Introduction to Medical Terminology PDF

Introduction to Medical Terminology Dr. Haidy Effat Associate Professor of Pharmacology & Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University [email protected] 1 Course contents, assessments, and references Topic...

Introduction to Medical Terminology Dr. Haidy Effat Associate Professor of Pharmacology & Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University [email protected] 1 Course contents, assessments, and references Topic Lecturer Introduction: The scope of medical terminology Assoc. Prof. Haidy Effat Word analysis: roots Assoc. Prof. Haidy Effat Word analysis: prefixes Assoc. Prof. Haidy Effat Word analysis: suffixes Assoc. Prof. Haidy Effat Word parts pertaining to different body systems: Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems Assoc. Prof. Haidy Effat Nervous system Dr. Diana Magdy Respiratory system Dr. Diana Magdy Digestive system and Endocrine system Dr. Diana Magdy Urinary system and reproductive system Dr. Diana Magdy Musculoskeletal & Integumentary systems Dr. Diana Magdy Midterm exam at the 6th week (10 points) and the final at week 14 (40 points). ❑ Davi-Ellen Chabner's The Language of Medicine, 12th Edition. Saunders, 2020. ❑ Barbara Janson Cohen, Shirley A Jones. Medical Terminology an Illustrated Guide. J.B. Lippincott Company, 9th edition 2020 ❑ M.A. Zaki, E.S.M. El-Denshary, and A.M. Ageel. Medical Terminology; Latin and Greek Origin with Arabic and English Explanations. Mars Publishing House. 2 ❑ HITTI,S POCKET MEDICAL DICTIONARY ENGLISH - ARABIC - USUF K. HITTI & AHMAD AL-KHATIB Why do we need to learn "Medical Terminology" ?? ▪ Clinical Pharmacy (The pharmacist is an important member in the health team). ▪ Communication between the pharmacist and other team members is of special nature. 3 Why do we need to learn "Medical Terminology" ?? “Medical Terminology” is the primary tool that the pharmacist needs to understand, communicate, document & implement the prescribed treatment. 4 Example of a medical term you hear from a colleague I think he needs Esophagogastroduodenoscopy 5  Sentence of words One word medical term Instrumentation to Esophagogastroduodenoscopy visualize esophagus, stomach and duodenum 6 Objectives of the Course Upon completion of this unit, you will be able to: ▪ Identify and define the four components of medical terms ▪ Analyze and define medical terms ▪ (Do not memorize terms, divide terms into component parts or elements, learn the meaning of each of these parts, and recognize them when they appear in different words). ▪ Build medical terms for given definitions ▪ (To be able to reduce an entire phrase to a single word) ▪ To be aware of the proper spelling and pronunciation 7 Word parts/building blocks of a medical term Medical terms are built from word parts with some or all of the following components: 1. Word roots 2. Suffixes 3. Prefixes 4. Combining vowels 5. Combining forms 8 Word Root ▪ The word root is the central and foundation of the medical term ▪ Word parts generally come from two language origins: Greek & Latin ▪ Gives basic meaning of term ▪ Most medical terms contain one or more roots ▪ The root may be an organ, tissue, cell, body fluid, body component, cavity, electricity, air, secretion, excretion,.........etc. 9 Word Root Examples ▪ “dent” means tooth ▪ “dermat” means skin ▪ “cardi” means heart ▪ “gastr” means stomach ▪ “pancreat” means pancreas 10 Suffix ▪ A suffix is added to the END of a word root or combining form to modify its meaning. ▪ Suffixes can be nouns or adjectives. ▪ Examples: itis (Inflammation) lysis (Destruction, Decomposition, Breakdown) ic (Pertaining to) 11 Prefix ◾ A prefix is an element placed BEFORE a word or word root to alter its meaning or create a new word. Examples: o Hyper- (excessive) o Pre- (before) o Post- (after) o Homo- (same) o Hypo- (under) 12 Combining Vowels and Forms ▪ To make the pronunciation of word roots easier, sometimes it is necessary to insert a vowel after the root. ▪ Combining Vowel: A vowel that links two word parts together, usually an ‘o’, but others may be used. ▪ Combining Form: Root word plus a combining vowel. ▪ Examples: o Hemat/o – o Cardi/o – o Gastr/o – o Oste/o – 13 Guidelines for combining vowel ▪ If a suffix begins with a vowel, only use word root, not the combining form Example: Gastr/ + -itis = gastr/itis (root) + (suffix) Not = gastroitis ▪ If suffix begins with a consonant, use combining vowel: Example: Therm/ + o + -meter = Therm/o/meter (root) + (comb vowel) + (suffix) Not = Thermmeter 14 Guidelines for combining vowel ◾ To link two root words, always use a combining vowel Even if the 2nd root begins with a vowel Example: Gastr/ + o + enter/ + -itis = gastr/o/enter/itis (stomach)/(intestine) /(inflam) ▪ Never use a combining vowel after a prefix, even if root begins with a consonant Example: ▪ Post/ + rhin/ + o + -plasty ▪ (NO ‘o’ here) 15 Steps to define a Medical Word 1. Define the suffix 2. Then, define the prefix (if one is used) 3. Last, define the middle part (root) of word 16 Rules of the language ▪ The same root may have different meanings in different fields of study. Examples: myel for bone marrow and spinal cord. cyst for sac and bladder. Therefore, consider the context of the word before assigning its meaning. ▪ More than one root may have the same meaning. Example: nephr and ren for kidney 17 Rules of the language ▪ When a suffix beginning with rh is added to a root, the r is doubled. Examples: hem/o + rhage = hemorrhage men/o + rhea = menorrhea ▪ When a word ending in x has a suffix added, the x is changed to g or c. Examples: pharynx-------Pharyngeal, thorax---------thoracotomy 18 Construction The way in which medical terms are constructed can be illustrated by the following examples: 1. Prefix, Root and suffix (Pericarditis) 2. Two roots and a suffix (Osteomyelitis) 3. Prefix and root (Dyspnea) 4. Root and suffix (Cystitis) 5. Prefix and suffix (Endoscopy) 19 Plurality WORD PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL Meaning ENDING ENDING a ae vertebra vertebrae Small bone forming the backbone en ina lumen lumina Cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ (blood vessel) ex,ix ices index indices A measure of something is es diagnosis diagnoses Identification of the nature of an illness nx (anx,inx, nges phalanx phalanges Bone of the finger or toe ynx) on a ganglion ganglia A group of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system, act as relay stations between neurons Ganglion cyst: a noncancerous lump that develops in the wrist, ankle or foot um a ovum ova A mature female reproductive cell us i fungus fungi Organisms include mainly molds, yeast, 20 and mushrooms Pronounciation Guidelines Letter Pronunciation Example Meaning ch K chemical Pertaining/relating to chemistry dys Dis dystrophy Body organ or tissue is wasted away eu U euphoria Feeling of intense happiness gn N gnathic Relating to the jaw ph F pharmacy Drug store/science pn N pneumonia Inflammation of lung tissues ps S pseudo Not real pt T ptosis Drooping of the upper eyelid rh R rheumatic Pertaining to rheumatic diseases x Z xiphoid Cartilage at the lower end of sternum 21 22