Disaster Nursing Notes PDF

DISASTER NURSING ​​ ​ NCM_120 LEC Second Semester | A. Y. 2024 - 2025​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ CKDC, TERV MODULE 1 Concepts and Types of Disaster WHAT IS A...

DISASTER NURSING ​​ ​ NCM_120 LEC Second Semester | A. Y. 2024 - 2025​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ CKDC, TERV MODULE 1 Concepts and Types of Disaster WHAT IS A DISASTER? ➔​ any occurrence that causes damage, ecological / economic disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and National Risk Index - provides relative Risk health services on a scale, sufficient to Index percentiles and ratings based on three warrant an extraordinary response from components: Expected Annual Loss due to outside the affected community area natural hazards, Social Vulnerability, and (WHO) Community resilience. ➔​ serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts (UNDRR, UN Office for Disaster Risk Response) ➔​ Can be defined as an occurrence either nature or manmade that causes human sufferings and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance (American Red Cross / ARC) Did you know that… The Philippines is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. Located along the Pacific ring of fire, the Philippines is highly susceptible to seismic and volcanic risks. The country is also subject to the world record of typhoons every year (https://www.worldbank.org/) Risk Index of natural disasters in the Philippines as of December 2024 The Life and Works of José Rizal An average of 20 typhoons enter the Philippines annually, with the most intense coming between July and October; each one could bring damaging floods and landslides. Global Risks Report 2023 revealed that the top risk faced by the country in the next two years is natural disasters and extreme weather events. Definition of terms: DISASTER RISK DRIVERS ➔​ Processes or conditions that influence the Expected Annual Loss level of disaster risk by increasing levels of ➔​ Is a natural hazards component that exposure and vulnerability or reducing represents the average economic loss in capacity dollars resulting from natural hazards each ➔​ Include: poverty and inequality, climate year change and variability, unplanned and rapid ➔​ computed in US dollars urbanization, lack of disaster risk Community Risk Factors considerations in land management and ➔​ is a scaling factor that incorporates Social environmental and natural resource Vulnerability and Community Resilience into management the National Risk Index Risk Index HAZARDS ➔​ represents the potential for negative impacts ➔​ threat of an event that will likely have a resulting from natural hazards negative impact ➔​ “possibility or potential na magkaroon ng ➔​ Natural: earthquake, landslide, tsunami, disaster sa isang bansa” cyclones, extreme temperatures, floods, Social Vulnerability droughts ➔​ is a consequence enhancing risk component ➔​ Biological: disease outbreaks including and community risk factor that represents human, animal, and plant epidemics and the susceptibility of social groups to the pandemics adverse impacts of natural hazards. ➔​ Technological: chemical and radiological Community Resilience agent release, explosions, transport and ➔​ is a consequence reduction risk component infrastructure failures and community risk factor that represents the ➔​ Societal: conflict, stampedes, acts of ability of a community to prepare for terrorism, migration, humanitarian anticipated natural hazards, adapt to emergencies changing conditions, and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions. The World Risk Index 2022 put the Philippines at the number one spot for the most-disaster-prone country in the world. 2 ​ CKDC, TERV The Life and Works of José Rizal ➔​ Secondary agents: bacteria and viruses that produce contamination or infection after the primary agent has caused injury or destruction. Mitigation vs Preparedness -​ Done to lessen the effects of a disaster -​ Preparedness - people -​ Mitigation - infrastructure, materials, resources FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE POTENTIAL FOR DISASTER Hazard & Exposure ​ Host Factors: age, general health, mobility, Natural Human psychological factors, socioeconomic factors. Vulnerability ​ Agent Factors: Natural or technological element that causes the disaster. Socioeconomic Vulnerable groups ​ Environmental Factors: Those that could Lack of Coping Capacity potentially contribute to or mitigate a disaster. Institutional Infrastructure Example: ISSESO, Example: pagaayos ng DISASTER DAMAGE Government mga building ➔​ occurs during and immediately after the (gumagawa ng efforts disaster para sa isang ➔​ is usually measured in physical units (square community) meters of housing, kilometres of roads, etc.) ➔​ describes the total or partial destruction of DISASTER AGENT physical assets, disruption of basic services ➔​ a class or category of phenomena that cause and damages to sources of livelihood in the disasters affected area ➔​ Characteristics: ◆​ Predictability DISASTER IMPACT ◆​ Frequency ➔​ the total effect, including negative effects ◆​ Controllability / Mitigation - “para ma (economic losses) and positive effects lessen ang effects ng disaster” (economic gains), of a hazardous event or a ◆​ Time: speed, duration disaster ◆​ Scope ➔​ includes economic, human and ◆​ Intensity environmental impacts: may include death, ◆​ Community Implications injuries, disease and other negative effects ➔​ Primary agents: Including falling buildings, on human physical, mental and social heat, wind, rising water and smoke. “ well-being ◆​ eto ay phenomenon” ➔​ can be: immediate and localized 3 ​ CKDC, TERV The Life and Works of José Rizal ➔​ but is often widespread and could last for a Natural Disaster long period of time ➔​ is defined as an event of nature, which ➔​ the effect may test or exceed the capacity of overwhelms local resources and threatens a community or society to cope using its the function and safety of the community own resources ➔​ highly harmful impact on a society or ➔​ may require assistance from external community following a natural hazard sources: neighbouring jurisdictions, national event or international levels 1.​ Geophysical: ➔​ hazards originating from solid earth ◆​ Earthquakes ◆​ Mass Movements ◆​ Volcanic Activities 2.​ Meteorological ➔​ caused by changes to the Earth's atmosphere ➔​ can include: ◆​ Cyclones ◆​ Droughts ◆​ Blizzards ◆​ Bushfires Direct - ramdam agad ang effects Quantifiable -​ measured numerically (e.g. monetary 3.​ Hydrological terms) ➔​ Flash flood: caused by heavy rainfall, snow melting or a dam breakage which Non-Quantifiable causes overflow in an area (5 mins to 6 -​ (difficult to assign a monetary value) hrs long) -​ di na maibabalik ➔​ Limnic eruptions: magma produces too much carbon dioxide and due to the CASUALTY/ CASUALTIES intense pressure from the depth of the ➔​ Number of human beings injured or killed by ocean, the built up CO2 is suddenly released causing an extreme and fatal / or as a direct result of an incident explosion ➔​ Multiple Casualty Incident >2 but 100 4.​ Climatological ➔​ caused by long-lived, meso- to macro-scale atmospheric processes DISASTER MITIGATION ranging from intra-seasonal to ➔​ refers to actions or measures that can either multi-decadal climate variability ◆​ Heat waves prevent the occurrence of a disaster or ◆​ Cold waves reduce the severity of its effects (American ◆​ Land fires (grass, scrub, bush, etc.) Red Cross) 5.​ Biological ➔​ natural scenarios involving disease, Classifications of Disasters disability or death on a large scale among humans, animals and plants due to microorganisms like bacteria, or 4 ​ CKDC, TERV The Life and Works of José Rizal ​ NRI - negative impact ng disaster sa isang virus or toxins ◆​ Epidemic bansa. ◆​ Insect infestation ​ Hazard ◆​ Animal stampede Man-made Disaster ICN Framework of Disaster Nursing ➔​ an act of individuals that causes deviation Competencies and destruction such as war, terrorist bombings or riots WHAT IS DISASTER NURSING? ➔​ have an element of human intent, negligence, or error ➔​ is the adaptation of professional nursing knowledge, skills, and attitude in recognizing 1.​ Technological emergencies and meeting the physical and emotional ➔​ Community infrastructure and needs of disaster victims economic welfare are directly and ➔​ refers to a situation in which a health adversely affected by major industrial professional responds to a crisis situation by accidents, unplanned release of nuclear energy, fires or explosion volunteering with an aid organization or from hazardous substance volunteer responder organization 2.​ Complex emergencies CONCEPT AND MEANING OF DISASTER ➔​ Disaster as a result of war, diseases NURSING and political unrest resulting to ★​ D - Detection displacement of millions of people from ★​ I - Incident Command their homes ★​ S - Safety and security ➔​ External ★​ A - Assess: assessment not only the casualty ◆​ disasters that occur at locations but also the situation (whole) that are physically separate from ★​ S - Support: not just physical but also the hospital (transportation psychological, spiritual, and emotional accident, industrial accident) support. ➔​ Internal ★​ T- Triage and treatment ◆​ is an event that occurs within the ★​ E - Evaluation confines of the hospital (bomb ★​ R - Recovery scare, laboratory accident involving radiologic agents, power failure) GOAL OF DISASTER NURSING ​ is ensuring that the highest achievable level Note: of care is delivered through identifying, ​ the occurrence itself are hazards advocating and caring for all impacted ​ the disruption is considered a disaster populations throughout all phases of disaster event, including active participation in all levels of disaster planning and Notes during discussion: preparedness. ​ Vulnerability = susceptibility ​ Capacity = capability ro prepare, respond, OTHER GOALS OF DISASTER NURSING and recover ​ Minimize Casualties ​ Risk ​ Prevent further casualties 5 ​ CKDC, TERV The Life and Works of José Rizal ​ Rescue victims organisation’s emergency plan; a nurse ​ Provide First Aid representing the profession on a ​ Facilitate Evacuation hospital/agency emergency planning ​ Render Medical Care committee; preparedness/ response ​ Reconstruction: people-centered nurse educators. reconstruction and rehabilitation Level III: Any nurse who has achieved Level I and DISASTER PREVENTION 3 LEVELS (PST) II competencies and is prepared to respond to a ​ Primary prevention - target populations wide range of disasters and emergencies and to who are potentially exposed to disaster serve on a deployable team. ○​ vulnerable groups Examples: frequent responders to either ○​ (e.g. evacuation drills) national or international disasters, military nurses, nurses conducting comprehensive ​ Secondary prevention - mitigation of health disaster nursing research. consequences of disasters ○​ example: use of carbon monoxide detectors when operating 8 DOMAINS: gasoline-powered generators after loss Preparation and Planning of electric power (Actions taken apart from any ○​ trying to avoid the inevitable health specific emergency to increase consequences Domain 1 readiness and confidence in ○​ (e.g. the evacuation itself; treat the actions to be taken during an illness event.) ​ Tertiary prevention - entails minimizing the effects of disaster and disability among the Communication (approaches to affected conveying essential within one’s ○​ minimizing the effects of the health Domain 2 place of work or emergency consequences (e.g. isolating ppl to avoid assignment and documenting the spreading of the virus) decisions made) INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES (ICN) Incident management systems CORE COMPETENCIES IN DISASTER NURSING (the structure of disaster / Level I: Any nurse who has completed a emergency response required by programme of basic, generalised nursing Domain 3 countries / organizations / education and is authorised to practice by the institutions and actions to make regulatory agency of his/her country. them effective) Examples: staff nurse in a hospital, clinic, ​ Chain of command, protocols public health centre; all nurse educators. Safety and Security (assuring that nurses, their colleagues and Level II: Any nurse who has achieved the Level I patients do not add to the burden competencies and is/aspires to be a designated Domain 4 of responde by unsafe practices) disaster responder within an institution, organisation or system. ​ do not aggravate the Examples: supervising or head nurse; a situation nurse designated for leadership within an 6 ​ CKDC, TERV The Life and Works of José Rizal a.​ not professional rescuer Assessment (gathering data 7.​ Remedy - professional services about assigned patients / families Domain 5 8.​ Recovery - rehabilitation / communities on which to base subsequent nursing action) Intervention (clinical or other actions taken in response to assessment of patients / families Domain 6 / communities within the incident management of the disaster event) Recovery (any steps taken to facilitate resumption of pre-event Domain 7 individual / family / community / organization functioning or moving ir to a higher level) Law and Ethics (the legal and Domain 8 ethical framework for disaster / emergency nursing) “The nurse’s primary commitment is to the PHASES OF A DISASTER patient. However, nurses not only have an ethical Pre Impact obligation to care for others but also to care for ​ Initial phase of disaster, prior to the actual themselves. This conflict of obligation is occurrence especially prominent during times of disaster.” ​ Warning is given at the sign of the first possible danger to a community with the aid of weather networks and satellite MODULE 2 ​ Communication is very important factor during this phase; disaster personnel will call Disaster Cycle on amateur radio operators, radio, television ​ The ROLE of the nurse during this warning STAGES OF A DISASTER phase is to assist in preparing shelters and 1.​ Pre-disaster - no disaster yet emergency aid stations and establishing 2.​ Warning - consultation/planning contact with other emergency service group 3.​ Threat - survival actions and strategies (e.g. Impact adding pako) ​ Occurs when the disaster actually happens 4.​ Social and Physical Impact - time of onset ​ It is a time of enduring hardship or injury in hanggang sa humupa trying to survive 5.​ Inventory - The recall of what happened in the impact phase. 1) Materials/things 2) ​ May last for several minutes (ex. After an Thoughts/Memories earthquake, plane crash or explosion) or for a 6.​ Rescue - Spontaneous, local, unorganized day or weeks (ex. In a flood) extrication (not professional services) 7 ​ CKDC, TERV The Life and Works of José Rizal ​ Continues until the threat of further ​ Victims develop the realistic destruction has passed and emergency plan memory of the experience is in effect ​ This is the time when emergency operation DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE center is established and put in operation ​ Every shelter has a nurse as a member of disaster action team - responsible also for psychological support to victims in the shelter Post Impact ​ Recovery begins during emergency phase and ends with the return of normal community order and functioning ​ For persons in the impact area, this phase may last a lifetime (ex. Victims of the atomic bomb of Hiroshima) ​ Post Impact: 4 stages of Emotional Response 1.​ DENIAL - During this stage the victims may deny the magnitude of the problem or have not fully registered ​ Victims may appear usually unconcerned 2.​ STRONG EMOTIONAL RESPONSE - the person is aware of the problem but regards it as overwhelming and unbearable ​ a common reaction during this stage is trembling, etc. ​ the victim may want to retell or Phase 1: Mitigation relieve the disaster experience ​ To prevent future emergencies and take over and over steps to minimize their effects 3.​ ACCEPTANCE - the victim begins to ​ occurs before a disaster takes place accept the problems caused by the ​ take steps to protect people and property, disaster and makes a concentrated effect while also decreasing risks and to solve them consequences from a given disaster situation ​ It is important for victims to take ​ main goal is to reduce vulnerability to specific action to help themselves disaster impacts and their families 4.​ Recovery - represent a recovery from the ​ Clearing space around buildings to create a crisis reaction defensible space against fires ​ Victims feel that they are back to ​ Adding levees or improving property normal drainage to protect from flooding ​ A sense of well-being is restored 8 ​ CKDC, TERV The Life and Works of José Rizal ​ Securing furniture to floors and walls to help CERT Disaster Response: prevent damage/injuries during earthquakes ​ Re-locating structures to less disaster-prone ​ provides a standardized training and areas implementation framework to community members Phase 2: Preparedness ​ an organization of volunteer emergency ​ To take actions ahead of time to be ready for workers who have received specific training an emergency in basic disaster response skills, and who ​ occurs before a disaster takes place agree to supplement existing emergency ​ attempts to understand how a disaster might responders in the event of a major disaster affect overall productivity and provide ○​ Respond in a period immediately after a appropriate education while putting disaster preparedness measures into place ○​ Assist emergency response personnel ​ hosting training, education, drills, tabletop when requested exercises, and full-scale exercises on disaster ○​ CERT members’ first responsibility is preparedness personal and family safety ​ assemble a team to create a business ​ Response after disaster: continuity plan and list of resources needed ○​ Locate and turn off utilities, if safe to recover from a disaster ○​ Extinguish small fires ○​ Treat injuries Phase 3: Response ○​ Conduct light search and rescue ​ To protect people and property in the wake ○​ Help to relieve survivor stress of an emergency, disaster, or crisis ​ occurs in the immediate aftermath of a Phase 4: Recovery disaster ​ To rebuild after a disaster in an effort to ​ focus of attention on addressing immediate return operations back to normal threats to people, property, and business ​ takes place after a disaster ​ safety and wellbeing largely depends on the ​ restoration of an organization following any preparedness levels before disaster strikes impacts from a disaster ​ ensuring that people are out of harm’s way ○​ organization has achieved at least some ​ assessment of damage, implementing degree of physical, environmental, disaster response plans, triage cleanup economic and social stability efforts, resource distribution as necessary ○​ can last anywhere from six months to a ​ At the disaster site: police, fire fighters, year (or even longer depending on the nurses and other relief workers develop a severity of the incident) coordinated response to: ○​ creating strategic protocols and action 1.​ Rescue plans to address the most serious 2.​ Triage impacts of a disaster 3.​ Immediate treatment and support ○​ organization works to obtain new 4.​ Care of dead bodies and notifications of resources, rebuild or create families partnerships, and implement effective recovery strategies CERT - COMMUNITY EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM 9 ​ CKDC, TERV The Life and Works of José Rizal ○​ takes steps to reduce financial burdens, environment, and other things of value; or rebuild damaged structures, and reduce some combination of these. vulnerability to future disasters ➔​ Risk: This refers to the likelihood that a hazard will occur, as well as the severity of possible impacts to health, property, the Pre Impact Prevention / Mitigation environment, and other things of value; or some combination of these. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk ➔​ Vulnerability: This refers to the people, Reduction (UNDRR) property, infrastructure, industry, resources, ​ is the lead UN agency for the coordination of or environments that are particularly disaster risk reduction exposed to adverse impact from a hazardous -​ works globally towards the prevention of new event. disaster risks and the reduction of existing An HRVA assists communities in answering the risk, and promotes the strengthening of following questions: resilience through multi-hazard disaster risk ❖​ What hazards are likely to occur in my management community? ❖​ How resilient is my community? HYOGO Framework for Action on Disaster ❖​ How is climate change affecting the Reduction likelihood of hazards? ➔​ key instrument for implementing disaster ❖​ How severe will the impact be on the risk reduction, adopted by the Member community's population, infrastructure, States of the United Nations property, and environment? ➔​ its overarching goal is to build resilience of ❖​ What risk reductions strategies can I nations and communities to disasters implement in my community? ➔​ offers five areas of priorities for action: (https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/public-safet guiding principles and practical means for y-and-emergency-services/emergency-prepared achieving disaster resilience for vulnerable ness-response-recovery/local-government/hrva communities in the context of sustainable /guides/companion_guide_to_the_hrva.pdf) development Priorities for Action Site-specific hazard assessment 1.​ Make Disaster Risk Reduction a Priority ➔​ requires a qualified professional with 2.​ Know the Risks and Take Action specialized knowledge of the particular 3.​ Build Understanding and Awareness hazard of which they are assessing 4.​ Reduce Risk ➔​ specific space, not the whole country 5.​ Be Prepared and Ready to Act ➔​ Ex. geotechnical specialist, civil engineer, (https://www.unisdr.org/files/1217_HFAbrochure wildfire mitigation specialist, certified English.pdf) forester, and certified floodplain manager ➔​ Purpose: HRVA: Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Analysis ◆​ to identify hazards ➔​ Hazards: These are sources of potential ◆​ determine a path for hazard mitigation harm, or situations with a potential for ◆​ increase public safety causing harm, in terms of human injury; ◆​ reduce the threat of future property damage to health, property, the damage or loss of life 10 ​ CKDC, TERV The Life and Works of José Rizal DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Personal and Home Disaster Survival ​ Personal preparedness ○​ ex: go bags (medications, ) emergency contact numbers ​ Professional preparedness Staging & Patient Handling ○​ certificate with seminars ​ Community Preparedness ○​ whole community Recovery, Reconstruction, Rehabilitation DISASTER MANAGEMENT TEAM ​ Medical Supervisor ​ Additional Medical Supervisor ​ Chief Medical Officer (Casualty) ​ Head of all Departments MODULE 3 ​ Blood bank in charge ​ Security officers Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in ​ Transport officer Emergency Settings ​ Sanitary personnel ELEMENTS OF DISASTER PLAN ​ Chain of authority Infant and Young Child Feeding During ​ Lines of communication Emergency ​ Routes and modes of transport ​ Mobilization ​ Warning Warning Systems ​ Evacuation ​ Rescue and recovery ​ Triage MODULE 4 ​ Treatment ​ Support of victims and families ​ Care of dead bodies Topic 1: ​ Disaster worker rehabilitation Topic 2: General Preparedness Topic 3: Universal Emergency Code System Family Communications Plan MODULE 5 Topic 1: 11 ​ CKDC, TERV The Life and Works of José Rizal Topic 2: Topic 3: MODULE 6 Topic 1: Topic 2: Topic 3: 12 ​ CKDC, TERV