Introduction To Anatomy And Physiology Lecture 1 PDF

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE 1 1 Learning Outcomes 1. Discuss the relationship between anatomy, physiology, and behavior. 2. Identify the levels of structural organization in the human body and explain their relevance to psychological functions....

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE 1 1 Learning Outcomes 1. Discuss the relationship between anatomy, physiology, and behavior. 2. Identify the levels of structural organization in the human body and explain their relevance to psychological functions. 3. Review the characteristics of life and their relevance to psychology. 4. Explain the concept of homeostasis and its role in maintaining psychological and physical balance. 5. Review the anatomical language. 2  Anatomy, Physiology and Behavior Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body Physiology – the study of the function of the human body Behavior - encompasses all actions and responses of an organism, often influenced by anatomy and physiology 3  Levels of Organization Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Subatomic particles Atom Organ system Molecule Macromolecule Organ Organelle Organism Cell Tissue Biological Levels and Psychology 5 Biological Levels and Psychology 6 Biological Levels and Psychology 7 Biological Levels and Psychology 8  Characteristics of Life and Psychology Psychological Characteristic of Life Examples Relevance - Developmental Movement psychology studies Integral to motor skills infant motor Change in position or and behavioral coordination motion responses - Neuroscience examines Parkinson's - Cognitive psychology Responsiveness examines decision- Central to sensory making under threat Reaction to a change in processing and - Anxiety disorders the environment emotional reactions reflect maladaptive 9 responsiveness  Characteristics of Life and Psychology Growth Key in cognitive, - Piaget’s theory of Increase in body size emotional, and social cognitive development without changing development outlines growth stages shape - Studies on attachment and mate Explored in selection Reproduction evolutionary Production of new psychology for organisms or new behaviors linked to cells mating and parenting 10  Characteristics of Life and Psychology Respiration - Breathing techniques in mindfulness reduce Obtaining oxygen, Links to stress and anxiety removing carbon relaxation responses in - Yoga and relaxation dioxide, and releasing psychophysiology therapies use energy from foods controlled breathing - Gut microbiota Digestion Connected to the gut- imbalances linked to Breakdown of food brain axis, influencing depression and anxiety substances into simpler mood and cognition forms 11  Characteristics of Life and Psychology Absorption Critical for brain Passage of - Vitamin B12 or health, as nutrients substances through affect cognition and omega-3 deficiencies membranes into body mood impact mental health fluids - Cardiovascular health improves brain Circulation Delivers oxygen and function and reduces Movement of nutrients to the brain, depression risk substances in body affecting cognition and fluids mood 12  Characteristics of Life and Psychology Assimilation Changing absorbed Analogous to adapting - Piaget’s theory uses substances into and integrating new assimilation as a key chemically different information learning process forms Excretion - Renal issues can Removes toxins that Removal of wastes lead to cognitive could affect mental produced by metabolic health impairments or mood reactions changes 13  Homeostasis* * Maintaining of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts: Receptor - provides information about the stimuli Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point) Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment 14  Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center (set point) (Change is compared Receptors to the set point.) Effectors (muscles or glands) Stimulus (Change occurs in internal environment.) Response 15 (Change is corrected.) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Receptors Effectors Thermoreceptors Skin blood vessels send signals to the dilate and sweat glands control center. secrete. Stimulus Response Body temperature Body heat is lost to rises above normal. surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. too high Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F) too low Stimulus Response Body temperature Body heat is conserved, drops below normal. temperature rises toward normal. Receptors Effectors Effectors Thermoreceptors Skin blood Muscle send signals to the vessels constrict activity control center. and sweat glands generates remain inactive. body heat. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals 16 muscles to contract Involuntarily.  Homeostatic Control Mechanisms There are two (2) types: Negative feedback mechanisms Positive feedback mechanisms 17 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Negative feedback summary: Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body Corrects the set point Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’ Most common type of feedback loop Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation 18 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Positive feedback summary: Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body short-lived do not require continuous adjustments Examples: blood clotting and child birth 19  Organization of the Human Body Cranial cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Vertebral canal Right pleural Mediastinum Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity Left pleural cavity cavity Pericardial Diaphragm cavity Diaphragm Abdominal Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity cavity Pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (b) (a) 20  Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes Visceral layer – covers an organ Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall Thoracic Membranes Abdominopelvic Membranes Visceral pleura Parietal peritoneum Parietal pleura Visceral peritoneum Visceral pericardium Parietal perineum Parietal pericardium Visceral perineum 21 Serous Membranes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 22  Anatomical Language and Terminology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out 23  Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position): Superior versus Inferior (Cranial vs. Caudal) Anterior versus Posterior (Ventral vs. Dorsal) Medial versus Lateral Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral Proximal versus Distal Superficial versus Deep Internal versus External 24  Body Sections or Planes Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions 25  Body Sections Median Parasagittal (midsagittal) plane plane Transverse A section along the (horizontal) median plane plane A section along a transverse plane Frontal (coronal) A section along a frontal plane plane 26  Body Sections (a) (b) (c) 27  Other Body Sections L o n g i t u d i n Cross- a l section s e c t i o n 28 (a) (b) (c)  Abdominal Subdivisions Right Left hypochondriac Epigastric hypochondriac region region region Right upper Left upper quadrant quadrant (RUQ) (LUQ) Right Umbilical Left lumbar region lumbar region region Right lower Left lower quadrant quadrant Right Hypogastric Left (RLQ) (LLQ) iliac region iliac region region 29  Body Regions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cephalic (head) Frontal (forehead) Otic (ear) Orbital (eye cavity) Nasal (nose) Occipital Buccal (cheek) Oral (mouth) (back of head) Cervical (neck) Mental (chin) Sternal Acromial Acromial (point of shoulder) Pectoral (point of shoulder) Axillary (armpit) (chest) Vertebral Mammary (breast) (spinal column) Brachial (arm) Brachial (arm) Dorsum (back) Umbilical Antecubital (navel) Cubital (elbow) (front of elbow) Inguinal Lumbar Abdominal (lower back) (abdomen) (groin) Antebrachial Sacral (between hips) (forearm) Coxal Gluteal (buttocks) (hip) Carpal (wrist) Perineal Palmar (palm) Digital (finger) Femoral (thigh) Genital (reproductive organs) Popliteal (back of knee) Patellar (front of knee) Sural (calf) Crural (leg) Tarsal (instep) Pedal (foot) (a) Digital (toe) (b) Plantar (sole) 30  Lecture Activities 1. Concept Mapping: Create a visual map of how anatomy and physiology are interconnected with psychological functions (e.g., how body systems influence mental health). 2. Group Discussions: Discuss the role of homeostasis in maintaining psychological well-being, focusing on stress and mental health. 3. Case Study Analysis: Analyze real-life case studies on homeostasis and the body’s response to environmental stressors, highlighting psychological impacts. 31