Curtin University Compendium 1 - The Human Body PDF

15/02/2021 Compendium 1 What is life? Part 1: The human body Dr Flavia Di Pietro [email protected] Acknowledgement: Dr Ajanthy Shan WARNING This material has been reproduced and c...

15/02/2021 Compendium 1 What is life? Part 1: The human body Dr Flavia Di Pietro [email protected] Acknowledgement: Dr Ajanthy Shan WARNING This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Curtin University in accordance with section 113P of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. 1  15/02/2021 Specific Learning Objectives 1. Define the terms ‘anatomy’ and ‘physiology’. 2. Describe the different levels of anatomy and physiology. 3. Describe the six levels of organisation in the body. 4. List the six characteristics of living organisms. 5. Define ‘homeostasis’. 6. List the characteristics of the anatomical position. 7. Use appropriate anatomical terminology to describe directional terms, body planes, and location of body parts and anatomical relations. 8. Describe the major body cavities and their divisions. 9. Identify the major organs within each abdominal quadrant and region. 10. Describe the properties of serous membranes. 11. Describe the location and function of serous membranes. 2  15/02/2021 Textbook readings  VanPutte, C. L., Regan, J. L. & Russo, A. F. (2020). Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology (12th edition). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill o Chapter 1: pages 1-22  VanPutte, C. L., Regan, J. L. & Russo, A. F. (2017). Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology (11th edition). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill o Chapter 1: pages 1-21  VanPutte, C. L., Regan, J. L. & Russo, A. F. (2014). Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology (10th edition). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill o Chapter 1: pages 1-21  VanPutte, C. L., Regan, J. L. & Russo, A. F. (2010). Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology (9th edition). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill o Chapter 1: pages 1-21 What is anatomy? The branch of science that deals with the structure of organisms (humans) and their parts The organisation of living things 3  15/02/2021 Levels of anatomy Gross anatomy (macroscopic) Structures examined without the aid of a microscope - Systemic: studying the body system by system - Regional: studying the body area by area Levels of anatomy Surface anatomy (macroscopic) The study of the external form of the body - Relation to deeper structures 4  15/02/2021 Levels of anatomy Microscopic anatomy The study of the structures with the aid of a microscope - Cytology (cells) - Histology (tissues) Levels of anatomy Developmental anatomy The study of the structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan - Fertilisation to death - Greatest developmental changes occur before you are born! 5  15/02/2021 What is physiology? The branch of science that deals with the normal function of living organisms (humans) and their parts The way in which an organism (or its parts) function Levels of physiology Molecular Cellular Systemic Neurophysiology Cardiovascular, etc. 6  15/02/2021 Studies of anatomy or physiology? Measuring the electrical conductivity of the heart Viewing cells under a microscope Using a vitalograph to test lung capacity Observing the deep interior structures of the brain Measuring blood pressure and heart rate after a run Dissecting a heart Studies of anatomy or physiology? Measuring the electrical conductivity of the heart Viewing cells under a microscope Using a vitalograph to test lung capacity Observing the deep interior structures of the brain Measuring blood pressure and heart rate after a run Dissecting a heart 7  15/02/2021 Structural and functional organization of the human body Chemical level How atoms (e.g. hydrogen, carbon) interact and combine into molecules (e.g. DNA, RNA, sugar, water) Atoms Molecule (DNA) Structural and functional organization of the human body Cellular level How molecules interact and combine to form organelles (e.g. nucleus, mitochondrion) of a cell Mitochondria Nucleus Molecule (DNA) Smooth muscle cell 8  15/02/2021 Structural and functional organization of the human body Tissue level Numerous similar cells, and the tissue around them, join to form a tissue type (eg smooth muscle tissue) Smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue Structural and functional organization of the human body Organ level Two or more tissue types form an organ that performs one or more function/s (e.g. bladder) Wall of urinary bladder Smooth muscle tissue Epithelium Connective tissue Smooth muscle tissue Urinary bladder Connective tissue 9  15/02/2021 Structural and functional organization of the human body Organ system level A group of organs performing a common function (e.g. kidneys, bladder, ureters) make up a system (urinary system) 4 Urinary bladder Kidney 5 Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Urinary system Structural and functional organization of the human body Organ system level 10  15/02/2021 Structural and functional organization of the human body Organism level Anything living thing considered as a whole Kidney 6 Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Urinary system Characteristics of an organism (characteristics of life) 1. Organisation The specific relationships/interactions among parts of an organism  how they perform their functions 2. Metabolism The ability to use energy (chemical reactions) and perform vital functions 3. Responsiveness The ability to sense and adjust/react to changes in the environment 11  15/02/2021 Characteristics of an organism (characteristics of life) 4. Growth An increase in the size or number of cells  overall enlargement of the organism 5. Development The changes an organism undergoes through time 6. Reproduction The formation of new cells and new organisms. All living organisms pass on their genes to their offspring Characteristics of an organism (characteristics of life) Which of these is an organism? 12  15/02/2021 Characteristics of an organism (characteristics of life) Which of these is an organism? What is homeostasis? The maintenance of a relatively constant environment inside the human body Examples: body temperature, blood pressure, pH, glucose, oxygen Homeostatic mechanisms maintain the body near an ideal normal value, the set point Slightly above or below this set point is the normal range Failure of homeostasis can lead to disease, even death 13  15/02/2021 What is homeostasis? Organ systems keep our internal environment relatively constant E.g. digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular systems working together to deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells, and remove waste products from cells Modern medicine seeks to understand disturbances and maintain a normal range Most body systems maintained by negative feedback mechanisms Compendium 1 questions 1. What is the purpose of the anatomical reference position? 2. What characteristics are used to assess whether something is alive or not? 3. What are the 6 levels of organisation of the human body and give examples of each? 4. Anatomical directional terms for the body – use each one in a sentence. 5. What are the three planes in which the body or organs can be divided? 6. What are the three anterior cavities of the trunk? 7. Why do we divide the abdomen into quadrants or regions? What are they? 8. Why do we need serous membranes lining body cavities? 14