heavy to stay in the air, they fall as relief precipitation - When air masses come down the leeward side of a mountain, it contracts, becomes warmer and evaporates which leads to drier climate (rain shadow) - Rain shadows and wet windward slopes are common in the Western Cordillera Near water: - Continental climate areas have large temperature ranges and low amounts of precipitation - Maritime climate areas have small temperature ranges and high levels of precipitation Precipitation: Orographic precipitation: - Warm moist air rises over mountains, as it rises the water cools and condenses - Clouds form and precipitation occurs on the windward side of the mountain - Air goes over the mountain and collects moisture from the leeward side of the mountain Convectional precipitation: - Warm ground heats air over it, air spread farther apart and rised rapidly - As air rises it cools and condenses into clouds and precipiation Cyclonic/frontal precipitation: - Warm moist air meets a cool dry air mass and the warm ari is forced up over the cool air - As it rises the warm air cool, condenses into clouds and precipitation falls Climate graphs: Average temperature: the sum of all 12 temperatures divided by 12 Temperature range: the highest temperature subtracted by the lowest temperature Total precipitation: the sum of all 12 precipitation figures Maritime climate: more than 1000mm of precipitation and temperature range 25°C Winter distribution: sum of precipitation from the months of October-March Summer distribution: sum of precipitation from months of April-September Global warming: The long-term heating of the Earth’s climate system, effects include - Destruction of our oceans: as oceans get warmer, their waters get more acidic, making it difficult for some species of marine life to survive - Glacial melt: As polar ice melts, white ice (which reflects sun’s energy) is replaced by dark water - Rising sea levels: When glaciers melt, because that water is stored above sea level, the runoff significantly increases the amount of water in the ocean, contributing to global sea level rise. Downloaded by Haniyah Anver ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51536830 Unit 4: Canada’s resources and industries Industries: Primary industry: Industries that take raw material from the natural environment, i.e. forestry Secondary industry: Processing the raw material which was extracted. This manufacturing or processing is responsible for creating a range of products needed by consumers, i.e. wood into a table Tertiary industry: Also known as the service industry. Society could not function without this economic sector, i.e. clothing stores Quaternary industry: Involves the processing of ideas rather than products These are skills which cannot be learned on the job, i.e. lawyer Basic industries: Industry which sells its products outside the community This process cycles money back into the community, i.e. wonderland Non-basic industries: Industries that sell their products within the community This does not bring money back into the community, i.e. banks Renewable resources and non-renewable resources: Natural Resource: materials or things from the natural environment that people can use to produce a good or service Non-Renewable: A nonrenewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale comparable to its consumption, i.e. fossil fuels Fossil fuels: They are the result of fossilized plant and animal matter that has been exposed to tremendous heat and pressure deep within Earth’s crust, i.e. coal, petroleum, and natural gas Renewable resource: Renewable resources are natural resources that can be replenished in a short period of time, or at a rate that exceeds the consumption rate, i.e. fish, and forests Flow resources: These are natural resources that are constantly produced by nature. Their supply is not damaged by human consumption, i.e. water and sunlight Agriculture: 1. Climate: Two variables contribute to success of farming: solar energy (heat) and moisture. - Growing degree-days (heat): a measure of heat in one day; when added together they help us determine the amount of heat available in a specific location. - Evapotranspiration (moisture): the movement of water into the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and transpiration from plants. 2. Soil: the loose top layer of the Earth’s surface where plants grow, soil must have space for water and air to flow in order to be healthy, components include: - Air, minerals, organic matter, and water 3. Biology: Many organisms are beneficial for farming, while others are harmful - Beneficial: Many organisms are beneficial for farming, while others are harmful - Harmful: disease; bacteria and viruses, pests; rodents, insects 4. Topography: Level, well-drained land is generally best for farming (i.e. fertile valleys). 5. Cost of land: If land is expensive, the farmer will produce products that earn a high profit to offset the costs of the land 6. Proximity to market: - Farmers will produce products with shorter shelf life if they are closer to their markets - Farmers will produce products with longer shelf life if they are far from markets 7. Competition: If there is a lot of a particular product, price will drop and farms won’t make money, farm will choose to grow another product where there is greater demand Intensive farming: In densely populated areas, Farms are small, goal is to produce large profits Extensive farming: In less densely populated areas, Farms are large with low yields, still allows for a profit, More machines, less workers Fishing: Fishing is Canada’s oldest primary industry, employs over 80,000 Canadians The East Coast fishery was one of the world’s greatest fishing grounds, suitable for fish because Downloaded by Haniyah Anver ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51536830 of plankton, the continental shelf, and fishing banks The Grand Banks: ocean currents stir up plankton attracting many species of fish, the temperature is ideal for fish, and their is lots of food making it an ideal fishing area In-shore fishing: small boats with limited gear, day trips only, low income, fish for lobster, shrimp, clam, cod, and haddock Off shore fishing: large company owned ships, out for 2 weeks or more, reasonable income, harvest cod, sole, halibut, redfish, flounder Solutions to fishery crises: diversifying catch, fish farming, and building different industries West Coast Fishery: most important catch is salmon (coho, chum, pink, spring, sockeye), West Coast salmon catch is usually 400 times larger than East Coast catch, collapsed due to overfishing and environmental changes Forestry: Types of forests: Acadian, Boreal, Carolinian, Coastal, Columbia, Montane, SubAlpine, Great lakes St Lawrence The largest is Boreal, 28% of Canada’s forested region, Coniferous trees make up 68% of Canada’s forests, spruce is most common 3 different categories of trees (coniferous - AKA softwood or evergreens/needle-leaved trees, deciduous - AKA hardwood or broadleaf b/c they shed leaves in fall, or both Harvesting type: Clear cutting: All or most trees are removed in a selected area. Pros: efficient method, higher profit, allows faster growth. Cons: increase water pollution, flooding, Strip cutting: Heavy machinery is used leaving sections between the strips uncut to reduce soil erosion. Pros: leaves more habitat. Cons: seed source lost Selective cutting: Manually cutting trees, usually with chainsaws, Pros: supports wildlife, ecosystem still in tact. Cons: time consuming Shelterwood cutting: Remove older trees to make room for new trees to grow in their place Pros: leaves trees for forest to grow back. Cons: tree damage Deforestation: Pros: Creates more land for homes, More resources. Cons: Less habitats, Less biodiversity Mining Metallic minerals: Minerals create a group of materials that we know as metals when they are refined. Fossil fuels: Minerals that release energy when burned. Minerals: A naturally occurring, pure, non-living substance found in rocks. Industrial Minerals: Non -metallic minerals, such as salt or asbestos, used by industry and manufacturing. - Canada exports about 80% of what it produces because we can produce more minerals than we are able to use. It also creates many jobs. The total value of Canada’s mineral production was $55.5 billion in 2021 - Metallic minerals are found in mineral deposits which contain valuable metals - Ore bodies containing these materials give off strong magnetic field We can detect the magnetic field using a magnetometer Mining methods: - The three are strip mining, open-pit mining, underground mining - Strip mining: used to mine oil sands, coal, etc. It's in horizontal layers near the surface - Open pit mining: Mines minerals found near surface that may extend deep into the ground - Underground mining Extracted mineral ores that are located deep in the earth Oil: Oil is a viscous liquid derived from petroleum, especially for use as a fuel or lubricant - Methods for oil drilling: percussion/cable drilling, Rotary drilling, and Directional drilling - Different forms of oil are crude oil, natural gas, and tar sands - Fixed platform: stationary on seabed, used in shallow water depths for long time - Moveable platform: free to move, used in very deep waters - Refining: crude oil is heated, impurities are removed, and it is blended to meet specific standards Downloaded by Haniyah Anver ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51536830 Unit 5: Sustainability and Liveable communities Urbanization: Urbanization is the process through which cities grow, and higher and higher percentages of the population come to live in the city. Rural: open countryside and settlements with fewer than 2,000 housing units and 5,000 residents Urban: densely populated areas with more than 2,000 housing units and 5,000 residents Two causes of urbanization, natural population increase, and rural-to-urban migration With an increase in population, there is an increased need for homes to house these families therefore the urban centers are growing More people are moving into urban areas as many things are more accessible than in rural areas as well as for a higher quality of life Urbanization is most prevalent in Toronto Ontario, as it is the fastest growing city in Canada Opportunities include: Employment: in more urban areas there are many more job opportunities available Modernization: urban areas usually have access to more modern services such as better healthcare facilities Issues include: Poor air quality: more people lead to more cars and more air pollution High energy consumption: with more people in an urban centre there is more need for energy to support the lifestyles of the people Increased waste: with more people in a city there is an increase in waste and without proper waste management this can grow into a large problem Phase 1: colonization - characterized by French and British control over location, function, and growth - few connections with other towns in colonial Canada, main relationship was with Paris or London Phase 2: Early 19th Century - Marked by increasing control by local commercial interests over development - Cities assumed metropolitan functions - Cities began to be organized into residential, commercial, and industrial areas Phase 3: turn of the 20th Century - Began in late 1870s with industrial expansion prompted by first PM - Economic power was concentrated in central Canadian cities - Industrial capitalism and industrial working class emerged, conflicts began between them - All aspects of urbanization became larger Phase 4: Second World War - New “corporate” urban era characterized by expanded use of automobiles and trucks - Economics shifted from manufacturing to increasingly reliant on providing services - Canada’s population grew rapidly from immigrants and many developments were made Phase 5: 1970s and 1980s - Suburbs and areas around cities expanded considerably - Proportion of employment in farming declined Phase 6: turn of the 21st Century - Percentage of Canada’s population living in urban areas stabilized around 80% - High immigration levels to Toronto and Vancouver, larger metropolitan communities continued to grow - Continue to be very densely populated cores Sustainability: Sustainability is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The 3 pillars of sustainability are environmental, social, and economic. - Sustainable development: aims to create growth and progress in order to improve quality of life Downloaded by Haniyah Anver ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51536830 without depleting resources for the future generations Social sustainability is about identifying and managing business impacts, both positive and negative on people - Issues: health, safety, diversity, human rights, and equitable labour practices. - Solutions: make social investments and promote public policies that support social sustainability as well as creating goods and services that meet basic needs Environmental sustainability is the responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global ecosystems to health and wellbeing now and in the future - Issues: environmental sustainability include climate change and unsustainable use of resource as they compromise our Earth for future generations - Solutions: reducing emissions as well as being more energy efficient as they preserve resources for future generations Economic sustainability are practices that support long-term economic growth without negatively impacting social, environmental and cultural aspects of the community - Issues: economic sustainability include inefficient usage of resources such as fast-fashion which is very harmful to the environment - Solutions: using cleaner sources of energy which can be cheaper and cleaner in the long run than fossil fuels as well as sustainable agriculture to not use up land for producing food Urban Land Use: Residential land use: The use of land to house people, i.e. apartments and houses Transportation land use: Land that is used to transport people and goods from one place to another, i.e. railways and roads Institutional land use: Land that is used for a public or non-profit purpose, i.e. schools Open space land use: Land that is not developed for residential, commercial, industrial, or institutional use, i.e. farms Industrial land use: Land used for manufacturing and other production services, i.e. manufacturing plants Commercial land use: The land used for the purpose of buying, selling, or trading goods and services, i.e. shopping malls Urban growth: - Zoning is a law that organizes how land may be used. Establishes an orderly pattern of development across neighbourhoods and the city - A by-law is a law that is created by a town and only applies to them. Examples include parking laws and noise laws as they are area specific. - Urban sprawl is the rapid expansions of the geographic extent of cities and towns. An example of urban sprawl is Toronto Ontario - Urban sprawl has many negative effects such as increased pollution and a negative impact of residents social life. - Solutions to combat this are to reduce the need for transportation to reduce gas emissions. As well as building more affordable homes closer to the center of the city Downloaded by Haniyah Anver ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51536830 Unit 6: Population Canada’s population: Demography is the study of human populations Demographic information is used by governments and businesses to: a) plan for the future by predicting potential needs of the population such as schools, healthcare, consumer goods and services b) formulate a plan to address the changing needs of the population (i.e. present pension reform) c) study the causes and effects of population change on a local, national and global level In Canada, we conduct a national census every 5 years to collect demographic data. Absolute measures: Simply gives a value that is meaningless without something ‘relative’ to compare it to, i.e. 200,000 births Relative measures: Provides a concrete measure that allows for a meaningful comparison of values, every value is compared or measured per 1000 people of the population, i.e. 20 births per 1000 people Population pyramids: 1. Children (up to age 15) 2. Working Adults (ages 16-64) 3. Older Adults (65 and over) Population Pyramids are graphs that show us a population distribution by age (0 to 100+) and sex (male or female) They are a series of horizontal bar graphs for the male population placed beside a similar series of bar graphs for the female population Population pyramids make it easy to see the percentage of younger people (0-14) and elderly people (65+) within the dependency load. Downloaded by Haniyah Anver ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51536830 The dependency ratio is a measure of the number of dependents aged 0 to 14 and over the age of 65, compared with the total population of working class people aged 15 to 64. Expanding-triangular shape: - Large at the base means a high proportion of children, a rapid rate of population growth, and a low proportion of older people - This shape can also tell us there may be poverty and a lack of healthcare resources in the region (people do not have a long life expectancy) Stable-rectangular shape: - A narrow base and relatively consistent (the same amount) in each age group, tapering off only in the elderly population - This shape indicates wealth, great health care and education levels, and a high quality of life Declining-inverted triangle shape: - More narrow at the base, tells us a low number of children, meaning negative population growth, and a high number of older people - This shape indicates wealth, great health care and education levels, and a high quality of life. People seem to live longer Immigrants: Push factors are reasons why people may want to leave their country, examples include, religious persecution, terrorism, and natural disasters Pull factors are reasons why people would want to move to a country, examples include, job opportunities, and lower taxes Intervening obstacles discourage or even stop people from immigrating such as immigration requirements Canada accepts 3 types of immigrants: economic immigrants, family immigrants, and refugees Economic immigrants: - Include skilled workers and business immigrants, if one person qualifies immediate family qualifies - To be accepted as a skilled worker, a person must receive 67 points in a complicated system to decide who will have success in Canada - Business class immigrants must show an ability to make a significant financial contribution such as establishing or buying a business Family immigrants: - The purpose is to allow Canadian residents (citizens and landed immigrants) to reunite their families - Eligible relations include spouses, dependent children, parents, and grandparents - Every family immigrant must be sponsored by a relative in Canada - The sponsor agrees to provide the immigrant’s housign and other needs for 3-10 years Refugees: - A refugee is someone who fears cruel or inhumane treatment in his or her home country - People can apply to become refugees while in Canada as visitors, or while living in their home country - Typically the number of refugees coming to Canada ranges from 24,000 to 33,000 Downloaded by Haniyah Anver ([email protected])