1.1 Introduction to Biotechnology.pptx

BIOTECHNOLOGY OBJECTIVES: Define biotechnology. Describe how biological technology differs from technology derived from physical science. Define genetic engineering.  WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY?  WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY? Etymological definition The word technology comes from two Greek wo...

BIOTECHNOLOGY OBJECTIVES: Define biotechnology. Describe how biological technology differs from technology derived from physical science. Define genetic engineering.  WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY?  WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY? Etymological definition The word technology comes from two Greek words, transliterated techne and logos. “Techne” means art, skill, craft, or the way, manner, or means by which a thing is gained. “Logos” means word, thought or principle. What is Technology? It is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. Using the laws of nature, particularly those of physical science, to create devices called technology. Background: Technology probably began when humans picked up stones and sticks for use as crude implements to dig in the earth or to use as weapons. Later they learned that the sticks and stones could be altered and shaped to provide a sharper edge or a better handle. As they became proficient at using these primitive tools, humans began to devise ways of making the tools better.  Ancient people used technology to make simple tools such as this arrowhead. They simply used trial and error as a means of improving their inventions, but somewhere in time, they began to study why matter and energy behaved in a particular manner. This began the study of the laws of physics. Physical Laws were put to use by combining materials and energy in the right way to produce different devices and machines. WHAT IS BIO?  What is BIOTECHNOLOGY?  Manipulation of living or parts of organisms Manipulation of living organisms or parts of organisms to make products useful to humans. This definition generally includes working with a whole plant or animal and all the systems that make up the organisms. It is the artificial manipulation, modification and recombination of DNA in order to modify an organism.  Using knowledge of cells to modify their activities In order to make living organisms more effective in serving people. Biotechnology at this level deals with the cells of plants or animals. Manipulation of the genes of organisms It deals with all the manipulation of the genes of the organisms to alter their behavior, characteristics, or value.  Biotechnology  The use of living organisms or parts of living organisms to create or modify, improve and develop microorganisms, plants, and animals and other products.  The exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.  It is all about utilizing the raw ingredients of life and produce maximum output to help solve societies problems. Is the use of information technology to store, analyze, sort, label and share the many DNA sequences generated by genome sequencing projects. It is the use of computers for the acquisition, management and analysis of biological information. Through biotechnology, scientists and engineers work to improve agricultural systems, health care, and environmental sustainability. In order to harness biological systems and living organisms for our purposes, scientists have learned to modify basic processes inside cells through genetic engineering. As time goes on car developed because inventors understood the principles behind compression, ignition and gear reduction. So different inventions arise and the scientist began with principles they understood and turned these principles into technology use to create modern inventions. Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. Traditionally, humans have manipulated genomes indirectly by controlling breeding and selecting offspring with desired traits.  Synthetic Biology A field of science that involves redesigning organisms for useful purposes by engineering them to have new abilities. Synthetic biology researchers and companies around the world are harnessing the power of nature to solve problems in medicine, manufacturing and agriculture. The application of engineering principles in biology to redesign and fabricate biological components and systems that do not already exist in the natural world. They design and create new biological systems to perform functions that are not found in nature. Biology + engineering = Design new biological functions and it change organism’s genetic code system in cells.  FATHER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Karl Ereky (June 17, 1952 – October 20, 1878) He is a Hungarian agricultural engineer. The term “biotechnology” was coined by him in 1919. He used the sugar beets as the source of food for large scale production of pigs. Ereky defined biotechnology as “all lines of work by which products are produced from raw materials with the aid of living things.”  THE NEED FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY 8 billion people PROJECTIONS are that by the year 2050, world population could approach 10 billion people. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES A country having a standard of living or level of industrial production well below that possible with financial or technical aid; a country that is not yet highly industrialized. A poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced economically and socially.  GREEN REVOLUTION An increase in food production, especially in developing nations, through the introduction of high-yield crop varieties and application of modern agricultural techniques. Much of the increase in food productivity began in the 1970s. GREEN REVOLUTION  Developments in conventional crop breeding  New pesticides  Management techniques started a dramatic increase in the amount of food produced each year  Greatest increase in RICE and WHEAT  The Green Revolution of the 1970s brought about the large increases in yield of crops such as rice. One of the staple food crops in many developing countries is a tropical root known as cassava. 1970- the amount of land devoted to the production of cassava has increased about 43%, while the amount of production increased by only 20% during that time. This is an indication that poorer quality land is being input production. This has tremendous implications not only for feeding people but also for the impact on the environment.  It is apparent that the present rate of food production, coupled with the growing world population, means that many countries stand a real danger of running out of food in the near future. Crops (food, fiber, and feed), livestock (food, fiber and labor), poultry, and aquaculture systems will need to be maximized for production , with care taken to minimize impact on the environment.  Biotechnology holds an enormous potential for feeding the world’s population in an environmentally sustainable way. The technology exists to unable us to engineer plants and animals to produce more efficiently using fewer agricultural inputs, such as nutrients, water, or fertilizers.  Crops can be engineered to grow on poor soils in order to maximize land use without clearing more forest or wild habitats for farming. Better growth, higher yields, and shorter generations for both plants and animals can be achieved through genetic engineering. It is possible to engineer plants and animals with quality traits, such as increased nutritional content or the ability to produce medically useful proteins, through biotechnology.