12 Adv English EOT Revision Booklet PDF

English Department Ajman End of Term 1 Exam Revision Booklet Grade: 12 Course Code: ENG 71 Materials included in the EOT exam. Vocabulary...

English Department Ajman End of Term 1 Exam Revision Booklet Grade: 12 Course Code: ENG 71 Materials included in the EOT exam. Vocabulary Genius: Nature or Nurture? Grammar: Past Perfect Unit 1 R/W Writing: Opinion Essay Unit 1 L/S Exploring Genius Vocabulary Grammar: Passive Voice Unit 2 R/W Facing Life’s Obstacles Vocabulary Grammar: Gerunds and Infinitives Writing: Opinion Essay Unit 2 L/S Pushing the Boundaries Vocabulary Grammar: Gerunds and Infinitives. Unit 3 R/W Making Medical Decisions Vocabulary Grammar – Past unreal conditionals  Assessment Objectives Unit 1 – Genius - Nature or Nurture. (R/W) Vocabulary: Begin by assessing your vocabulary knowledge. Use the link provided below to complete the test. Click Here I. Fill in the blanks using the correct words from the box. Like Daniel Tammet and other savants, Gilles Tréhin's incredible mental ability began emerging when he was very young. At age five, he began creating a three-dimensional city named Urville. His persistence in creating the city continued throughout his adolescence. Tréhin continued to work diligently on his city and was able to transform his original three-dimensional city into over 250 drawings. He further demonstrated his expertise in urban planning and architecture by creating a full history for his fictitious city. Scientists say savants like Tréhin use their strong mental abilities to better assimilate into their worlds. II. III. Choose the best definition for each word in boldface. 1. Joshua can't do everything the other children can. He has been disabled since birth. a. has the ability to use all parts of his or her body b. doesn't have the ability to use all parts of his or her body c. has a need for structure or organization 2. She is really anxious about the test on Friday. Sometimes she is so anxious, she can't even sleep. a. nervous or eager b. excited or happy c. unable to perform certain activities 3. There are numerous benefits to working at the university. You can take classes, use the library and fitness center. a. Disadvantages b. extra things c. advantages 4. Savants generally excel in one area. Their abilities in that area surpass most others. a. people with extraordinary mental skills b. people who serve other people c. people who have mastered something 5. In a typical American college classroom, there is a lot of interaction between students and professors. a. communication or collaboration b. work or homework c. a game 6. Bill was so shy. However, he has transformed himself into a very dynamic speaker. a. to speak clearly b. to invent or reinvent c. to change in appearance or character 7. There have been many emerging trends in the twenty-first century. The use of social media has probably been the greatest. a. new, novel b. starting to appear c. beginning to change 8. To compensate for her disability, Jami wears a hearing aid. a. to do something to alter a negative or bad effect b. to give money c. to learn to do something differently Unit 1 – Reading Nature and Nurture in Shaping Human Behavior A The debate surrounding nature and nurture in human development has persisted for decades. At the heart of this discussion is the question of what primarily shapes an individual's behavior, personality, and intelligence – is it their genetics (nature), or their environment and experiences (nurture)? Although both elements play a role, scientists and psychologists have long debated their respective influences, particularly as studies reveal how genetic predispositions can interact with environmental factors. This field of research offers insights into whether inherited traits or life experiences predominantly determine who we are. B In recent years, advances in genetics have provided more clarity regarding the nature side of the equation. Studies on twins, especially identical twins raised apart, have shown remarkable similarities in personality, interests, and behavior, suggesting a strong genetic component. For example, a twin study in Minnesota found that identical twins, even those raised in different environments, often exhibited strikingly similar habits and preferences. These findings imply that genetics may set certain predispositions that shape who we are, regardless of our upbringing. C However, the nurture aspect cannot be overlooked. Experiences, particularly during childhood, have a profound effect on behavior and development. Children who grow up in supportive, nurturing environments are often better equipped to manage stress and develop healthy relationships than those raised in neglectful or abusive settings. Psychologists argue that while genetics might provide a foundation, environmental influences are critical in shaping the expression of these genetic traits. The renowned psychologist John B. Watson famously claimed that he could train any child, regardless of their background, to become anything – an assertion that underscores the importance of nurture. D Today, scientists recognize that nature and nurture are not mutually exclusive but are intertwined in a complex interplay. Epigenetics, a field that studies how genes are turned on or off by environmental factors, has shown that life experiences can impact gene expression. For instance, children raised in high-stress environments may exhibit changes in the genes related to stress response, potentially influencing their susceptibility to anxiety or depression later in life. This discovery has shifted the perspective from a binary debate to a more nuanced understanding of human development. E Despite advances in understanding, the question of whether nature or nurture has the greater influence remains unresolved. Some argue that genetic factors establish the potential for certain behaviors or traits, while nurture determines the extent to which these are realized. For instance, an individual may have a genetic inclination towards musical ability, but only with a nurturing environment that encourages musical development will this talent fully emerge. Consequently, it is the combination of genetic predispositions and supportive environments that ultimately shapes who we become. I. Read the passage and choose the best answer (A-D). 1. What question does the nature versus nurture debate address? A. Which environmental factors impact human behavior the most? B. How identical twins develop similar traits. C. Whether genetics or environment shapes a person more. D. The role of epigenetics in human development. 2. What is the significance of twin studies in the nature versus nurture debate? A. They reveal the primary role of upbringing in personality development. B. They suggest that genetics may influence behavior despite different environments. C. They emphasize the unpredictability of inherited traits. D. They show how environment overrides genetic predispositions. 3. According to the passage, how does the field of epigenetics influence the nature-nurture discussion? A. It argues for the dominance of genetic factors.  B. It reveals that environment can modify gene expression. C. It disputes the role of nurturing in development. D. It supports the idea that nature and nurture are mutually exclusive. 4. Which statement best captures the perspective in the passage? A. Nature alone determines human behavior. B. Nurture is more important than genetic factors. C. Both genetic and environmental factors shape human development. D. Human behavior is entirely unpredictable. 5. Why might musical talent require a nurturing environment to be fully developed? A. Genetic predispositions are always suppressed by the environment. B. Talent only appears in supportive environments. C. Nurture is necessary to enhance natural abilities. D. Nature has no role in talent development. II. Based on the reading passage, are the following statements True, False or Not given? TRUE (T) - if the statement agrees with the information in the reading passage. FALSE (F) - if the statement contradicts the information in the reading passage. NOT GIVEN (NG) – if information is not given in the reading passage 6. Twin studies have shown that identical twins raised apart often have very different interests and habits. F 7. Children raised in supportive environments generally develop better stress management skills. T 8. John B. Watson believed that genetics play the most significant role in determining a child's future. F 9. Epigenetics is a field that studies how environmental factors can activate or deactivate genes. T 10. According to the passage, genetic predispositions alone are enough to ensure musical talent will fully develop. F 11. The passage states that genetics has no influence on an individual’s intelligence. NG Based on the reading passage, pick the best option (A-D) for the questions below. 12. The word “predisposition” in paragraph B means: A. strong preference  B. a prior inclination or tendency C. learned behavior D. sudden change in behavior 13. The word “intertwined” in paragraph D means: A. Disconnected B. Created simultaneously C. Restricted D. Closely linked together 14. The word “nurturing” in paragraph C means: A. Supportive and caring environment B. Strict discipline C. Challenging atmosphere D. Independent growth 15. The word “emerge” in paragraph E means: A. Disappear B. Come into existence or develop C. Hide D. Reduce  Unit 1 - Grammar Past Perfect Formula of past perfect Past perfect is used for the earlier of two past actions. The past perfect shows the earlier action and the past simple shows the later action. Eg: When the police arrived (second action), the thief had escaped (first action). It doesn't matter in which order we say the two events. With the first action, we always use the past perfect (had + Past Partciple) and simple past with the second action. I. Choose the correct answer from the options A-D. Which sentence uses the past perfect tense correctly? A. By the time we arrived, the meeting had already started. B. By the time we arrive, the meeting had already started. C. By the time we arrived, the meeting has already started. D. By the time we had arrived, the meeting started. When I got to the cinema, the movie __________. A. has started B. had started C. starts D. is starting She __________ her homework before she went out to play. A. had finished B. finishes C. have finished D. has finished  They __________ by the time we arrived at the airport. A. has left B. are leaving C. had left D. had been left By the time he called, we __________ dinner. A. finish B. had finished C. will finish D. finishing She __________ (visit) the museum before moving to another city. A. visit B. had visited C. visits D. visiting I __________ (already/read) that book by the time it was assigned in school. A. read B. has read C. had already read D. reading After they __________ (leave), we found her wallet on the table. A. had left B. have left C. leaving D. leave 9. She didn’t pass the test because she __________ (not study) enough. A. not studying B. had not studied C. does not study D. have not studied 10. Before they moved to the new city, they __________ (sell) their house. A. sell B. has sold C. selling D. had sold Unit 1 – Exploring Genius (L/S) Vocabulary Begin by assessing your vocabulary knowledge. Use the link provided below to complete the test. Click Here I. Fill in the blanks with the correct words given in brackets. Not all words will be used. (potential, fascinated, objective, at the speed of light, inconclusive, involuntary, renowned, before our very eyes, unfamiliar) Dr. Gibson is a(n) (1) renowned child development expert. A parent recently sought his advice about their young child, who is an excellent chess player. The child beat the parent the first time they played, even though he was (2) unfamiliar with the game. The parent observed their child’s behavior from an (3) objective point of view. The child makes rapid decisions (4) at the speed of light, as if he doesn’t consciously think, but just acts. He seems to transform into a different person (5) before our very eyes. The parent wonders if the child has the (6) potential to become a famous chess player. II. Choose the correct answer from the options given. 1. She was __________ by the complexity of the problem and wanted to learn more about it. A. unfamiliar B. fascinated C. exceptional 2. His behavior was almost __________; he acted without even thinking. A. instinctive B. confident C. exceptional 3.The test results were __________, so the doctor recommended further analysis. A. innate B. conclusive C. inconclusive 4. He was __________ to solve puzzles, showing an interest in them from a young age. A. unfamiliar B. predisposed C. instinctive 5. Talent is often __________, passed down through generations. A. revised B. inherited C. instinctive 6. She displayed __________ skill in mathematics, performing better than anyone else in her class. A. confidence B. involuntary C. exceptional 7. The coach believes he has the __________ to become a star athlete with the right training. A. potential B. innate C. unfamiliar 8. His decision came __________; no one expected him to quit so suddenly. A. instinctive B. out of the blue C. unfamiliar 9. Before making a judgment, it’s essential to __________ all possible factors. A. revise B. take into account C. inherit 10. Her knowledge was __________ with the topic, so she needed time to study it. A. unfamiliar B. innate C. confident Unit 1 (L/S) – Grammar – Passive Voice Using the Active Voice and the Passive Voice – Points to Remember There are a few points that you have to bear in mind when using the active voice and the passive voice. A pro tip for you to master the active voice and the passive voice is to know the structure and formula by which they work. Active Voice – Subject + Verb + Object Passive Voice – Object + Verb + Subject Let’s Practice… I. Choose the correct form of passive voice from the options given. 1. Often, prodigies ________ by reporters because the public wants to know about them. A. is interviewing B. are interviewed C. have been interviewed 2. In this class you ________ how nature and nurture each play roles in the life of a prodigy. A. are taught B. were taught C. will be taught 3. Do you remember any students in high school who ________ for a special talent? A. were known B. are known C. will be known 4. My brother ________ by all of the attention he is receiving. A. is surprised B. has been surprised C. was surprised 5. You ________ when you see how quickly he can read this book! A. are amazed B. will be amazed C. have been amazed Unit 2. Facing Life’s Obstacles (R/W) Vocabulary To study the vocabulary words in detail Click Here 1. Despite facing __________, she never gave up on her dreams of a better life. A. exalted B. poverty C. indelible 2. The worker’s daily tasks were __________, requiring physical strength and perseverance. A. laborious B. accountable C. exalted 3. She felt __________ by her difficult past, but she was determined to move forward and succeed. A. indelible B. tormented C. exalted 4. Growing up in a __________ environment, he learned to make the most of the little he had. A. meager  B. accountable C. unconventional 5. Despite feeling __________ by her failures, she found the courage to keep trying. A. abandoned B. humiliated C. exalted 6. He __________ his life’s purpose, wondering how he could make a difference despite his struggles. A. pondered B. abandoned C. exalted 7. After years of hardship, she finally achieved her __________ dreams, feeling on top of the world. A. accountable B. exalted C. tormented 8. The __________ impression her mentor left on her inspired her to work harder every day. A. indelible B. accountable C. laborious 9. Growing up in __________, he always __________ a life of comfort and stability. A. misery / yearned for B. indelible / humiliated C. exalted / pondered 10. Her approach to overcoming her challenges was __________, yet it ultimately led her to success. A. accountable B. unconventional  C. meager 11. He took full responsibility for his actions and was __________ for every decision he made. A. accountable B. exalted C. tormented 12. Due to the harsh conditions, many workers __________ their jobs, searching for something better. A. pondered B. exalted C. abandoned Unit 2 - Reading Read the text. Choose the correct answers. 1 Helen Keller, a famous writer and activist for the visually and hearing impaired, overcame incredible obstacles in her life. She was born in 1880 in Alabama to a loving and supportive family. When she was very young, she suffered a high fever that caused her to go blind and deaf. Helen was intelligent, and her family knew she could be helped if she had the right teacher. They spent time traveling around the United States, and they found Annie Sullivan. Ms. Sullivan became Helen's teacher and friend for almost 50 years. 2 Helen worked hard with Sullivan. She learned to read and write. She attended college, fought for women's rights, and co-founded the American Civil Liberties Union. She received countless awards, and people all over the world admired her greatly. However, not all her experiences were positive. Like other people with challenging lives, she had moments of feeling hopelessness. But her strength and self-reliance always won out. 3 With the support and guidance of her teacher and family, she never gave up. Helen Keller died in 1968 after suffering a series of strokes. She is a shining example of what people can do when they yearn for a better life. Her struggles and triumphs still serve as an inspiration to others today, proving that one person can truly make a difference. 1. Like other people with challenges, she had moments of hopelessness. Which sentence means the same? A. She always felt things would get better for her, and they did. B. She disagreed with people who thought their lives were challenging. C. She felt very happy most of the time. D. She, and other people like her, sometimes felt that things would never get better. 2. With the support and guidance of her teacher and family, she never gave up.Which sentence means the same? A. People helped her, and she kept working hard. B. She got help from others, so she could stop working hard. C. She gave many things to her teacher and family. D. She needed help, but she never took it. 3. What is the best title for the text? A. Hopelessness and Defeat B. Overcoming Blindness C. Overcoming Obstacles D. Helen Keller and Annie Sullivan 4. What was the cause of Helen's blindness? A. Deafness B. high fever C. struggle D. Nobody knows what caused Helen's blindness. 5. Her struggles and triumphs still serve as an inspiration to others today, proving that one person can truly make a difference.What does make a difference mean? A. to be very different from other people B. to wish you had a different life C. to cause a change that improves a situation D. to be upset that things didn't go differently in your life 6. Helen's life was not easy; in fact it was quite punishing. What does punishing mean? A. very difficult B. very easy C. never happy D. always misbehaving Reading 2 How Much Higher? How Much Faster? Since the early 20th century, with the establishment of records by the International Athletic Federation, there has been a consistent improvement in athletic performance. Athletes today run faster, jump higher, and throw objects farther than their predecessors. In power-based sports, such as the 100-meter sprint and long jump, times and distances have improved by 10 to 20 percent. In endurance sports, the advancements are even more pronounced. For example, at the 1908 Olympics, the U.S. marathon team completed the race in 2:55:18. By 1999, Khalid Khannouchi from Morocco set a new record of 2:05:42—nearly 30 percent faster. No single theory fully explains the improvement in athletic performance, but genetics has been a significant factor. "Athletes must choose their parents wisely," says Jesus Dapena, a sports scientist at Indiana University, referencing a well-known saying. Over the past century, the human gene pool has not changed drastically. However, with a growing global interest in athletics and increased rewards, it's likely that individuals with ideal genes for athletic performance are identified earlier. Dapena wonders if a talent like sprinter Michael Johnson could have existed in the 1920s but remained undiscovered due to limited opportunities. Identifying genetically gifted individuals is only the starting point. According to Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University, Fullerton, genetics determines approximately one-third of an athlete's potential. However, with the right training, athletes can exceed this natural capacity. Yessis argues that, despite their remarkable achievements, many U.S. runners rely heavily on their genetic advantages. By incorporating scientific training techniques, they can become even faster. These methods include strength training that mimics running movements and plyometrics, a technique originally developed in the Soviet Union. I. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage. Write True, False or Not Given. Modern official athletic records date from about 1900. T There was little improvement in athletic performance before the twentieth century. NG Performance has improved most greatly in events requiring an intensive burst of energy. F Improvements in athletic performance can be fully explained by genetics. F The parents of top athletes have often been successful athletes themselves. NG The growing international importance of athletics means that gifted athletes can be recognised at a younger age. T Unit 2 - Grammar – Gerunds or Infinitives What is a gerund? 1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence. Examples: Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence Her favorite hobby is reading. complement of sentence I enjoy reading. object of sentence Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not." Examples:  He enjoys not working. The best thing for your health is not smoking. What is an infinitive? 2. An infinitive is the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence. Examples: To learn is important. subject of sentence The most important thing is to learn. complement of sentence He wants to learn. object of sentence Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not." Examples: I decided not to go. The most important thing is not to give up. Let’s practice… I. Complete each sentence. Use the correct gerund or infinitive form of the verb in parentheses. 1. I have always enjoyed competing (compete), even as a child. 2. Working (Work) has always been a part of life for me, so I do not mind it. 3. They learned to play (play) from a champion tennis player. 4. Are you able to prepare (prepare) a presentation for tomorrow's meeting? 5. I am thinking of going (go) to the gym for a workout. 6. She never had the freedom to say (say) what she wanted before now. II. Choose the correct options from A-D. 1. They are likely _______________ up at any time. (show) A. to show B. showing C. showed 2. The man denied _______________ the crime. (commit) A. to commit B. committing C. commit 3. Their memories of _______________ in Africa will stay with them forever. (travel) A. traveling B. to travel C. travel 4. He has always been afraid of _______________. (fly) A. flying B. to fly C. flies 5. _______________ is good for your health. (swim) A. Swimming B. Swim C. To swim 6. Would you mind _______________ me the sugar. (pass) A. passing B. pass C. to pass 7. She promised _______________ the report as soon as possible. (read) A. to read B. reading C. read 8. I had a hard time _______________ the situation to my husband. (explain) A. explaining B. explain C. to explain 9. She had some problems _______________ without glasses. (read) A. to read B. reading C. reads 10. Paul gave up _______________ five years ago. (smoke) A. smoking B. to smoke C. smokes Unit 2. Pushing the Boumdaries (L/S) Vocabulary To study the vocabulary words in detail Click Here I. Match each word or phrase on the left with its synonym or definition on the right. II. Read a news report about a public event. Choose the right words from the box. Welcome to today's race, which is destined to raise public awareness about a new center opening in our town: the Caring Center, which offers a wide range of facilities to the blind. Today, athletes will complete a run around the town, and they'll be running pairs. Able-bodied runners will accompany blind runners, guiding them with ropes. This inspiring activity was designed by Eddie, a blind athlete. Eddie lost his sight in an accident at the age of 20. At first, he found exercise difficult, but with practice and dedication, he was able to rebound. He managed to transition from long-distance running to shorter races, and now he finds it easy to compete with the help of a guide. III. Click on the word that is not a synonym for the word in bold. 1. average regular / exceptional / standard 2. awareness consciousness / understanding / recognition 3. persevere persist / continue / desist 4. misconception accident / error / mistake 5. inspiring moving / emotional / encouraging 6. diagnosis analysis / judgment / report 7. devastated vast / shocked / upset 8. stereotypical ideal / general / conventional Unit 2 - Grammar – Gerunds or infinitives I. Complete the paragraph by typing the gerund or infinitive form of the verb in parentheses. During the interview, Professor Kim wanted to get to know (get to know) more about John. John hoped to impress (impress) Professor Kim. He thought that talking (talk) about his  dream for the future would show Professor Kim that he would be a serious student. Professor Kim was interested in hearing (hear) more about the obstacles John had had to overcome. John tried to explain (explain) that, for him, finishing (finish) high school was the first obstacle to overcome before he could accomplish his dream. Unit 3. Making Medical Decisions (R/W) Vocabulary To know the vocab in detail, Click Here I. Match the words with their definitions. II. Choose the correct answers from the words given in the box. Physicians often warn patients of the unknown risk factors that may be associated with alternative therapies. They are not sure how certain natural remedies interact with traditional medicines. There have been cases where an alternative natural remedy was linked to a dangerous side effect. Researchers have studied natural remedies to a certain degree, but not to the extent traditional medicines have been studied. The impact of the such studies could have a great effect on health food stores and alternative drug stores. Buddy, a young boy, was recently diagnosed with a serious and often fatal disease. His parents consulted numerous experts in the area. They all interpreted the results the same way – there was nothing that could be done. Buddy's parents would not accept this. They tried to elicit more information from physicians and alternative doctors. They learned many things about Buddy's disease. They decided to change their environment.They moved away from the city and into a very rural area. They ate only organically grown foods. Slowly, Buddy started to improve. Physicians were not only surprised, but wanted to further investigate the aspects of Buddy's life that had changed. Today, Buddy is a healthy, disease-free teenager! III.Match the words with their definitions Potential – Possibility Revolutionize – To change the way people think or do something Advocate – Someone who strongly supports something and is vocal about it Skeptical – Unsure Conventional – Traditional; customary Consensus – Agreement Reliable – Dependable Consult – To seek out advice from a professional IV.Choose the vocabulary word that best completes each sentence. 1. Doctors look at all ________ of an illness in order to determine a treatment for it. aspects interaction 2. Researchers need to better understand the ________ for error in personalized medicine. environment potential 3. New technology has helped to ________ medical procedures in the past decade. interpret revolutionize 4. Genome mapping has had a huge ________ on the practice of personalized medicine. impact risk factor 5. Patients should ________ multiple doctors before making a decision about treatment. consult elicit 6. Doctors need to think about potential ________ between different types of medicine. interactions  consensus 7. The ________ where you live can have a major effect on your health. aspect environment 8. ________ remedies such as sleep and exercise are often effective ways to stay healthy. conventional environment Unit 3 - Reading Read the text. Choose the correct answers. Last year, my sister bought me a DNA testing kit. When I opened the box I was very excited but also a little skeptical. Could a simple saliva sample really provide me with detailed information about my genealogy? My sister assured me that it could. She had done a lot of research about the practice and was thoroughly convinced by its potential benefits. In recent years, genetic testing has become more common as a way to diagnose diseases. However, the very same science that allows doctors to understand medical ailments has the potential to tell us something even more personal—the history of our families and where we came from. My sister had chosen a service called AncestryDNA™, which began offering DNA tests in 2012. By 2018, the company had sold more than 14 million kits. At first, I wasn't sure if I wanted to go ahead with the test, but in the end, I agreed. As my sister explained, our results would help us to learn about our heritage and the ways in which we were similar and different. Not only that, but we might even discover long-lost relatives through the company's vast database. It took six weeks for our results to come back. In the end, the test was a really good experience. I discovered that I have ancestry from more than 10 different countries, as does my sister. This came as quite a surprise. We haven't identified any new relatives yet, but as DNA testing is becoming more and more popular, there's no knowing what the future might hold. Since last year, I've begun recommending DNA testing to my friends and other family members. 1. When I opened the box I was very excited but also a little skeptical. Which word is a synonym for skeptical? Doubtful Certain Convinced smart 2. My sister … was thoroughly convinced by its potential benefits. What does potential mean? very likely  possible not possible definite 3. What is the best title for the text? The Future of Genealogy Research Pros and Cons of DNA Testing An Amazing Gift An Unexpected Discovery 4. The most surprising aspect of the narrator's experience was ________. finding out new information about her parents discovering a connection to 10 different countries learning which characteristics she shared with her sister how fast her results were processed once she sent off the kit 5. In light of her experience, how does the writer feel about DNA testing? Enthusiastic Neutral Unsure worried 6. When did AncestryDNA begin offering this service? 2002 2008 2012 2018 Reading 2 1 The human body consists of thousands of genes. When linked together, these genes make us the individuals we are. As medical technology advances, researchers have begun to switch from conventional studies to explore the idea of personalized medicine. This alternative medical approach involves aspects such as studying the genome, or complete gene make-up of an individual. The purpose is to find the likelihood of disease based on genetic risk factor and to interpret how cells react to disease. Then, doctors can prescribe the best drugs to treat individuals. 2 The idea of personalized medicine has its roots in the mid-1800s, when inherited traits were first discovered. As time went on, more discoveries were made. In the early 1900s, researchers began to connect genes with disease. People who had certain genes were recognized as more likely to get certain diseases. Early advocates may have begun to wonder, "Couldn't we use this information to prescribe more effective drugs for individuals?" 3 And so the idea of personalized medicine was born, but it still had a long way to go. To understand the impact and importance of the human genome, the United States launched the Human Genome Project in 1990. Its goal was to identify all genes that exist in the human body. By the time the project completed in 2003, about 24,000 genes were discovered. Today, researchers continue to learn more about gene interaction and explore the idea of personalized medicine. 4 Patients are beginning to consult with their doctors to develop personalized gene mapping. Their aim is to discover likeliness for disease. Doctors then use this information to predict health issues and to prevent or treat them in ways that are most likely to work. 5 Personalized medicine is only just beginning to take its place in the medical environment, and it has elicited mixed reactions. There are skeptical people with important questions, such as "How reliable are the results?" Still, the consensus is that personalized medicine has the potential to revolutionize healthcare. As research continues, the public will gain a better idea of whether this approach is truly beneficial. I. Choose the best answer. 1. What is the main idea of the article? Personalized medicine is a medical approach based on genes. Personalized medicine began in the 1800s and still exists today. Personalized medicine is confusing for many doctors and patients. Personalized medicine has the ability to completely change medicine. 2. How does personalized medicine work? It gives patients the chance to find new cures. It makes more medicines available for doctors. It helps to find the best treatments for individuals. It shows doctors how to discuss medical advances. 3. The Human Genome Project was a study that ________. created human genes identified every human gene compared genes throughout history used human genes to create medicine 4. How strong is the writer's support of personalized medicine? very weak weak neutral  very strong II. State whether the following statements are True, False or Not given. 1. Researchers have completely mapped all possible gene interactions involved in personalized medicine. F 2. The concept of personalized medicine began in the 1800s with the discovery of inherited traits. T 3. Some people question the reliability of personalized medicine results. T 4. The Human Genome Project was a collaborative effort between multiple countries. NG III. Deduce meaning from the context. Choose the word that matches the sentence. 1. The word "conventional" in paragraph 1 most nearly means: A. Standard or traditional B. Experimental or new C. Complicated or difficult 2. The word "alternative" in paragraph 1 most nearly means: A. Additional B. Different C. Scientific 3. The word "advances" in paragraph 1 most nearly means: A. Challenges B. Discoveries C. Progress 4. The word "roots" in paragraph 2 refers to: A. Original beginnings B. Plant growth C. Scientific theories 5. The word "launched" in paragraph 3 most nearly means:  A. Discontinued B. Started C. Investigated 6. The word "revolutionize" in paragraph 5 most nearly means: A. Completely change B. Slightly adjust C. Complicate Grammar – Past Unreal Conditionals. Structure of Past Unreal (Third Conditional) Here is the structure if we want to convert a sentence into third conditional: If + past perfect, would/wouldn’t have + past participle Examples: If you had told me about the meeting, I would have come. In the result or main clause, use “would have” (or other modals like “could have” or “might have”) followed by the past participle. Use of “Had” in the “If” Clause: o Always use “had” in the “if” clause. It’s essential to form the past perfect tense. o Incorrect: “If I studied harder, I would have passed the exam. I. Read each pair of statements. Choose the sentence that has the same meaning. 1. Stanton Marsh's father was a research scientist. So, Stanton became a research scientist as well. A. If Stanton had become a research scientist, his father would have been one as well. B. If Stanton hadn't become a research scientist, his father wouldn't have been one as well. C. If his father hadn't been a research scientist, Stanton wouldn't have become one as well. D. If his father had been a research scientist, Stanton would have become one as well. 2. Stanton attended a science training center. As a result, he became a science practitioner. A. Stanton would have become a practitioner if he had attended a science training center. B. Stanton wouldn't have become a practitioner if he hadn't attended a science training center. C. Stanton wouldn't have attended a science training center if he hadn't become a practitioner. D. Stanton would have attended a science training center if he had become a practitioner. 3. Stanton wasn't feeling well. So, he didn't attend the conference on healing in Florida.  A. If Stanton had been feeling well, he would have attended the conference on healing in Florida. B. If Stanton hadn't been feeling well, he wouldn't have attended the conference on healing in Florida. C. If Stanton had attended the conference on healing in Florida, he would have been feeling well. D. If Stanton hadn't attended the conference on healing in Florida, he wouldn't have been feeling well. 4. Stanton missed the conference. As a result, he didn't hear the presenter's speech. A. Stanton wouldn't have missed the conference if he had heard the presenter's speech. B. Stanton would have missed the conference if he hadn't heard the presenter's speech. C. Stanton wouldn't have heard the presenter's speech if he had missed the conference. D. Stanton would have heard the presenter's speech if he hadn't missed the conference. 5. Stanton didn't take any medicine for his illness. The reason is Stanton thought alternative therapies were more effective. A. If Stanton hadn't thought alternative therapies were more effective, he would have taken medicine for his illness. B. If Stanton had thought alternative therapies were more effective, he wouldn't have taken medicine for his illness. C. If Stanton hadn't taken medicine for his illness, he would have thought alternative therapies were more effective. D. If Stanton had taken medicine for his illness, he wouldn't have though alternative therapies were more effective. 6. Stanton developed a serious throat infection. The reason is Stanton never received medical treatment. A. Stanton would have developed a serious throat infection if he hadn't received medical treatment. B. Stanton wouldn't have developed a serious throat infection if he had received medical treatment. C. Stanton would have received medical treatment if he hadn't developed a serious throat infection. D. Stanton wouldn't have received medical treatment if he had developed a serious throat infection. II. Choose the correct way to combine each pair of sentences using the past unreal conditional. 1. Mary spent hours in the sun every day as a teenager. Then she got skin cancer. A. If Mary hadn't gotten skin cancer, then she might not have spent hours in the sun every day as a teenager.  B. If Mary hadn't spent hours in the sun every day as a teenager, then she might not have gotten skin cancer. 2. Bob drank lots of soda when he was young. He developed a lot of cavities. A. If Bob hadn't developed cavities, then he might not have drank lots of soda when he was young. B. If Bob hadn't drunk lots of soda when he was young, then he might not have developed a lot of cavities. 3. The patient did not like the first doctor's advice. She got a second opinion. A. The patient would not have gotten a second opinion if she had liked the first doctor's advice. B. The patient would have liked the first doctor's advice if she hadn’t gotten a second opinion. 4. The doctors had no success with the traditional treatment. They sought out new types of treatment for their patients. A. If the doctors didn't seek out new types of treatment for their patients, they would not have had success with the traditional treatment. B. If the doctors had any success with the traditional treatment, they wouldn't have sought out new types of treatment for their patients. 5. Amie's mother and grandmother had heart disease. Amie had genetic testing done. A. Amie might not have had genetic testing done if her mother and grandmother hadn't had heart disease. B. Amie's mother and grandmother might not have had heart disease if she hadn't had genetic testing done. 6. There is a lot that the doctor did not know about personalized medicine. He could not recommend it. A. The doctor could have recommended personalized medicine if he had known more about it. B. The doctor could have known more about personalized medicine if he had recommended it. Writing Topics  Essay Topics -Unit 3 I. Genetic testing is increasingly used to guide medical decisions. Do you think making medical decisions based on genetic testing is beneficial? Writie a 250 words essay Provide reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Introduction: Imagine knowing your health risks years before any symptoms appear. This is the promise of genetic testing, a powerful tool that can reveal predispositions to diseases like cancer, Alzheimer’s, and heart conditions. Genetic testing has advanced significantly in recent years, offering individuals and healthcare providers valuable insights into potential health risks. However, making medical decisions solely based on genetic testing raises ethical and practical concerns. While genetic testing can empower patients with knowledge, relying on it alone can lead to unnecessary anxiety and potentially misguided treatment decisions. Body Paragraph 1 (Positive Aspects): One of the key benefits of genetic testing is its ability to provide early warnings for genetic diseases, allowing individuals to make proactive health choices. For example, if someone learns they have a genetic predisposition to heart disease, they can adopt a healthier lifestyle or pursue preventative treatments to reduce their risk. In some cases, genetic testing can guide patients in choosing specific medications that are more effective for their genetic makeup, a practice known as personalized medicine. This approach not only helps patients manage their health more effectively but also allows doctors to tailor treatments, which can lead to better outcomes and improved quality of life. Body Paragraph 2 (Negative Aspects): On the other hand, basing medical decisions entirely on genetic testing can lead to anxiety and potentially harmful actions. Genetic information is often probabilistic, meaning it shows likelihoods rather than certainties. For instance, a person might discover they have a genetic marker associated with a certain disease but may never actually develop the condition. This uncertainty can cause unnecessary worry and may lead individuals to pursue invasive treatments or surgeries that might not be needed. Additionally, genetic testing can sometimes provide incomplete or misunderstood results, leading to misinformed decisions that do not necessarily benefit the patient. Conclusion: In conclusion, while genetic testing offers incredible potential for preventative health care, it should not be the sole factor in making medical decisions. Balancing genetic information with other medical assessments and professional guidance is essential to ensure patients make informed and rational choices. Ultimately, genetic testing should serve as a tool for insight, not a definitive answer, in the complex journey of healthcare. II. Home genetic testing has become widely available, allowing people to access information about their health and ancestry. Do you think home genetic testing is effective? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages and provide your own opinion. Writie a 250 words essay. Provide reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Sample Essay. With advancements in technology, home genetic testing kits have become increasingly popular, offering individuals the ability to learn about their genetic traits from the comfort of their homes. These tests analyze a person’s DNA from a saliva sample, providing insights into health risks, ancestry, and sometimes even personality traits. Although convenient and accessible, the effectiveness and reliability of home genetic testing are subjects of ongoing debate, as these tests may lack the comprehensiveness and professional interpretation necessary for accurate health assessments. Home genetic testing involves collecting a saliva sample and sending it to a lab, where the DNA is analyzed for various genetic markers. The test results can provide information about ancestry, health risks, and sometimes personal traits, depending on the company and the depth of testing. Companies like 23andMe and AncestryDNA have made this process accessible and affordable, appealing to people’s curiosity about their heritage and health. The convenience and privacy of taking the test at home make it appealing to many; however, the information provided often requires careful interpretation and may not be as comprehensive as medical-grade genetic testing. While home genetic testing can offer some valuable insights, its effectiveness is often limited by the scope and accuracy of the information provided. Many home tests only assess a small portion of an individual’s genome, focusing on specific markers rather than a complete genetic profile. This limited data can lead to results that are interesting but not always medically actionable or reliable. For example, a person might learn they have a genetic predisposition to a certain disease but lack guidance on what to do with this information. Additionally, without a healthcare professional to interpret the results, individuals may misunderstand their risk levels, potentially leading to unnecessary anxiety or misguided health decisions. In conclusion, while home genetic testing offers convenience and can satisfy personal curiosity, it may not be effective for making serious medical decisions due to its limited scope and lack of professional guidance. For individuals seeking accurate health assessments, professional genetic counseling and more comprehensive testing are recommended. Ultimately, home genetic testing should be viewed as an informative tool rather than a definitive source for medical decisions. These are some sample questions from Unit 3. We have already done writing tasks from unit 1 and 2. Please go thrugh that worksheets before the exam.