Cells Study Guide PDF

# 2.1 - Cells ## UNIT 3 - BIOLOGY # What makes something living? # Cell Theory 1. All living things are made up of one or more cells and their products 2. The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all of life processes 3. All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living ma...

# 2.1 - Cells ## UNIT 3 - BIOLOGY # What makes something living? # Cell Theory 1. All living things are made up of one or more cells and their products 2. The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all of life processes 3. All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter # Types of Cells - Prokaryotic cells or prokaryotes are the most ancient cell type, though they still exist today - Prokaryotes are simple, single-celled organisms and do not have a membrane-bound nucleus - Example: bacteria cells are prokaryotic # Types of Cells - Eukaryotic cells or eukaryotes are more complex cells that can exist as single-celled organisms or multicellular organisms - Eukaryotes have a more complex internal organization, including a nucleus - Examples: Amoeba, plants and animals # Cell Organelles Each cell contains smaller parts called organelles. These organelles have special functions that maintain all the life processes of the cell. There are two types of cells: plant cells and animal cells Some organelles are the same in both plant and animal cells while other structures and organelles differ between plant and animal cells. # Cell Membrane Flexible, protective barrier around the cell (hold everything in/provides support) Regulate the exchange of substances and communicate with other cells cell membranes. # Cell Membrane The membrane is made up of two layers known as the phospholipid bilayer. The outsides of the membrane are said to be hydrophilic. This means that they love water. The inside of the membrane is said to be hydrophobic. This means that it hates water. # Cell Membrane Called a 'semi-permeable membrane' This is because some substances are allowed in and out of the cell while some substances are kept out. # Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles. Cytoplasm contains the nutrients required by the cell. Many chemical reactions occur here. Allows the nutrients and organelles to move within the cell. # Nucleus It controls all the activities in a cell. Contains ALL the genetic information of the organism. Surrounded by the nuclear envelope, which contains pores to allow the transport of materials. # Inside the Nucleus The genetic information is stored on chromosomes. Chromosomes contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which carries the coded instructions for all cell activity. # Inside the Nucleus The nucleolus is a dense sphere inside the nucleus. This is the site for making ribosomes (protein factory of the cell). # Plant and Animal cell diagrams We will refer back to these diagrams all lesson. Every time we go back to the diagram add the organelle name to your diagram. # Animal Cell -nucleus -nucleolus -chromosomes -nuclear membrane -cell membrane -cytoplasm # Plant Cell - cell membrane - cytoplasm - chromosomes - nuclear membrane - nucleolus - nucleus # Vacuoles Membrane-bound, fluid-filled organelles that store nutrients, wastes, and other substances used by the cell. # Vacuoles In plant cells, the central vacuole stores water for the cell. When water the cell, the central vacuole swells, causing the plant cell to become firm. Vacuoles are small in animal cells. # Vacuoles - Animal cell - Plant Cell # Animal Cell - vacuole # Plant Cell - vacuole # Mitochondria "Power plants" of the cell. (Mitochondrion = singular) Reactions occur in these organelles to convert the chemical energy in sugar into energy that the cell can use. (Part of cellular respiration) # Animal Cell - mitochondrion # Plant Cell - mitochondrion # Lysosomes Where digestion takes place. Small, round and filled with enzymes. - A protein that can speed up chemical reaction in the cell. Break down invading bacteria and damaged cell organelles. Only found in animal cells. # Animal Cell - lysosome # Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Made of a series of interconnected fluid-filled small tubes that transport materials through the cell. s # Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Rough endoplasmic reticulum is associated with making proteins. - ER that contains ribosomes. Ribosomes are small, dense-looking organelles that may be attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum or float free in the cytoplasm. - Sites where proteins are assembled. # Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. - Associated with the production of fats and oils. - Does not have ribosomes. # Animal Cell - rough endoplasmic reticulum - smooth endoplasmic reticulum # Plant Cell - rough endoplasmic reticulum # Golgi Apparatus -Receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum. - modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for delivery throughout the cell or outside of the cell. - Also responsible for mucus production. - Looks like a stack of flattened membranes. # Animal Cell -Golgi apparatus # Plant Cell -Golgi apparatus # Cytoskeleton - Internal network of fibres of protein filaments. - Maintains the cell's shape. # Organelles in Plant Cells Some organelles are found only in plant cells. # Cell Wall Only plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some algae have a cell wall. The rigid frame around the cell that provides strength, protection, and support. # Plant Cell - cell wall - cell membrane # Chloroplasts - Only in plant cells and some algae. - Contain a green substance called chlorophyll. - Uses energy from the Sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen in a process called photosynthesis. # Plant Cell - vacuole - cell wall - mitochondrion - ribosome - cell membrane - cytoplasm - chloroplast - rough endoplasmic reticulum - chromosomes - nuclear membrane - nucleolus - nucleus # Animal Cell - nucleus - nucleolus - chromosomes - nuclear membrane - ribosome - mitochondrion - cell membrane - cytoplasm - rough endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - vacuole - lysosome - smooth endoplasmic reticulum - centrioles