Pharmacology Class Notes PDF

Placeholder image Class Notes Date: 1/9/25 ============ Pharmacology I ============== Cohort 29 ========= **[Chapter 1: Drug Definitions, Standards, and Information Sources]** Differentiate between the chemical, generic, and brand names of drugs. -----------------------------------------------...

Placeholder image Class Notes Date: 1/9/25 ============ Pharmacology I ============== Cohort 29 ========= **[Chapter 1: Drug Definitions, Standards, and Information Sources]** Differentiate between the chemical, generic, and brand names of drugs. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- *[Every medicine has three different names]* -------------------------------------------------------- 1\. The Chemical Name - This is a very long and complicated name that describes exactly what the medicine is made of. It\'s like a secret code that only scientists understand.***[It provides the exact chemical composition and molecular structure]*** (ex:N-acetyl-para-aminophenol for acetaminophen) 2\. The Generic Name - This is the official name of the medicine, like \"acetaminophen.\" It\'s the name that doctors and nurses use when they talk about medicine.***[The non-proprietary, official name assigned by the United States Adopted Names Council (acetaminophen). Generic names start with lowercase letters.]*** - - Identify the various methods used to classify drugs --------------------------------------------------- *[There are a few different ways to sort medicines into groups:]* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - Identify sources of drug information available for healthcare providers ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ***[Healthcare providers have access to various sources of drug information:]*** - - - - - - - ***[Summary:]*** There are lots of places doctors and nurses can learn about medicines! They have big books full of details on every medicine, like how much to take and what it does. The bottles and boxes medicines come in also have important information. There are websites and apps that tell all about medicines too. Pharmacists, who are medicine experts, can answer any questions. And doctors and nurses read science magazines to learn the latest news on medicines. With all these sources, they can make sure to give the right medicines safely. Discuss the difference between prescription and nonprescription drugs --------------------------------------------------------------------- ***[The main differences are:]*** - - Describe the process of developing and bringing new drugs to market. -------------------------------------------------------------------- ***[Getting a new medicine approved is a long process with many steps:]*** 1. 2. 3. 4. Differentiate between the Canadian chemical names and the proper name of a drug ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ***[In Canada, drug names, standards, and legislation are governed by the following:]*** - ***[Summary]***: In Canada, there are special rules for medicines! Some you can buy at the store, and others you need a note from your doctor. The ones from the doctor are usually stronger and for bigger health problems. All medicines have two names - a fancy science name and a shorter brand name. Pharmacists are medicine experts who can help explain everything. There are also laws that keep medicines safe by checking them first before people can use them. With all these rules, you can feel good about taking your medicines just as the doctor or nurse says! **[Chapter 2: Basic Principles of Drug Action and Drug Interactions]** Identify common drug administration routes ------------------------------------------ ***[There are several common routes to give medicines:]*** - - - - - - - Identify the meaning and significance of the term half-life when used in relation to drug therapy ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Describe the process of how a drug is metabolized in the body ------------------------------------------------------------- - Compare and contrast the following terms that are used in relationship to medications: Desired action, Common adverse effects, Serious adverse effects, Allergic reactions, and Idiosyncratic reactions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - ### ***[Desired action]*** is the intended therapeutic effect a medication is meant to have on the body. ***[Common adverse effects]*** are mild, unintended side effects that may occur. ***[Serious adverse effects]*** are severe, potentially harmful reactions that could lead to toxicity. ***[Allergic reactions]*** are unpredictable immune system responses, like rashes or anaphylaxis, triggered by the drug. ***[Idiosyncratic]*** reactions are abnormal, genetically-determined responses in certain patients that occur unexpectedly, often due to issues metabolizing the drug. The desired action is the goal, while the other terms describe different types of unintended, negative effects that require monitoring and management. ***[Simpler summary:]*** When you take medicine, it goes on an adventure through your body! The good medicine helpers, called enzymes, break it down so your body can use it up or get rid of it. Some medicines work fast and leave quickly, while others stick around longer. The medicine is supposed to make you feel better - that\'s its \"desired action.\" But sometimes it can cause other stuff too, like an upset tummy or rash. Those are called \"side effects.\" Most are no big deal, but bad ones need to be watched closely.Some people are actually allergic to certain medicines. Their bodies think the medicine is an enemy and attack it, causing itchiness, swelling, or even trouble breathing! That\'s why doctors and nurses ask if you\'re allergic before giving you new meds.Every medicine affects each person a little differently too. That\'s because we\'re all built uniquely on the inside. So the same pill might make your friend sleepy but you are totally hyper! Doctors have to pay close attention to how each medicine acts in your body. *Identify what is meant by a drug interaction* ---------------------------------------------- - Differentiate among the terms additive effect, synergistic effect, antagonistic effect, displacement, interference, and incompatibility. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Identify one way in which alternatives in metabolism create drug interactions. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - ### ***[One way alternatives in metabolism can create drug interactions]*** is through enzyme inhibition or induction. Some drugs bind to and inhibit the enzymes that metabolize other drugs, causing increased serum levels and potential toxicity of the affected drug. For example[,] erythromycin inhibits the metabolism of theophylline, so theophylline doses must be reduced when taken together. Conversely, other drugs induce or stimulate metabolic enzymes, increasing the metabolism and reducing therapeutic levels of drugs metabolized by those enzymes. Medications like phenobarbital are enzyme inducers that can lower levels of rapidly metabolized drugs like warfarin when taken concurrently. ***[Summary:]*** Some medicines can affect how other medicines work in your body. One medicine might make another medicine stronger or weaker than it\'s supposed to be. Or one medicine could stop another medicine from being broken down properly by your body. This means too much or too little of a medicine stays in your body, which can be unsafe. Doctors need to be careful about which medicines you take together so they don\'t interfere with each other. [Chapter 3: Drug Action Across the Life Span] ***Explain the impact of the placebo effect and the nocebo effect.*** - - Both effects demonstrate the powerful mind-body connection. Positive expectations can provide therapeutic benefits, while negative thoughts and anxiety can worsen symptoms or side effects. As a nurse, being aware of these effects allows you to optimize care through clear communication, managing patient expectations, and providing emotional support. **Identify the importance of drug dependence and drug accumulation.** ***[Drug dependence and drug accumulation are important concepts in nursing:]*** - - - \***[Summary]**: Drug dependence means needing a drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Drug accumulation is when a drug builds up to toxic levels in the body. Nurses watch for these issues and adjust medications as needed to keep patients safe.\* **Discuss the effects of age on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.** - **Simplified:** - **Explain the gender-specific considerations of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.** - **Describe where a nurse will find new information about the use of drugs during pregnancy and lactation.** - **Discuss the impact of pregnancy and breastfeeding on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.** - - - *\*Pregnancy and breastfeeding can significantly impact how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body. During pregnancy, increased blood flow and gastrointestinal changes can affect drug absorption. The larger blood volume and body water content alters the distribution of water-soluble drugs. Metabolic enzyme activity in the liver often increases, accelerating drug metabolism. However, kidney function changes can delay drug excretion. While breastfeeding, lipid-soluble drugs may concentrate in breastmilk due to its high fat content. Drugs that are poorly metabolized may also accumulate in breastmilk. Nurses must carefully consider these physiological changes when administering medications to pregnant or lactating patients to ensure proper dosing and avoid potential adverse effects on the mother or infant.\** Discuss the role of genetics and its influence on drug action. - - - [Chapter 4: The Nursing Process and Pharmacology] ------------------------------------------------------------- **Discuss the components and purpose of the nursing process.** ***The nursing process is like a plan that nurses follow to take great care of patients. It has 5 main steps:*** - - - - - \*The nursing process helps nurses be super organized in giving patients the best possible care. It\'s like a nurse\'s helpful guide!\* **Explain what the nurse does to collect patient information during an assessment.** **To collect information about a patient during an assessment, the nurse does two main things:** - - - **Discuss how nursing diagnosis statements are written.** ***Nursing diagnosis statements are like little stories that nurses write to describe a patient\'s health problems. They have three parts:*** - - - \*So a full nursing diagnosis might sound like: \"Trouble walking related to weak muscles as evidenced by wobbly steps and trouble getting up from a chair.\" This little story helps nurses make a plan to take care of that specific problem.\* **Differentiate between a nursing diagnosis and a medical diagnosis.** - - - - **Discuss how evidence-based practice is used in planning nursing care** - - - - - **Differentiate between nursing interventions and outcome statements** - - - **Explain how Maslow's hierarchy of needs is used to prioritize patient needs** - - - - - **Compare and contrast the differences between dependent, interdependent, and independent nursing actions** - - - **\*Summary** - **[Dependent actions]** follow provider orders, **[Interdependent actions]** involve collaboration with the healthcare team, and **[Independent actions]** allow nurses to use their own professional expertise to directly care for patients **Discuss how the nursing process applies to pharmacology** - - - - - - *[Chapter 5: Patient Education to Promote Health]* **Differentiate among the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor learning domains.** **[There are three main types of learning:]** - - - ### ### \*For example, in nursing school you learn medical facts through cognitive learning. You develop care and compassion through affective learning. And you practice skills like giving injections through psychomotor learning. Effective learning combines all three types.\* **Identify the main principles of learning that are applied when teaching a patient, family, or group.** ***[When teaching patients, families or groups, it\'s important to keep a few key principles in mind:]*** - - - - - - **Describe the essential elements of patient education in relation to prescribed medications** **[When teaching patients about prescribed medications, it\'s essential to cover:]** - - - - - - - \*Use simple language, visuals aids, and have the patient demonstrate their understanding. Ensure they know what to expect and how to take the medication safely and effectively.\* **Describe the nurse's role in fostering patient responsibility for maintaining well-being and for adhering to the therapeutic regimen.** - **Identify the types of information that should be discussed with the patient or significant others.** ***[When discussing with patients or their loved ones, cover:]*** - - - - - - - \*Encourage questions and ensure understanding by using clear language and checking comprehension.\* Chapter 13 Drugs Used For Sedation and Sleep Differentiate among the terms sedative and hypnotic; initial, intermittent, and terminal insomnia; transient, short-term, and chronic insomnia; and rebound sleep ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - Discuss nursing interventions that can be implemented as an alternative to administering a sedative-hypnotic medication. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ***[Instead of giving medicine to help someone sleep, nurses can try these ideas:]*** - - - - - - ### If someone is struggling with ongoing insomnia, nurses can explore possible causes like stress, pain, or an underlying health condition. But these tips can help improve sleep without medication. Compare the effects of benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines on the central nervous system. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - Identify the antidote drug used for the management of benzodiazepine overdose. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - Identify laboratory tests that should be monitored when benzodiazepines are administered for an extended period. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ***[Blood tests that should be monitored when taking benzodiazepines long-term include:]*** - - - \*Monitoring these lab values helps prevent toxicity or complications from decreased drug metabolism and excretion over time.\* Key Terms **[Chapter 1: Drug Definitions, Standards, and Information Sources]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. **[Chapter 2: Basic Principles of Drug Action and Drug Interactions]** 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.