Hazards, Risks and Disasters Concepts PDF

HAZARDS, DISASTERS, RISKS ENM 41- Disaster Risk Reduction Management  FELINO J. GUTIERREZ, Jr., PhD Assistant Professor Forestry & Environmental Science Department SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY HAZARDS...

HAZARDS, DISASTERS, RISKS ENM 41- Disaster Risk Reduction Management  FELINO J. GUTIERREZ, Jr., PhD Assistant Professor Forestry & Environmental Science Department SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY HAZARDS A process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. They can be single, sequential, or both,  based on their origin and impacts. Characterized and identified by its Location, Magnitude or intensity Probability and Frequency of occurrence. SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY TYPES Natural Hazards Associated with natural processes and phenomena such as typhoon  Anthropogenic hazards Human-induced hazards or induced entirely or predominantly by human activities and choices. Does not include occurrence of risk of armed conflicts and other situations of social instability or tension that area subject to international humanitarian law and national legislation. Socio-natural Associated with a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors including degradation and climate change. SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Description of Hazard Types  Hydrometeorological hazards are of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic origin. Hydrometeorological conditions may also be a factor in other hazards such as landslides, wildland fires, locust plagues, epidemics and in the transport and dispersal of toxic substances and volcanic eruption material. Technological hazards originate from technological or industrial conditions, dangerous procedures, infrastructure failures or specific human activities. SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  Biological hazards are of organic origin or conveyed by biological vectors, including pathogenic microorganisms, toxins and bioactive substances Environmental hazards may include chemical, natural and biological hazards. They can be created by environmental degradation or physical or chemical pollution in the air, water and soil. Geological or geophysical hazards originate from internal earth processes. Tsunamis are difficult to categorize although they are triggered by undersea earthquakes and other geological events.  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Natural Hazards Geophysical Hydrological Meteorological Climatological Biological Hazards Hazards Hazards Hazards Hazards Volcanoes Mudslide Storms Drought Bacteria Earthquakes Flooding Hurricanes Extreme Viruses Temperature  Landslides Inundation Cyclones Wild/forest fire Venomous wildlife Mudflow Storm Surge Excessive Rain Heat/cold waves Poisonous plants Surface collapse Tsunamis Typhoon Plants/insects carrying disease causing agents rockslides La Nina El Nino/La Nina SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Anthropogenic Hazards Household Fire Maritime accident Plane crash Land accident Industrial accident Pollution Civil disturbance Terrorism Armed Conflict SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  FACTORS Geographic Location/Spatial Population Density Level of Development Temporal Education of the community Characteristics Frequency of Occurrence Intensity/Magnitude  Speed of onset, Duration, and The area they cover. SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Disaster “A calamity or catastrophic event that occurred in an area that affected life and properties” (Baluasubramanian, 2014). A serious disruptions of the functioning of a community or a society, at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with  conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic, and environmental losses and impacts (UNDRR) SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Water Induced Disasters Floods, avalanche, landslides, and debris flow Glacial lake outburst floods- result of global warming, hydrological and seismic factors. Heavy rainfall that caused landslides and erosions in  riverbanks. For some literatures, drought is considered a water related disasters that affects the economic and social aspects with insufficient preparedness. SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Meron bang Natural Disaster? There is no such thing as a natural disaster, but disasters often follow natural hazards (UNDRR). “using ‘natural’ to describe disasters can give people the impression that disasters are inevitable, and that human agency can do little to prevent or mitigate their impacts. “A natural hazard becomes a disaster when it combines with exposure and vulnerability to cause loss of life, hurt and injury to  people, along with economic loss.” SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY RISK “The potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets which could occur to a system/community, in a certain time period” (UNDRR, 2020) The consequence of the interaction between a hazard and the characteristics that make people and places vulnerable and exposed.  The combination of the severity and frequency of a hazard, the numbers of people and assets exposed to the hazard, and their vulnerability to damage. SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY VULNERABILITY Vulnerability “The characteristics determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an individual, a community, assets or systems to the impacts of hazards.” Vulnerability is the human dimension of disasters and is the result of the range of economic, social, cultural, institutional, political and psychological factors that shape people’s lives and the environment that they live in. Understanding vulnerability requires more than analyzing the direct impacts of a hazard. Vulnerability also concerns the wider environmental and social conditions that limit people and communities to cope with the impact of hazard. Vulnerability analysis involves understanding the root causes or drivers of vulnerability, but also people's capacities cope and recover from disasters. SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Factors Affecting Vulnerability Physical Factors Poor design and construction of buildings, unregulated land use planning Social Factors Poverty and inequality, marginalization, social exclusion and discrimination by gender, social status, disability, age, and psychological factors Economic factors Uninsured informal sector, vulnerable rural livelihoods, dependence on single industries, globalization of business and supply chains  Environmental Factors Poor environmental management, overconsumption of natural resources , decline of risk regulation ecosystem services, climate change SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Vulnerability is also determined by historical, political cultural, and instititutional processes Levels of vulnerability (and exposure) help to explain why some non extreme hazards can lead to extreme impacts and disasters, while some extreme events do not. It is often people’s vulnerability that is the greatest factor in determining their risk.  Different groups are more susceptible to hazard risks, but also some have higher level of vulnerability than others. Vulnerable groups have difficulty to impacts of subsequent hazard events Reducing vulnerability could reduce disaster risk. SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY EXPOSURE Exposure “The situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities and other tangible human assets located in hazard prone areas.” (UNDRR) SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY SOUTHERN LUZON STATE  UNIVERSITY Is it possible to be exposed but not be vulnerable (susceptible) to hazards? Levels of vulnerability (and exposure) help to explain why some non-extreme hazards can lead to extreme impacts and disasters, while some extreme events do not. SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Philippine Disaster Risk Profile SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  The Philippine Standing 9th in 2009, 6th in 2010, 3rd in 2011- 2013, 2nd in 2014, 3rd in 2015-2017, 2nd in 2018-2021 and 1st in 2022 Exposure Occurrence Magnitude Location Vulnerabilities (Physical, social, economic) SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Lost of Billion of Pesos SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Major Natural Hazards felt in the country  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY The Pacific Ring of Fire is a path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. The majority of Earth’s volcanoes and earthquakes take place along the Ring of Fire. Seventy-five percent of Earth’s volcanoes—more than 450 volcanoes—are located along the Ring of Fire. Ninety percent of Earth’s earthquakes occur along its path, including the planet’s most violent and dramatic seismic events. SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Pacific Typhoon Belt SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Climate Change Effects SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY The systematic process of using ✓Administrative directives Organizational and operational skills Capacities To implement strategies and policies, improve coping capacities. To lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of a disaster. SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY International Basis UN General Assembly Resolution 42/169 dated 11 Dec 1987 1990 – International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction– Sec 7 “Calls upon Governments to participate … for concerted international action for reduction of natural disasters…hazards, assessing the particular requirements of their respective countries…” SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY World Conference  on Disaster Reduction Kobe, Japan, January 2005 Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 “Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters– SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Legal Mechanism in the Philippines An Act Strengthening the Philippine DRRM System Providing for NDRRM Framework Institutionalizing the National DRRM Plan SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY RA 10121  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Highest Organized and authorized government instrumentality in the Philippines SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Chaired by Secretary of National Defense Office of the Civil Defense as the Executive and Secretariat of the NDRRMC  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Then: called NDCC with 19 members; Legal basis for NDCC creation: PD 1566 June11, 1978 Now: 45 members; RA 10121 as legal basis SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY DRRM Network System 1- National DRRM Council 17- Regional DRRM Council 81- Provincial DRRM Councils 145- City DRRM Councils 1489- Municipal DRRM Councils 42, 029- Barangay DRRM Committees  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY How does DRRM Coordination happen? DRRMC) DRRMC) 2 or more 2 or more Regions Brgys Affected (NDRRMC) (City/Municipal DRRMC) 2 or more cities/towns (Provincial DRRMC 2 or more Provinces 1 Brgy Affected (Brgy affected (Regional SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY The Sendai Framework  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Sendai Framework Endorsed by the UN General Assembly after the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction A product of stakeholder consultations and inter-governmental negotiations that started in 2012. GOAL: Prevent new and reduce existing disaster risk through integrated and inclusive (economic, structural, legal, social, health, cultural, educational, environmental, technological, political, and institutional) measures that strengthen resilience through prevention and reduction of hazard exposure and vulnerability; and increased preparedness for response and recovery. SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY 7 global targets of Sendai Framework  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Social Determinants of Disasters Babaie, Javad, Nori, Mohsen, and Samei, Behrouz (2022). Social Determinants of Disasters Occurrence and Injuries: A Scoping Literature Review Vol 7, No. 4, pp 245- 254 SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  1. Population Density/Demographic Characteristics Number of inhabitants per square kilometer The greater the density cause more injury to the individuals Caused by population growth or low income Vulnerable groups (children and elderly) The more of them, the higher the risk of disaster. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  Help humans to obtain the required information in 2. Literacy different areas including disaster prevention and and illiteracy  reduction. More women are literate as they have the access and privilege due to “justice’ and GAD. SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND Directly related to income  for living 3. Employment & High income earners used engineering methods unemployment and more resistant materials to decrease hazards. High income effective in disaster risk reduction. High income caused people to select low-risk areas SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY 4. Place of Residence and its quality SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  5. Infrastructure Presence or absence This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY Status Affects the social vulnerability and disaster preparedness, prevention, and response.  SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY 6. Society Risk Perception This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY Beliefs Opinion  Place attachment is SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC  This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC 7. Social capital Bonding Social Capital Bridging Social Capital Linking Social Capital SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC 8. Health Status of the community Coverage of the health services Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND This Photo by Availability of facilities/equipment Quality of health services This Photo by SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY 9. Trusteeship and Leadership SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY 9. Cultural factors and community participation SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY 10. Economic Status SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY  11. Minority SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY