LN EMS417 Building Technology PDF

EMS 417 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING TECHNOLOGY By PN. SITI NUR FARHANA AB LATIF STUDIES OF REAL ESTATE COLLEGE OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT, UiTM  CONTENT INTRODUCTION PARTS OF BUILDING & BU...

EMS 417 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING TECHNOLOGY By PN. SITI NUR FARHANA AB LATIF STUDIES OF REAL ESTATE COLLEGE OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT, UiTM  CONTENT INTRODUCTION PARTS OF BUILDING & BUILDING ELEMENTS FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT OF A BUILDING BUILDING TEAM BUILDING DRAWING REFERENCES INTRODUCTION Source: https://utusantv.com/2023/06/06/projek-perumahan-di-kl-wajib-bina-rumah-mampu-milik-ppr/  INTRODUCTION an assembly of materials and components, joined together in such a way as to allow the building to fulfill its primary purpose, that of providing shelter to its occupants. – that the building will act as an enclosure for the activities housed within: – that the building will protect the occupants, equipment or goods housed within from the vagaries of the eternal climate (rain, wind, sun, snow and frost)  INTRODUCTION must be stable, durable, sanitary and fire- resistant Source: Walton D. SUBSTRUCTURE & SUPERSTRUCTURE Source: https://www.civilengineeringforum.me/superstructure-and-substructure/ SUBSTRUCTURE & SUPERSTRUCTURE Sub Structure Superstructure Definition The part of the building The part of the building constructed below ground constructed above ground level. level. Functions supports the building’s Transfers loads from the upper loads and transfers them to part of the building to the the ground. substructure Component It is made up of the piers, Structural frame (columns, abutments, and foundation such beams, slabs) as footings and piles Roof Foundation (shallow or Walls (external and internal) deep) - strip footing, raft Stairs, ramp, lifts foundation, pile foundation. Door, windows and other Basement (if applicable) openings Difference interacts with the soil and is responsible for the building’s responsible for load transfer usability - It supports the structure and - Provides living space and protects prevents it from collapsing the building from the elements  BUILDING ELEMENTS Substructure: Foundations, basements. Superstructure: Walls, floors, roofs, doors, windows. Service Components: HVAC, plumbing, electrical systems, elevators. External Features: Façades, cladding, landscaping elements. Circulation Elements: Staircases, ramps, corridors, and lifts.  BUILDING ELEMENTS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmZxwn884Mw BUILDING ELEMENTS Source: R. Chudley & R. Greeno  FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS i. Sustainability – Covers numerous aspects of the building process. It starts with the design of the building, goes through the construction process and encompasses building performance issues throughout its use. ii. Strength and stability – building must be strong enough to carry the loads imposed upon it and be stable enough to transfer those loads to the ground beneath safely. The strength of the building is related to the strength of the materials used in its constructions. iii. Weather Resistance – as a building is to provide shelter from the external climate, the parts of building that are exposed to the climate must be weather resistant; resistance to water penetration or rising dampness iv. Fire Resistance – building should be designed to be fire resistant and to withstand the effects of fire from within as well as from without, for sufficient time to allow for the escape of occupants to a place of safety. v. Thermal Insulation - the thermal comfort of the occupant that is related to the capacity of the materials within the building to store heat. It is also affected by the external air temperature, the amount of heat gained from the sun, the amount of ventilation, the air tightness of the structure and the amount of thermal insulation provided in the building  FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS iv. Sound Insulation - adequate levels of acoustic insulation to prevent external noise from affecting the internal environment or noise created within the building from affecting the external environment. Sound is transmitted in buildings by two main mechanisms: airborne transmission and structure borne/impact transmission v. Durability – as building does not last forever, it is important that sufficient thought is given to the selection of materials and components used in the construction of buildings regarding their durability and ease of maintenance and repair. Durability of building material may be related to its ease of frequency of maintenance, repair or replacement and location of the material or component. vi. Appearance – careful thought need to be given to the appearance of materials and components used in the building and how that appearance may be affected by exposure to the effects of the weather. This will largely depend on whether the material can be seen or not. vii. Quality – regarded as an important consideration in the selection and use of building materials and components. It embodies the performance of the material or component against every other functional criterion.  BUILDING TEAM i. The client - May be a private individual or commercial organization ii. The design team - Responsible for the overall layout and appearance of the building ▪ Consists of an architect, structural engineer, quantity surveyor and clerk of work iii. The contractor’s team- The builders who put up the building ▪ Consists of main contractor, subcontractors, estimator, surveyor, contract supervisor, site agent, general foreman, trades foreman, apprentices and labourers iv. The building material suppliers - building materials supply industry ▪ consists of the manufactures who make all the materials needed to construct a building and the builders’ merchant who buy the building materials and sell them to the building contractors v. The regulators - Protect the public and the building workers from dangerous and poor quality construction methods. ▪ Involvement of building inspectors and planners  REFERENCES i. Andrew J.Charlett and Craig Maybery- Thomas, “Fundamental Building Technology” Routledge, 2013, Chapter 1 ii. D. Walton, “Building Construction Principles and Practices”, Mac Millan, 1995, Chapter 2 &5 iii. R.Chudley & R.Greeno, “Building Construction Handbook 7th Ed.”, Elsevier, 2008, Chapter 1  EMS 417 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING TECHNOLOGY (BUILDING DRAWING) By PN. SITI NUR FARHANA AB LATIF STUDIES OF REAL ESTATE COLLEGE OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT, UiTM  CONTENT INTRODUCTION WORKING DRAWING – PURPOSE, PLAN, ELEVATIONS, SECTIONS DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS LAYOUT AND PRESENTATION OF DRAWINGS (TITLE BLOCK) GENERAL ASPECTS TO DRAWINGS – LETTERINGS, GRAPHIC SYMBOLS, LINES, DIMENSIONS,,, APPLICATION TO SCALE REFERENCES  INTRODUCTION The production of the construction documents is an important as the organization of people and materials in a building project.  INTRODUCTION Importance of building drawing: – it is often easier to explain building details by drawings or sketches than by written description. – forms an effective means of communication – Drawings constitutes an essential working basis for any building projects. It is desirable to achieve maximum uniformity in the presentation of building drawings. INTRODUCTION  WORKING DRAWINGS Comprehensive set of drawings used in building construction project. The majority of working drawings consists of plans, sections and elevations drawn by orthographic projection, whereby they are all in flat planes. form one of the most effective ways of conveying the designer’s requirements to the contractor, to assist him in constructing the work on the site.  WORKING DRAWINGS Purpose: i. Basic documents used by the contractor and sub-contractor to construct the building on site ii. Obtaining planning & building control approval iii. Preparing the specification of works i.e. the specification is a document describes the standard of workmanship & material required for a building project e.g. size, shape etc. iv. Preparing a Bill of Quantities (i.e. pricing the work accurately to determine the volumes, areas of work required. Contractor decides how much to charge for each part of the job & add this up to determine the total price v. Preparing a tender estimate for the project  WORKING DRAWINGS Represents a view from above of an object on a horizontal plane - represents a sectional plan of the walls, doors and windows, as if they were cut open. The site plan shows the building to the site boundaries PLANS & adjoining roads and other buildings The floor plans show the position of the walls, partitions, doors, windows, staircases, accommodation rooms etc. The roof plan shows how to replace the timber structures to form roof Represent external faces/views i.e. front, sides and rear elevations of ELEVATIONS a building showing the general appearance of windows and doors drawings that show the detail for the internal parts of the building like foundation, floors etc. It shows the depth of the foundation, the SECTIONS level of floors & roof It may also include construction detail such as roof tiles, rainwater gutter & pipes, lean-to-roof WORKING DRAWINGS WORKING DRAWINGS WORKING DRAWINGS DRAWING INSTRUMENTS & MATERIALS DRAWING INSTRUMENTS & MATERIALS  DRAWING INSTRUMENTS & MATERIALS i. Compasses – Beam compasses, Spring bow compasses ii. Pens – Ruling pens, freehand pens iii. Drawing ink – black in colour and water proof iv. Stencils – used by draughts persons especially for main headings v. Pencils – produced in variety of grades and HB is generally found to be most suitable for small working drawings and B pencils for large scale work and sketches. vi. Erasers – the erasing of pencils work is done with soft rubber erasers vii.Drawing boards – made in variety of sizes and to various designs. The most common sizes are A2: 650x470mm,, A1: 920x650mm and AO: 1270x920mm viii.Tea squares – is used to produce horizontal lines and as a working platform for set squares. Usual length are 650, 920 and 1270mm  DRAWING INSTRUMENTS & MATERIALS ix. Set squares – is used to draw vertical or inclined lines. One type of set square has two angles of 45o while the other has angles of 60o and 30o respectively. x. French curves - made of transparent plastic and to a variety forms as aids to drawing architectural curves with pens, and in the form of railway curves ranging from 50 to 6000 mm radius. xi. Scales – is used for plotting dimensions prior to drawing and for scaling from finished drawings. A very popular and useful scales of oval section with scale of four edges has 1:10 and 1:100, 1:20 and 1:200, 1:5 and 1:50 and 1:1250 and 1:2500 scales xii. Drawing paper – produced in the form of cartridge paper for general use and handmade paper for fine line work and to receive colour washes. Sizes of paper are 841x1189mm (AO), 594x841mm (A1), 420x594mm (A2), 297x420mm (A3) and 210x297mm (A4) xiii.Tracing paper – either a smooth or matt surface and can be obtained in either roll or sheets in several weights, suitable for ink and pencil drawing.  DRAWING INSTRUMENTS & MATERIALS Sheet Size in mm Size in inch size A0 841 x 1189 34’’ x 44” A1 594 x 841 22’’ x 34” A2 420 x 594 17” x 22” A3 297 x 420 11” x 17” A4 210 x 297 8.5’’ x 11”  LAYOUT & PRESENTATION OF DRAWINGS Drawings shall be logically and neatly arranged to give a balanced layout – a filing margin – title – information paneL LAYOUT & PRESENTATION OF DRAWINGS LAYOUT & PRESENTATION OF DRAWINGS  GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRAWINGS LETTERING Lettering – Enables the architect, engineer and designer to communicate complete description – to produce uniform, neat and easily legible lettering. – Basic rules: i) Use single-stroke, vertical, GOTHIC style of lettering. ii) Use capital letters only. iii) Skip a space between rows of letter. iv) Take your time, letter carefully v) Leave sufficient space between words.  GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRAWINGS LETTERING Essential Features of Architectural Lettering Legible (Readable) Consistent font Readable, consistent font size No overlapping letters Evenly spaced All upper case letters Black http://bleckarchitects.com/2014/05/want-write-like-architect-architectural- lettering/ GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRAWINGS LETTERING  GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRAWINGS GRAPHIC SYMBOLS Graphic symbols – Materials in section on plans and vertical sections are best hatched to assist in interpreting the drawings. Hatching is preferable to colouring which is costly, laborious and conducive to error. – The use of nationally recognized hatchings leads to uniformity in the presentation of drawings and enables them to be more readily and easily understood. GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRAWINGS GRAPHIC SYMBOLS GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRAWINGS GRAPHIC SYMBOLS  GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRAWINGS LINES Lines Technical drawing Lines are used for different purposes to provide specific information for designers, manufacturers, etc. looking at the drawing. Each type of line has a very precise symbolic meaning. The person who will read drawings have to learn what they mean. Line types are also a language type to communicate between technical people. Line weight is the thickness of the line. – Construction lines and guide lines are very light, easily erased lines used to block in the main layout. – Visible lines are the edges or "outlines" of an object. They are drawn as solid lines with a thick/heavy weight. http://www.fostercad.com/Notes; http://www.cobanengineering.com/GeometricDimensioningAndTolerancing/TechnicalDrawingLines.asp  GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRAWINGS LINES Lines weight Thick Lines Medium Lines Thin Lines Solid / first line Second line Third line E.g. Site outlines of E.g. general details E.g. reference buildings; primary on site drawings, grids, dimension functional secondary lines, leader lines elements, services elements and (thick broken lines) components  GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRAWINGS LINES Lines weight  GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRAWINGS LINES Lines types  GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRAWINGS LINES Lines types  GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRAWINGS LINES Lines quality  GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRAWINGS LINES Lines quality  GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRAWINGS DIMENSIONS Dimensions – drawn in positions where they cannot be confused with other information on the drawing.  GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRAWINGS SCALE Application to scale – Plan of an object cannot be drawn in full size – Object can be reduced or enlarge – The ability to change any size of an object is term as scale – Scale refers to a proportion determining the relation of a representation to the full size – Importance of scale: o To get the correct measurement o To assist in plan reading o To reduce an object o To enlarge an object o Measurement on the paper can be visualize to the real object  GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRAWINGS SCALE Application to scale – 2 main scales, i.e. metric and imperial o E.g. of metric: 1:1, 1:50, 1:100, 1:1250 1:100 mean → for every 1mm on the paper is representing 100mm on the earth o E.g. of imperial: ¼”=1’ , 1” = 1’ 1” = 1’ → 1” on the paper is representing 1 foot on the earth – Smaller scale will show a bigger object/plan. On the other hand, larger scale will show a small object/plan. GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRAWINGS SCALE - Example 5m a) Apply a scale 1:100 If 1 cm on the paper = 100 cm on earth 1cm = 100cm 5cm = 500cm Type of scale Example of scales If 1 = 100 Full size 1:1 500 = 5cm Reduced scale 1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 100 1:500, 1:1000 Enlarged scale 1000:1, 500:1, 200:1, 100:1, 50:1, 20:1, 10:1, 5:1, 2:1  REFERENCES i. D. Walton, “Building Construction Principles and Practices”, Mac Millan, 1995, Chapter 4 ii. Ivoe H. Seely, “Building Technology 5th Ed.”, Mac Millan, 1995, Chapter 2