Medical Terminology (MD 101) Mansoura National University Pharm D Notes PDF

Mansoura National University Faculty of Pharmacy Clinical Pharmacy - Pharm D Program Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice Department Medical Terminology (MD-101) Level I- Pharm D Cou...

Mansoura National University Faculty of Pharmacy Clinical Pharmacy - Pharm D Program Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice Department Medical Terminology (MD-101) Level I- Pharm D Course Notes Assoc. Prof. Ahmed R. Elsheikh Assoc. Prof. Marwa S. Zaghloul Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Awad  Mansoura National University Faculty of Pharmacy Clinical Pharmacy - Pharm D Program Contact details Assoc. Professor/ Ahmed Ramadan [email protected] Assoc. Professor/ Marwa S. [email protected] Zaghloul Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Awad [email protected] T.A/ Abdelrahman Emara [email protected]  Mansoura National University Faculty of Pharmacy Clinical Pharmacy - Pharm D Program Course Specification Academic year: 2024/2025 Course name: Medical Terminology ‫ مصطلحات طبيه‬:‫اسم المقرر‬ Academic Level: One ‫ االول‬:‫المستوى األكاديمي‬ Scientific Department: Clinical ‫ الصيدله االكلينيكيه و‬:‫القسم العلمي‬ Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice ‫الممارسه الصيدليه‬ Program director: Assoc. Prof. Ahmed Ramadan ‫ أحمد رمضان‬.‫د‬.‫م‬.‫ أ‬:‫مدير برنامج الفارم دي‬ Course Coordinator: Ass. Lecturer/ Abdelrahman Emara ‫ عبدالرحمن عماره‬/‫م‬.‫ م‬:‫منسق المقرر‬  Mansoura National University Faculty of Pharmacy Clinical Pharmacy - Pharm D Program University Mansoura National University Faculty Pharmacy Department offering the course Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice Department supervising the course Program on which the course is given Bachelor of Pharmacy - Pharm D bylaw (Clinical Pharmacy) Academic Level Level 1, First Semester (2024/2025) Date of course specification approval 7/9/2024 A. Basic Information: Course data: Course Title Medical Terminology Course Code MD 101 Prerequisite Registration Teaching Hours: Lecture 1 hour Practical: ………… Total Credit Hours 1 Credit Hour B. Professional Information: 1. Course Aims: This course enables the students to gain an understanding of basic elements, rules of building and analyzing medical terms. In addition, common abbreviations applicable to each system will be interpreted. 2. Course K. elements: Upon completing the course, the student will be able to dominate the following key elements. Domain 1- Fundamental Knowledge Program K. Course K. element no. element Course K. element no. Recognize the medical terminology, abbreviations and symbols 1.1.2 1.1.2.1 related to pharmacy practice.  Mansoura National University Faculty of Pharmacy Clinical Pharmacy - Pharm D Program Domain 4: Personal Practice: Program K. Course K. Course K. element element no. element no. 4.3.2 4.3.2.1 Retrieve the meaning of any medical terms needed for professional practice. 3. Course Contents: A. Theoretical part Week Lecture Topics No. credit Hours 1 Introduction to medical terminology 1 2 Suffixes 1 3 Prefixes 1 4 Medical terms related to body structures 1 5 Medical terms related to diseases 1 Medical terms related to diagnosis and treatment 1 6 Medical terms related to drugs Medical terms related to digestive system: structure, suffixes 1 7 and prefixes 8 Medical terms related to digestive system: disease and drugs 1 9 1 Medical terms related to endocrine system: pituitary gland Medical terms related to endocrine system: thyroid, 1 10 parathyroid 11 Medical terms related to cardiovascular systems 1 Medical terms related to respiratory system: structure, 1 12 suffixes and prefixes 13 Medical terms related to respiratory system: disease and drugs 1  Mansoura National University Faculty of Pharmacy Clinical Pharmacy - Pharm D Program 4. Student Assessment: a- Assessment Methods: Assessment Methods K elements to be assessed 1-Written exam 1.1.2.1 2- Periodical (Course work) 4.3.2.1, 1.1.2.1 b. Assessment schedule Assessment 1 Periodical (Course work) 6th -8 th week Assessment 2 Written exam 15&16 th week c. Weighing of assessments 1 Periodical (Course work) 25% 2 Final-term examination 75% 5. Facilities required for teaching and learning. Data show - Computers - Internet. Classroom 6. List of References No Reference Type 1- Electronic book prepared by staff members Course notes 2- Cohen, Barbara J. Medical Terminology: An Illustrated Essential Guide. 6th ed. Baltimore, MD: Wolters Kluwer Book Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, (2016). 3- https://www.ekb.eg/. Websites  Mansoura National University Faculty of Pharmacy Clinical Pharmacy - Pharm D Program Matrix 1. Course contents and course key elements Course key elements Domain 1 Domain 4 Course content Study Week 1.1.2.1 4.3.2.1 Introduction to medical terminology 1. Suffixes 2. Prefixes 3. Medical terms related to body structures 4. Medical terms related to diseases 5. Medical terms related to diagnosis and treatment 6. Medical terms related to drugs Medical terms related to digestive system: 7. structure, suffixes and prefixes Medical terms related to digestive system: disease 8. and drugs Medical terms related to endocrine system: 9. pituitary gland Medical terms related to endocrine system: 10. thyroid, parathyroid Medical terms related to cardiovascular systems: 11. Structure, suffixes and prefixes Medical terms related to cardiovascular systems: 12. Diseases and drugs Medical terms related to respiratory system: 13. structure, suffixes and prefixes Medical terms related to respiratory system: 14. disease and drugs  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Matrix 2. between course contents, methods of learning and assessment A) Theoretical Part: Assessment Teaching and Learning Methods methods Practical/Tutorial Problem solving Online lecture Course Work Self-learning Lab sessions Week Case Study Course Contents Written Lecture No. Oral Introduction to medical.1 terminology √ √ √ √ Suffixes.2 √ √ √ √ Prefixes.3 √ √ √ √ Medical terms related to body.4 structures √ √ √ √ Medical terms related to √.5 diseases √ √ Medical terms related to √.6 diagnosis and treatment √ √ Medical terms related to drugs Medical terms related to √.7 digestive system: structure, √ √ suffixes and prefixes Medical terms related to √.8 digestive system: disease and √ √ drugs Medical terms related to √.9 endocrine system: pituitary √ √ gland Medical terms related to √.10 endocrine system: thyroid, √ √ parathyroid Medical terms related to √.11 cardiovascular systems: √ √ structure, suffixes and prefixes Medical terms related to √.12 cardiovascular systems: disease √ √ and drugs Medical terms related to √.13 respiratory system: structure, √ √ suffixes and prefixes  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Medical terms related to √.14 respiratory system: disease and √ √ drugs 9 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Content Topic Page Basic Elements of a Medical Word 12 Medical Terms Related to Disease, Diagnosis and 36 Treatment Medical Terms Related to Body Systems Medical terms related to digestive system 65 Medical terms related to endocrine glands 82 Medical terms related to respiratory system 97 Medical terms related to cardiovascular system 105 References 108 Learning activities 109 10 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Part 1 Introduction to Medical Terminology 11 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Part 1 Introduction to Medical Terminology Basic Elements of a Medical Word Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: Identify the four basic word elements used to form medical words. Divide medical words into their component parts. Use the guidelines to define and build medical words. The Four Types of Word Parts 12 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Key terms Acronym An abbreviation formed from the first letter of each word in a phrase. Combining A word root in combination with a vowel used to link form the root with a suffix. Prefix A word part added before the root to modify its meaning. Root The fundamental unit of a word. Suffix A word part added to the end of a root to modify its meaning. 13 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 1. Word Roots 2. Combining Forms 3. Suffixes 4. Prefix 14  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Word Roots A word root is the core of a medical term and contains the fundamental meaning of the word. It is the foundation on which other elements are added to develop a complete term. Most word roots are derived from Greek or Latin. Because of this twofold origin, two different roots may have the same meaning. For example, the Greek word derm and the Latin word cutane both refer to the skin. As a general rule, Greek word roots are used to build words that describe a disease, condition, treatment, or diagnosis; Latin word roots are used to build words that describe anatomic structures. 15 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program System Root Meaning Cardiovascular Cardi/o Heart Vascul/o Vessel Respiratory Pneumon/o Lung Bronch/o Bronchus Digestive Gastr/o Stomach Enter/o Intestine Nervous Neur/o Nerve Encephal/o Brain Endocrine Endocrin/o Endocrine Urinary Nephro/o Kidney Muscular My/o Muscle Skeletal Arthr/o Joint Oste/o Bone 16  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 1. The word root 'Cardi/o' is related to which body system? a) Digestive system b) Cardiovascular system c) Respiratory system d) Urinary system 2. What does the word root 'Neur/o' refer to? a) Heart b) Lung c) Nerve d) Joint 3. The word root 'Gastr/o' is used for medical terms related to the: a) Stomach b) Kidney c) Brain d) Skin 4. Which body system does the word root 'Dermat/o' relate to? a) Endocrine system b) Integumentary system c) Muscular system d) Lymphatic system 17  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 5. The word root 'Nephro/o' is associated with: a) Immune System b) Urinary System c) Respiratory System d) Reproductive System 6. The word root 'Enter/o' is used for medical terms related to the: a) Intestine b) Heart c) Nerve d) Skin 7. The word root 'Arthr/o' is related to which body system? a) Skeletal system b) Cardiovascular system c) Respiratory system d) Urinary system 8. What does the word root 'Bronch/o' refer to? a) Heart b) Bronchus c) Nerve d) Joint Combining Forms A combining form is a word root to which a vowel (usually an o) is added. The vowel has no meaning of its own but enables two elements to be connected. Like the word root, the combining form is the basic foundation on which other elements are added to build complete word For example, the combining form meaning stomach is gastr/o. 18  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Rules For Using Combining Form Vowels A combining vowel is used when the suffix begins with a consonant. neur/o (nerve) + suffix -plasty (surgical repair), the combining vowel “o” is used because -plasty begins with a consonant. A combining vowel is not used when the suffix begins with a vowel neur/o (nerve) + the suffix -itis (inflammation), no combining vowel is used because -itis begins with a vowel A combining vowel is used when two or more word roots are joined. gastr/o (stomach) + enter/o (small intestine), the combining vowel is used with gastr/o. A combining vowel is not used with enter/o because it is joining the suffix -itis, which begins with a vowel 1. If the suffix begins with a consonant, should a combining vowel be used? Answer: Yes 2. If the suffix begins with a vowel, should a combining vowel be used? Answer: No 3. Is a combining vowel used when two or more-word roots are joined? Answer: Yes 4. In the medical term 'arthritis', is a combining vowel used between the root 'arthr' and the suffix 'itis'? Answer: No 19  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 5. In the medical term 'neuroplasty', is a combining vowel used between the root 'neur' and the suffix 'plasty'? Answer: Yes 6. In the medical term 'gastroenteritis', is a combining vowel used between the roots 'gastr' and 'enter'? Answer: Yes 7. In the medical term 'gastroenteritis', is a combining vowel used between the root 'enter' and the suffix 'itis'? Answer: No 8. Is a combining vowel always used between two word roots, regardless of the letters they end or begin with? Answer: Yes Suffixes A suffix is a word part that is added to the end of a word to complete that term. Example, tonsill/o means tonsils. The suffix that is added completes the term and tells what is happening to the tonsils 20  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Examples of Suffixes Combining Suffix Medical Word Meaning Form gastr/o itis Gastritis Inflammation of the stomach (stomach) (inflammation) -megaly Gastromegaly Enlargement of the stomach (enlargement) -oma Gastroma Tumor of the stomach (tumor) hepat/o itis Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver (liver) (inflammation) -megaly Hepatomegaly Enlargement of the liver (enlargement) -oma Hepatoma Tumor of the liver (tumor) 21  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Prefix for numbers Prefix Meaning Example Definition of the example Prim/i First Primitive Occurring first in time Mon/o One Monocular Pertaining to one eye Uni- One Unicellular Composed of one cell Hemi- Half; one side Hemisphere One half of a rounded structure Semi- Half; partial Semisolid Partially solid Bi- Two, twice Bicuspid A tooth with two points (cusps) di- Two, twice Dimorphous Having two forms (morph/o) Having two sets of Dipl/o Double Diploid chromosomes One of three offspring produced Tri- Three Triplet in a single birth Quadr/i- Four Quadrant One-fourth of an area Tetra- Four Tetrahedron A figure with four surfaces Multi- Many Multiple Consisting of many parts Substance composed of many Poly- Many, much Polysaccharide sugars 22  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 1. What does the medical prefix 'uni-' mean? A. Two B. One C. Three D. Four 2. What does the medical prefix 'bi-' mean? A. Four B. Three C. Two D. One 3. What does the medical prefix 'tri-' mean? A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four 4. What does the medical prefix 'quadri-' mean? A. Three B. Two C. One D. Four 5. What does the medical prefix 'poly-' mean? A. One B. Two C. Many D. Half 6. The term 'multicellular' refers to what? A. A single cell B. Two cells C. Many cells D. Half a cell 23  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 7. 'Bilateral' refers to which of the following? A. Involving one side B. Involving two sides C. Involving three sides D. Involving four sides 8. 'Unilateral' refers to which of the following? A. Involving one side B. Involving two sides C. Involving three sides D. Involving four sides 9. 'Tricuspid' refers to a structure with how many parts? A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four 10. 'Quadriplegia' refers to paralysis of how many limbs? A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four 24 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Prefix of colors Prefix Meaning Example Cyanosis = bluish coloration of skin due to Cyan/o- Blue lack of oxygen Erythr/o- Red Erythrocytes = red blood corpuscles = RBCs White. Leukoplakia=white patches in mouth Leuk/o- Colorless Leukocytes. Melan/o- Black, Dark Melanocyte = Dark cell produce melanin Xanth/o- Yellow Xanthoderma = yellow coloration of skin 25  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Negative prefixes Prefix Meaning Example a- or an without  Anaerobic == without oxygen  Apnea = stopping breathing Anti Against  Antipyretic = Against fever Contra Against  Contraception = prevention of pregnancy De- Down, Without Depilatory = agent used to remove hair Absence. Removal. Dis- Dissect = separate or removal (tissue) separation In- / im- Insignificant=not important Un- Not Unconscious=not responsive Non- Noninfectious=not able to spread disease 26  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 1. Erythrocyte is another term for which type of cell? A. Black cell B. Red cell C. White cell D. Blue cell 2. Melanoma is a type of cancer that develops from which cells? A. Black cells B. Red cells C. White cells D. Blue cells 3. Cyanosis refers to a condition that turns the skin what color? A. Black B. Red C. White D. Blue 27  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Prefixes for Direction Prefix Meaning Example Definition of the example Ab- Away from Abduct To move away from the middle Ad- Toward; near Adhere To attach or stick together Dia- Through Dialysis Separation (-lysis) by passage through a membrane Per- Through Percutaneous Through the skin Trans- Through Transfusion Introduction of blood or blood components into the bloodstream 28  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program What does the medical prefix 'sub-' mean? A. Above B. Below C. Equal D. Opposite What does the medical prefix 'supra-' mean? A. Above B. Below C. Equal D. Opposite What does the medical prefix 'anti-' mean? A. Above B. Below C. Equal D. Opposite In the term 'subcutaneous', where is the location referred to? A. Above the skin B. Below the skin C. Equal to the skin D. Opposite the skin The term 'supraorbital' refers to a location where? A. Above the orbit of the eye B. Below the orbit of the eye C. Equal to the orbit of the eye D. Opposite the orbit of the eye 29  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Antiviral refers to a substance that does what? A. Enhances viruses B. Is below viruses C. Is equal to viruses D. Opposes viruses Prefixes for time and/or position Prefix Meaning Example Ante Before ✓ Antenatal = before birth Predisposing =leading toward condition pre-. pro Before. In front of Prodrome=symptoms that preceeds disease post- After. behind Postmenopausal =after menopause En In = Inside Encephalon = in the skull = (brain) end Inside , inner , within Endocarditis = inflammation of endothelial layer of the heart epi Upon , over Epidermis = outer layer of the skin ex- out Expectorant= drug that expels sputum out of the bronchial tree Para- Beside Around , near Paraplegia = paralysis of half of the body (right /Left) Per Through Percutaneous = through skin Retro Behind, backward Retropertoneum = behind peritoneal sac Trans - across Transabdominal = incision across abdominal cavity 30  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Prefixes for degree Prefix Meaning Example Over, Excess, Hyper- Abnormally high, Hyperventilation =excess breathing Increased Hypo- Decreased, Under, Below Hypoxia = decreased oxygen in tissue Oligomenorrhea = scanty menstrual flow Olig/o- Scanty, Few (men/o) Pan- All Panacea = remedy cures all ills (cure all) Super- Above, Excess Supernumerary = in excess number 31 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 1. What does the prefix 'hyper-' mean? A. Above, over B. Under, below C. Before D. Forward, favoring 2. What does the prefix 'hypo-' mean? A. Above, over B. Under, below C. Before D. Forward, favoring 3. What does the prefix 'ante-' mean? A. Above, over B. Under, below C. Before D. Forward, favoring 4. What does the prefix 'pre-' mean? A. Above, over B. Under, below C. Before D. Forward, favoring 5. What does the prefix 'pro-' mean? A. Above, over B. Under, below C. Before D. Forward, favoring 6. The term 'hypothermia' refers to what condition? A. Overly high body temperature B. Underly low body temperature 32  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program C. Before normal body temperature D. Favoring normal body temperature 7. An 'antecedent' is something that comes when? A. Above or over something else B. Under or below something else C. Before something else D. Forward or favoring something else Defining Medical Words Here are the three basic rules for defining medical words using the example term Osteoarthritis. Rule #1 Define the suffix, or last part of the word. In this case, -itis, which means inflammation. Rule #2 Define the first part of the word (which may be a word root, combining form, or prefix). In this case, the combining form Osteo means Bone. Rule #3 Define the middle parts of the word. In this case, arthr/ means Joints. When you analyze Osteoarthritis following the three previous rules, the meaning is revealed as: Inflammation (of) +Bone+ Joints 33  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Question 1 The four elements used to form words are (Complete) a) ……………………………………………………. b) ……………………………………………………. c) ……………………………………………………. d) ……………………………………………………. Question 2 Identify the following statements as true or false. If false, rewrite the statement correctly a) A combining vowel is usually an e. b) A word root links a suffix that begins with a consonant c) combining form links multiple roots to each other d) A combining form links a suffix that begins with a consonant e) To define a medical word, first define the prefix f) word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel 34  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Question 3 A. Identifying suffixes and provide its correct meaning Suffixes Meaning Tonsilitis …….. …………. Splenomegaly ………. ………….. Hepatoma …….. …………. B. Identifying Prefixes and provide its correct meaning Prefix Meaning Hyperglycemia …….. …………. Prenatal ………. ………….. Cyanosis ………. ………. Leukopenia ………. ………. Postprandial …….. …….. Hyponatremia ………. ………. 35 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Part 2 Disease, Diagnosis and Treatment 36  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Part 2 Medical Terms Related to Disease, Diagnosis and Treatment Objectives After study of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the main methods used in examination of a patient. Name possible routes of drug administration. Define basic terms pertaining to medical examination, diagnosis, and treatment. Identify and use the roots and suffixes pertaining to diagnosis and surgery. Body Structures Directional Terms Anterior (Ventral) Toward the front of the body Posterior (Dorsal) Toward the back of the body Superior Above Inferior Below 37 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Proximal nearer to the point of attachment or from a given reference point Distal farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point Medial toward the midline of the body Lateral toward the side of the body Superficial close to the surface of the body Deep close to the center of the body Which term describes a location closer to the point of attachment or a given reference point? A. Proximal B. Distal C. Medial D. Lateral What is the term for a location farther away from the point of attachment or a given reference point? A. Proximal B. Distal C. Medial D. Lateral Which term refers to a position closer to the side of the body? A. Proximal B. Distal C. Medial D. Lateral What is the term for a position closer to the surface of the body? A. Proximal B. Distal C. Superficial D. Deep 38 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Body cavities  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Body Regions Disease and Treatment What is the meaning of the word drug? A drug is a substance that alters body function. Traditionally, drugs have been derived from natural plant, animal, and mineral sources. Today, most are manufactured synthetically by pharmaceutical companies. Drug Names Drugs may be cited by either their generic or their trade names. The generic name is usually a simple version of the chemical name for the drug and is not capitalized. The trade name (brand name, proprietary name) is a registered trademark of the manufacturer and is written with an initial capital letter.  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program The same drug may be marketed by different companies under different trade names. Key Terms Related to drugs Prescription Written and signed order for a drug with directions for its administration Substance A condition that may result from chronic use of a drug, in Dependence which a person has a chronic or compulsive need for a drug regardless of its adverse effects: dependence may be psychological or physical Tolerance A condition in which chronic use of a drug results in loss of effectiveness and the dose must be increased to produce the original response Synergy Combined action of two or more drugs working together to produce an effect greater than any of the drugs could produce when acting alone; also called synergism Potentiation Increased potency created by two drugs acting together Antagonist A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug Contraindication factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous Side Effect An undesirable effect of treatment with a drug or other form of therapy Withdrawal A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly Anaphylaxis An extreme allergic reaction that can lead to respiratory distress, circulatory collapse, and death 41  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program What is a 'prescription'? A. A condition that may result from chronic use of a drug B. An extreme allergic reaction that can lead to respiratory distress C. Written and signed order for a drug with directions for its administration D. A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug What is 'substance dependence'? A. A condition that may result from chronic use of a drug, in which a person has a chronic or compulsive need for a drug regardless of its adverse effects B. A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly C. A condition in which chronic use of a drug results in loss of effectiveness and the dose must be increased to produce the original response D. An extreme allergic reaction that can lead to respiratory distress 'Tolerance' refers to: A. A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly B. A condition in which chronic use of a drug results in loss of effectiveness and the dose must be increased to produce the original response C. An extreme allergic reaction that can lead to respiratory distress D. A condition that may result from chronic use of a drug, in which a person has a chronic or compulsive need for a drug regardless of its adverse effects What does 'synergy' mean in pharmacology? A. Combined action of two or more drugs working together to produce an effect greater than any of the drugs could produce when acting alone B. Increased potency created by two drugs acting together C. A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug D. A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous 42  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 'Potentiation' is: A. A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous B. A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug C. Increased potency created by two drugs acting together D. A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly An 'antagonist' is: A. A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous B. A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug C. A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly D. Increased potency created by two drugs acting together A 'contraindication' is: A. A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous B. A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug C. A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly D. Increased potency created by two drugs acting together A 'side effect' is: A. A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous B. A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug C. A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly D. An undesirable effect of treatment with a drug or other form of therapy 'Withdrawal' refers to: A. A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous B. A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug C. A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly D. An undesirable effect of treatment with a drug or other form of therapy 43  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program What is an 'anaphylaxis'? A. A condition that results from cessation or reduction of a drug that has been used regularly B. A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug C. An extreme allergic reaction that can lead to respiratory distress, circulatory collapse, and death D. An undesirable effect of treatment with a drug or other form of therapy Routes of Drug Administration 44 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 45  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Route Description Drug taken into the circulation through the digestive Absorption tract or by transfer across another membrane Administration though the respiratory system, as by Inhalation breathing in an aerosol or nebulizer spray Liquid is dropped or poured slowly into a body cavity or Instillation on the surface of the body, such as into the ear or onto the conjunctiva of the eye Oral Given by mouth; per (po) Rectal Administered by rectal suppository or enema Sublingual (SL) Administered under the tongue Topical Applied to the surface of the skin Absorbed through the skin, as from a patch placed on Transdermal the surface of the skin Administered by a needle and syringe ; described as Injection parenteral routes of administration injected into the space between the meninges Epidural (membranes around the spinal cord) and the spine 46 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program What does 'absorption' refer to in the context of drug administration? A. Drug taken into the circulation through the digestive tract or by transfer across another membrane B. Administration though the respiratory system C. Liquid is dropped or poured slowly into a body cavity D. Applied to the surface of the skin In which method of administration does a patient breathe in an aerosol or nebulizer spray? A. Absorption B. Inhalation C. Instillation D. Epidural 'Instillation' refers to: A. Administration by rectal suppository or enema B. Administered under the tongue C. Liquid is dropped or poured slowly into a body cavity or on the surface of the body D. Administration through the respiratory system Which method of administration is given by mouth? A. Oral B. Rectal C. Sublingual (SL) D. Topical 47 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program What does 'rectal' administration involve? A. Given by mouth B. Administered by rectal suppository or enema C. Administered under the tongue D. Applied to the surface of the skin Which method of administration involves placing a drug under the tongue? A. Oral B. Rectal C. Sublingual (SL) D. Topical 'Topical' administration refers to: A. Given by mouth B. Administered by rectal suppository or enema C. Administered under the tongue D. Applied to the surface of the skin Which method of administration involves absorption through the skin? A. Oral B. Rectal C. Sublingual (SL) D. Transdermal 'Injection' is a method of administration that is: A. Administered by a needle and syringe; described as parenteral routes of administration B. Given by mouth C. Administered under the tongue D. Applied to the surface of the skin Which method of administration involves injection into the space between the meninges and the spine? A. Oral B. Rectal C. Sublingual (SL) D. Epidural 48 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Terms Pertaining to Injectable Drugs Term Description Ampule a small, sealed glass or plastic container used for sterile intravenous solutions Vial a small glass or plastic container Catheter a thin tube that can be passed into a body cavity, organ, or vessel (Fig. 8-5) Syringe an instrument for injecting fluid 49 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Key terms related to diseases Word Definition of Example Acute Sudden, severe; having a short course Chronic Of long duration; progressing slowly Not recurrent or malignant; favorable for recovery; Benign describing tumors that do not spread Growing worse; harmful; tending to cause death; Malignant describing tumors that spread (metastasize) Necrosis Death of tissue A product of inflammation consisting of fluid and Pus white blood cells (root py/o) 50 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program What does 'acute' mean in medical terms? A. Of long duration; progressing slowly B. Growing worse; harmful; tending to cause death C. Sudden, severe; having a short course D. Not recurrent or malignant; favorable for recovery If a condition is 'chronic', it is: A. Sudden, severe; having a short course B. Of long duration; progressing slowly C. Not recurrent or malignant; favorable for recovery D. Growing worse; harmful; tending to cause death What does 'benign' refer to in medical context? A. Growing worse; harmful; tending to cause death B. Not recurrent or malignant; favorable for recovery; describing tumors that do not spread C. Sudden, severe; having a short course D. Death of tissue What is the definition of 'malignant'? A. Growing worse; harmful; tending to cause death; describing tumors that spread B. Of long duration; progressing slowly C. Sudden, severe; having a short course D. Not recurrent or malignant; favorable for recovery 51  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Roots for Disease Root Meaning Example Definition of the example Alg/o, algi/o, Pain Algesia Condition of having pain algesi/o Carcin/o Cancer, carcinoma Carcinogen Substance that produces cancer Cyst/o, cyst/i Filled sac or pouch, Cystic Pertaining to or having cysts cyst, bladder Lith Calculus, stone Lithiasis Stone formation Onc/o Tumor Oncogene Gene that causes a tumor Path/o Disease Pathogen Organism that produces disease Py/o Pus Pyocyst A sac or cyst containing pus Pyr/o, pyret/o Fever, fire Pyretic Pertaining to fever Scler/o Hard Sclerosis Hardening of tissue Tox/o, toxic/o Poison Exotoxin Toxin secreted by bacterial cells 52  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Prefixes for Disease Prefix Meaning Example Definition of the example Brady- Slow Bradypnea Slow breathing (-pnea) Dys- Abnormal, Dysplasia Abnormal development of tissue painful, difficult Mal- Bad, poor Maladaptive Poorly suited to a specific use or to the environment Pachy- Thick Pachydermia Thickness of blood (-emia) Tachy- Rapid Tachycardia Rapid heart (cardi) rate Xero- Dry Xerosis Dryness of the skin or membranes Suffixes for Disease Suffix Meaning Example Definition of the example -algia, -algesia Pain Myalgia Pain in a muscle (my/o) -cele Hernia, Hydrocele Localized dilation localized containing fluid dilation -clasis, -clasia Breaking Osteoclasis Breaking of a bone (oste/o) -itis Inflammation Meningitis Inflammation of the membranes around the brain (meninges) -megaly Enlargement Hepatomegaly Enlargement of the liver (hepat/o) -odynia Pain Urodynia Pain on urination (ur/o) -oma Tumor Blastoma Tumor of immature cells -pathy Any disease of Cardiopathy Any disease of the heart (cardi/o) -rhage, -rhagia Bursting forth, Hemorrhage Profuse flow of blood profuse flow, hemorrhage -rhea Flow, Mucorrhea Discharge of mucus discharge 53 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Words for Disease Used as Suffixes Word Meaning Example Meaning Necrosis death of osteonecrosis death of bone tissue sudden contraction, spasm of a bronchus Spasm bronchospasm cramp (bronch/o) narrowing, Stenosis arteriostenosis narrowing of an artery constriction Key Terms Related to Diagnosis Medical diagnosis, the determination of the nature and cause of an illness, begins with a patient history. This includes a history of the present illness with a description of symptoms, a past medical history, and a family and a social history. A physical examination, which includes a review of all systems and observation of any signs of illness, follows the history taking. Practitioners use the following techniques in performing physicals: Inspection: visual examination. Palpation: touching the surface of the body with the hands or fingers. Percussion: tapping the body and listening to the sounds produced. Auscultation: listening to body sounds with a stethoscope. 54 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Vital signs (VS) are also recorded for comparison with normal ranges. Vital signs are measurements that reflect basic functions necessary to maintain life and include: 1. Temperature (T). 2. Pulse rate, measured in beats per minute (bpm). 3. Respiration rate (R), measured in breaths per minute 4. Blood pressure (BP), measured in millimeters mercury (mm Hg) 55 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 56 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 1. What does a physical examination include? a. A. Only inspection and palpation b. B. Review of all systems and observation of any signs of illness c. C. Listening to body sounds only d. D. Only patient history 2. What does the technique of 'inspection' involve in physical examination? a. A. Tapping the body and listening to the sounds produced b. B. Visual examination c. C. Touching the surface of the body with the hands or fingers d. D. Listening to body sounds with a stethoscope 3. What is the technique of 'palpation' in a physical examination? a. A. Listening to body sounds with a stethoscope b. B. Tapping the body and listening to the sounds produced c. C. Visual examination d. D. Touching the surface of the body with the hands or fingers 4. Which technique involves tapping the body and listening to the sounds produced? a. A. Inspection b. B. Palpation c. C. Percussion d. D. Auscultation 5. What does 'auscultation' involve in a physical examination? a. A. Visual examination b. B. Touching the surface of the body with the hands or fingers c. C. Tapping the body and listening to the sounds produced d. D. Listening to body sounds with a stethoscope 57  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Word Meaning Ophthalmoscope An instrument for examining the interior of the eye Otoscope Instrument used to examine the ears Sphygmomanometer The blood pressure apparatus An instrument used for listening to sounds produced Stethoscope within the body Any evidence of disease; sometimes limited to Symptom subjective evidence of disease, as experienced by the individual, such as pain, dizziness, weakness Objective evidence of disease that can be observed or tested; examples are fever, rash, high blood Sign pressure, and blood or urine abnormalities; an objective symptom A group of signs and symptoms that together Syndrome characterize a disease condition Diaphoresis Profuse sweating Malaise A feeling of discomfort or uneasiness Pallor Paleness; lack of color Acute abdominal pain associated with smooth Colic muscle spasms A lessening of the symptoms of a disease; the period Remission during which this decrease occurs or the period when no sign of a disease exists Prognosis Prediction of the course and outcome of a disease 58  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program The process of determining the cause and nature of Diagnosis an illness Prophylaxis Prevention of disease Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic Biopsy examination Loss of the ability to feel pain, as by administration of Anesthesia a drug 59  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 1. What is an ophthalmoscope used for? A. Examining the ears B. Examining the interior of the eye C. Measuring blood pressure D. Listening to sounds produced within the body 2. Which instrument is used to examine the ears? A. Ophthalmoscope B. Sphygmomanometer C. Otoscope D. Stethoscope 3. What is the purpose of a sphygmomanometer? A. Listening to sounds produced within the body B. Examining the ears C. Examining the interior of the eye D. Measuring blood pressure 4. Which term refers to a group of signs and symptoms that together characterize a disease condition? A. Symptom B. Sign C. Syndrome D. Diagnosis 60  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 5. What does the term 'diaphoresis' refer to? A. Acute abdominal pain B. Profuse sweating C. Feeling of discomfort or uneasiness D. Paleness; lack of color 6. What is the meaning of 'remission' in the context of a disease? A. Prevention of disease B. A lessening of the symptoms of a disease; the period during which this decrease occurs or the period when no sign of a disease exists C. The process of determining the cause and nature of an illness D. Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic examination 7. What is the definition of 'prophylaxis'? A. Prediction of the course and outcome of a disease B. The process of determining the cause and nature of an illness C. Prevention of disease D. Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic examination 8. What does 'anesthesia' refer to in medical terms? A. Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic examination B. Loss of the ability to feel pain, as by administration of a drug C. Prediction of the course and outcome of a disease D. The process of determining the cause and nature of an illness 61 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program A drug that is administered topically is: a. swallowed b. injected c. applied to the skin d. placed under the tongue e. inserted with a catheter Drug administration by injection is described as: a. partial b. instilled c. encapsulated d. a bolus e. parenteral Another term for trade name is: a. indicated name b. generic name c. prescription name d. chemical name e. brand name 62 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Part 3 63  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Part 3 Medical terms related to body systems Human Body Systems Organs of the human body are commonly grouped into eleven systems. Each body system includes organs and structures that serve a common purpose. The systems are highly interdependent, working together to sustain life and enable interaction with the surrounding environment. 64 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program The Digestive System Anatomy of the digestive system The major structures of the digestive system include the 1. The Gastrointestinal Tract 2. The accessory organs 65 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program The Gastrointestinal Tract The upper GI tract consists of the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. The lower GI tract is made up of the small and large intestines (sometimes referred to as the bowels), plus the rectum, and anus. The Accessory Organs Aid with digestion but are not part of the digestive system. These organs include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. 66 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Organs of Gastrointestinal system Root Meaning or(o) , stomat(o) mouth Glosso-/lingu Tongue Gastro Stomach Gingiva Gum Enter Small intestine Buc /buccal Oral Proct rectum labi(o), cheil(o) lip odont(o) tooth sial(o) saliva, sialaden(o) salivary gland Cec Cecum 67 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program A. Mouth Element Meaning Word Analysis Combining Forms Mouth Or/o Mouth Oral: pertaining to the mouth Stomat/o Stomatitis: inflammation of the mouth Gloss/o Tongue Glossectomy: removal of all part of the tongue Lingu/o Lingual: pertaining to the tongue Bucc/o Cheek Buccal: pertaining to the cheek 68 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program B. Stomach Element Meaning Word Analysis Combining Forms Stomach Gastr/o stomach Gastralgia: pain in the stomach from any cause; also called stomachache Pylor/o pylorus Pylorospasm: involuntary contraction of the pyloric sphincter of the stomach, as in pyloric stenosis 69 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program C. Small intestine Element Meaning Word Analysis Combining Forms Small intestine Duoden/o Duodenum Duodenoscopy: visual examination of the duodenum Enter/o Intestine Enteropathy: any intestinal disease (usually small intestine) Jejun/o Jejunum Jejunorrhaphy: suture of the jejunum Ile/o Ileum Ileostomy: creation of an opening between the ileum and the abdominal wall 70 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program D. Large intestine Element Meaning Word Analysis Combining Forms Large intestine Append/o Appendix Appendectomy: excision of the appendix Appendic/o Appendicitis: inflammation of the appendix Col/o Colon Colostomy: creation of an opening between the colon and the abdominal wall Colon/o Colonoscopy: visual examination of the colon using a colonoscope, an elongated endoscope Sigmoid/o Sigmoid Sigmoidotomy: incision of the sigmoid colon colon Terminal end of large intestine Rect/o Rectum Rectocele: herniation or protrusion of the rectum; also called proctocele Proct/o Anus, Proctologist: physician who specializes in rectum treating disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus An/o Anus Perianal: pertaining to the area around the anus 71 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Combining forms for accessory organs of digestion Element Meaning Word Analysis Combining Forms Accessory Organs of Digestion Hepat/o liver Hepatomegaly: enlargement of the liver, usually a sign of disease Pancreat/o Pancreas Pancreatolysis: destruction of the pancreas by pancreatic enzymes Cholangi/o Bile vessel Cholangiole: small terminal portion of the bile duct Chol/e Bile, gall Cholelith: gallstone Cholecyst/o Gallbladder Cholecystectomy: removal of the gallbladder by laparoscopic or open surgery Choledoch/o Bile duct Choledochoplasty: surgical repair of the common bile duct 72 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Element Meaning Word Analysis Suffixes for Gastrointestinal system -emesis Vomit Hyperemesis: excessive vomiting -iasis Abnormal Cholelithiasis: presence or formation of condition gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct -megaly Enlargement Hepatomegaly: enlargement of the liver -orexia Appetite Anorexia: loss of appetite -pepsia Digestion Dyspepsia: epigastric discomfort felt after eating; also called indigestion -phagia Swallowing, Aerophagia: swallowing of air eating -prandial Meal Postprandial: following a meal -rrhea Discharge, flow Steatorrhea: excessive amount of fat discharged in fecal matter Prefixes for Gastrointestinal system Dia- Through, across Diarrhea: abnormally frequent discharge or flow of fluid fecal matter from the bowel Peri- Around Perisigmoiditis: inflammation of peritoneal tissue around the sigmoid colon Sub- Under, below Sublingual: pertaining to the area under the tongue 73 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Disorders of GIT (pathological terms) 1) Eating disorders Anorexia refusal to eat because person wants to be dangerously thin Bulimia Eating, then purposefully vomiting to achieve weight loss Obesity Excessive body weight that often results from overeating 2) Oral inflammatory conditions Gingivitis Inflammation of the gums. Glossitis Inflammation of the tongue. Refers to progression of gingivitis involving an inflammation of the oral Periodontitis mucosa. Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mouth Cheilitis inflammation of the lips Sialodentitis Inflammation of salivary glands. Parotitis Inflammation of parotid gland Dysphagia Difficulty in swallowing Aphagia Refusal or loss of ability to swallow Halitosis Offensive odor of the breath 3) Disorders of esophagus The inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the Esophagitis esophagus. Enlarged veins in the lower esophagus that are caused by Esophageal varices portal hypertension. 74 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Failure of a smooth muscle to relax (especially the lower Achalasia esophagealsphincter)→d is retained in the esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux Refers to the backflow of gastric contents into the disease (GERD) esophagus. 4) Disorders of stomach Gastritis inflammation of the stomach and stomach lining. Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines Peptic ulcer Is a disruption in the gastric or duodenal lining Achlorhydria Lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach emesis vomiting Hematemesis the vomiting of blood. The protrusion of the stomach through a structural defect in the Hiatal hernia diaphragm at the esophageal opening. Pyloric stenosis is narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum Flatulence Accumulation of gas in the stomach or intestines 5) Disorders of intestine Enterocolitis Ulcerative colitis Diverticulitis acute inflammation of Chronic, inflammatory disease that Inflammation of one or the small and large affects the mucosa of the colon more diverticula (bulging intestines and produces ulcerations of pouches in the sigmoid unknown cause. colon). Crohn’s disease Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 75 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Condition characterized by diarrhea, Chronic inflammatory bowel disease that usually resulting from increased bowel involves the proximal portion of the colon and, motility, alternating with less commonly, the terminal ileum constipation. Constipation Diarrhea Infrequency or difficulty in defecation and is frequent loose or watery feces the passage of hard, dry feces. Volvulus Intussusception is a twisting of intestine on its mesentery, resulting Prolapse of an intestinal part into a in blood vessel compression and ischemia neighboring part Anal fissure Hemorrhoids Varicose veins in the rectum crack in the lining of the anus associated with pain and bleeding, is a physiologic form of intestinal obstruction that usually develops Paralytic ileus in the small bowel after abdominal surgery. Melena black feces resulting from blood in the intestines. 76 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program General term for inflammation of the intestinal tract with loose Dysentery stools and other symptoms such as abdominal pain and weakness Dyspepsia Poor or painful digestion. Protrusion of the large or small intestine or bladder into the inguinal Inguinal hernia canal resulting from weakened abdominal muscles, injury, or aging. Lactose Is the inability to digest milk sugar. intolerance Chronic disease in which an individual can’t tolerate foods Celiac disease containing gluten (usually found in wheat, barley, and oats). Appendicitis inflammation of the vermiform appendix 6) Conditions of the liver Hepatitis inflammation of the liver Fatty liver= steatosis accumulation of triglycerides and other fats in liver cells. Chronic, degenerative liver disease in which the lobes are Cirrhosis covered with fibrous tissue and the liver parenchyma degenerates. Hepatomegaly is the enlargement of the liver Abnormal increase in pressure in the hepatic portal system. Portal hypertension May be caused by cirrhosis, infection, thrombosis, or tumors. Hepatic Degenerative brain condition caused by advanced liver disease encephalopathy and may lead to hepatic coma. Excessive bilirubin in the blood causing a yellow discoloration Hyperbilirubinemia of the skin 77 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program A yellowish color of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites Jaundice of the eye caused by bile pigments (bilirubin) in the blood. 7) Conditions of gall bladder Acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, typically caused by Cholecystitis gallstones. Cholelithiasis The presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. Cholangitis inflammation of the bile ducts 8) Other terms Pancreatitis Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas. Spleenomegaly is the enlargement of the spleen Is an acute or chronic inflammation of the peritonium (the membrane Peritonitis that lines the abdominal cavity and covers visceral organs). Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity; a form of edema. Ascites May be caused by heart disease, lymphatic or venous obstruction, cirrhosis, or changes in plasma composition. 78  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Diagnosis of GIT disorders Computerized Translates the action of multiple X-ray beams into three- tomography (CT) scan dimensional images. Is the radiographic examination of the large intestine after Barium enema rectal instillation of barium sulfate Is an X-ray of the gallbladder and biliary duct system by Cholangiogram injecting a radiopaque contrast medium. Magnetic resonance Creates images by computer analysis of electromagnetic imaging (MRI) waves directed into the tissues. Ultrasonography Creates images of deep structures of the body a visual inspection of a body cavity using an optical Endoscopy instrument called an endoscope. Colonoscopy an endoscopic examination of the colon. endoscopic examination of the interior of the peritoneal Laparoscopy cavity. Percutaneous liver involves aspiration of a core of liver tissue for analysis biopsy Pharmacological Terms Medications Used to Treat the Digestive System Antacid Neutralizes stomach acid Antiemetic Prevents regurgitation Antidiarrheal Controls loose stools Antispasmodic Calms spasms of the GI tract Laxative Relieves constipation 79 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program A drug that expel gas from the stomach or colon Carminative  charcool ➔ for treatment of aerophagia Gouge = to stimulate flow , sialo = saliva Sialagogue [A drug that stimulate flow of saliva ➔ used in treatment of Xerostomia] Purgative/laxative A drug that taken Orally to evacuate the bowel /Cathartic Antithelmentics A drug taken orally to eradicate intestinal Parasites Treatments and Surgical Procedures of GIT insertion of a tube into the stomach through the nose Nasogastric intubation (=NG) Irrigation or washing of the stomach with sterile water Gastric lavage or saline solution using an NG tube. Gavage is feeding a patient through a stomach tube. Total gastrectomy removal of the entire stomach Colectomy is excision of a portion of the colon. Appendectomy is the removal of the appendix. 80  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Cholecyst-ectomy is removal of the gallbladder. is reserved for patients with a life-threatening liver Liver transplant disorder that doesn’t respond to other treatment. Rectal injection of fluid preparation to clean the bowel Enema or scope or as retention enema ➔ to deliver medication act locally or systemically General terms used in GIT Word Meaning Asymptomatic Without symptoms Defecation Elimination of feces from the gastrointestinal tract through the rectum Duodenal bulb Upper duodenal area just beyond the pylorus Endoscope Instrument consisting of a rigid or flexible fiberoptic tube and optical system for observing the inside of the hollow organ or cavity Exocrine Pertaining to a gland that secretes outwardly through the excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel Friable Easily broken or pulverized Pepsin Enzyme secreted in the stomach that begins the digestion of proteins Punctate Having pinpoint punctures or depressions on the surface; marked with dots Varices Tortuous dilations of a vein Sphincter Circular muscle constricting an orifice, such as the pyloric sphincter around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum 81 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Endocrine System Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: Locate and describe the structures of the endocrine system. Recognize, pronounce, spell, and build words related to the endocrine system. Describe pathological conditions, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and other terms related to the endocrine system. Explain pharmacology related to the treatment of endocrine disorders. 82 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Pituitary Gland Pituitary gland, or hypophysis, it is known as the “master gland” because it regulates many body activities and stimulates other glands to secrete their own specific hormones. The pituitary gland consists of two distinct portions 1. an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) 2. a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). The anterior lobe, triggered by the action of the hypothalamus, produces at least six hormones. 83 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program The hypothalamus also produces and secretes two hormones directly to the posterior lobe, where they are stored and released into the bloodstream as needed. 84  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Anterior Pituitary hormones Hormone Target organs and Disorders function Adrenocorticotropic Adrenal cortex: promotes Hyposecretion is rare. hormone (ACTH) secretions of some Hypersecretion causes hormones by adrenal Cushing disease cortex, especially cortisol Ovaries: in females, Hyposecretion causes stimulates egg production; failure of sexual Follicle-stimulating increases secretion of maturation. hormone (FSH) estrogen Cachexia Testes: in males, Hypersecretion has no stimulates sperm known significant effects. production Growth hormone Bone, cartilage, liver, Hyposecretion in children (GH) or muscle, and other causes pituitary dwarfism. somatotropin tissues: stimulates somatic Hypersecretion in children growth; increases use of causes gigantism; fats for energy hypersecretion in adults causes acromegaly Luteinizing Ovaries—in females, Hyposecretion causes hormone (LH) promotes ovulation; failure of sexual stimulates production of Hypersecretion has no estrogen and progesterone known significant effects. Testes in males, promotes secretion of testosterone Prolactin Breast: in conjunction with Hyposecretion in nursing other hormones, promotes mothers causes poor lactation lactation. Hypersecretion in nursing mothers causes galactorrhea. Thyroid-stimulating Thyroid gland: stimulates Hyposecretion in infants hormone (TSH) secretion of thyroid causes cretinism; hormone  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program hyposecretion in adults causes myxedema. Hypersecretion causes Graves disease, indicated by exophthalmos. Posterior Pituitary hormones Antidiuretic Kidney: increases water Hyposecretion causes hormone (ADH) reabsorption (water returns diabetes insipidus. to the blood) Hypersecretion causes syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Oxytocin Uterus: stimulates uterine Unknown contractions; initiates labor Breast: promotes milk secretion from the mammary glands 86 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Thyroid hormones Hormone Target organs and function Disorders Calcitonin Regulates calcium levels in The most significant the blood in conjunction with effects are exerted in parathyroid hormone childhood when bones Secreted when calcium are growing and levels in the blood are high changing dramatically in order to maintain in mass, size, and homeostasis shape At best, calcitonin is a weak hypocalcemic agent in adults. Thyroxine (T4) Increases energy production Hyposecretion in and from all food types infants causes triiodothyronine Increase the rate of protein cretinism; (T3) synthesis hyposecretion in adults causes myxedema. Hypersecretion causes Graves disease, indicated by exophthalmos. Parathyroid hormones Parathyroid Bones: increases the Hyposecretion causes hormone (PTH) reabsorption of calcium and tetany. phosphate from bone to Hypersecretion blood causes osteitis fibrosa Kidneys: increases calcium cystica. absorption and phosphate excretion Small intestine: increases absorption of calcium and phosphate 88 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program 89  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Adrenal hormones Adrenal cortex hormone Hormone Target organs and function Disorders Glucocorticoids Body cells: promote Hyposecretion causes (mainly cortisol) gluconeogenesis; Addison disease. regulate metabolism of Hypersecretion causes carbohydrates, proteins, Cushing syndrome (look and fats; and help at picture below) depress inflammatory and immune responses Mineralocorticoids Kidneys: increase blood Hyposecretion causes (mainly levels of sodium and Addison disease. aldosterone) decrease blood levels of Hypersecretion causes potassium in the kidneys aldosteronism. Sex hormones In females, possibly Hypersecretion of adrenal (any of the responsible for female androgen in females androgens, libido and source of leads to virilism estrogens, estrogen after (development of male or related steroid menopause (Otherwise, characteristics). hormones) effects in adults are Hypersecretion of adrenal produced by the insignificant.) estrogen and progestin ovaries, testes, secretion in males leads 90  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program and adrenal to feminization cortices (development of feminine characteristics). Adrenal medullary hormones Epinephrine and Sympathetic nervous Hyposecretion has no norepinephrine system target organs: known significant effects. hormone effects mimic Hypersecretion causes sympathetic nervous prolonged “fight-or-flight” system activation reaction and hypertension (sympathomimetic), increase metabolic rate and heart rate, and raise blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction 91  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Pancreatic hormones Hormone Target organs and function Disorders Glucagon Liver and blood: raises Persistently low blood blood glucose level by glucose levels accelerating conversion of (hypoglycemia) may glycogen into glucose in the be caused by liver (glycogenolysis) and deficiency in other nutrients into glucose glucagon. in the liver (gluconeogenesis) and releasing glucose into blood (glycogen to glucose) Insulin Tissue cells: lowers blood Hyposecretion of glucose level by insulin causes accelerating glucose diabetes mellitus. transport into cells and the Hypersecretion of use of that glucose for insulin causes energy production (glucose hyperinsulinism. to glycogen). 92 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Combining forms of Endocrine system Element Meaning Word Analysis Combining Forms adren/o adrenal adrenomegaly: enlargement of adrenal glands glands adrenal/o adrenalectomy: excision of (one or both) adrenal glands calc/o calcium hypercalcemia: excessive calcium in the blood crin/o secrete endocrinology: study of endocrine glands (and their functions) gluc/o sugar, glucogenesis: forming or producing glucose sweetness glyc/o hypoglycemia: abnormally low level of glucose in the blood glycos/o Glycosuria: abnormal amount of glucose in urine home/o same, alike homeostasis: state of equilibrium in the internal environment of the body kal/i potassium kalemia: potassium in the blood (an electrolyte) pancreat/o pancreas pancreatotomy: incision of the pancreas parathyroid/o parathyroid parathyroidectomy: excision of (one or more glands of the) parathyroid glands thym/o thymus thymoma: tumor of the thymus gland gland thyr/o Thyroid thyromegaly: enlargement of the thyroid gland gland thyroid/o hyperthyroidism: condition of excessive thyroid gland toxic/o poison toxicologist: specialist in the study of poisons 93 Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Prefixes and Suffixes Element Meaning Word Analysis Suffixes for Endocrine -crine secrete endocrine: secrete internally or within -dipsia thirst polydipsia: excessive thirst -gen forming, androgen: any steroid hormone that producing, increases masculinization origin -toxic poison thyrotoxic: pertaining to toxic activity of the thyroid gland -uria urine glycosuria: glucose in the urine Prefixes for Endocrine Eu- good, euthyroid: resembling a normal thyroid gland normal Exo- outside, exocrine: secrete outwardly outward Hyper- excessive, hyperglycemia: excessive glucose in the above blood normal Hypo- Under, hypoinsulinism: condition of deficiency of below insulin Poly- many, much polyuria: excessive urination 94  Medical Terminology (MD 101) Level One Pharm D Program Diagnostic, symptomatic, and related terms to Endocrine