Gender and Sexuality Across Time PDF

GENDER and SEXUALITY ACROSS TIME Historical accounts show that across time, human’s conception of gender and sexuality has also changed.  Prehistoric Times Roles are determined by physical features. Men, being strong and sturdy hunts. While women, seen as fragile, focused o...

GENDER and SEXUALITY ACROSS TIME Historical accounts show that across time, human’s conception of gender and sexuality has also changed.  Prehistoric Times Roles are determined by physical features. Men, being strong and sturdy hunts. While women, seen as fragile, focused on child-rearing (There were no complex responsibilities)  Prehistoric Times History proves that in hunter-gatherer tribes and civilizations prioritized equality among members Prehistoric Times  Ancient Times Archeological artifacts reveal that in the distant past, during the dawn of civilizations, human societies have high regard for women. The concept of the divine feminine has prevailed, and thus, women were treated equally with men.  Ancient Times Egalitarian- principle where men and women have equitable power and roles. French: egalitaire Latin: aequalis  Ancient Times Patriarchy- social system where men primarily hold power in the political and private spheres. Men rule over women and their children.  Ancient Times Patriarchy- based on the control and oppression of women who are perceived to be the weaker sex  Ancient Times from the Greek word, Patriarkhes which means, “the rule of the father”.  Ancient Times Patrilineal society- often follows a patriarchal society. Men can inherit property and family name. Women are dependent on men and have no civil rights Friedrich Engels German philosopher and sociologist Argues that patriarchy came about when people started having private property instead of communal living. Known for his collaboration with Karl Marx, Engels helped define modern communism  Historical Views on Gender GREECE Aristotle, Plato, and other Greek philosophers viewed women as the inferior sex and are properties of men  Historical Views on Gender GREECE A woman’s only job was to obey their husbands, bear children, and take care of the household. They were forbidden to learn philosophy, politics, and science.  Historical Views on Gender EGYPT Herodotus, a Greek historian, observed the Egyptian civilization citing that Egyptian women enjoyed higher social status than Greek women.  Historical Views on Gender EGYPT However, Greek influence quickly spread in Egypt through the conquests of Alexander the Great Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator  Historical Views on Gender CHINA Confucianism has stringent written rules that dictate how women should conduct themselves.  Historical Views on Gender CHINA The traditional Confucian culture in China has strict doctrines linking unequal gender stratification and distribution of power and resources by its core of “Three obedience” (san cong)  Historical Views on Gender CHINA Women should be obedient to: father before marriage husband after marriage son after the death of husband At that time the criterion whether a woman is good or not is obedience.  Ancient Times Matriarchy- system of society or government ruled by a woman or women  Ancient Times In religion: Monotheism- majority has a supreme male deity Ex. Judaism, Islam, Zoroastrianism  Ancient Times In religion: Polytheism- equal roles of male and female gods but governed by male deity Ex. Hinduism  Ancient Times Amaterasu- goddess of the sun in Japanese mythology  Ancient Times Gay Greek Philosophers Aristotle Plato Socrates Sappho  Ancient Times Pederasty sexual relationship between an adult man and a boy. socially acknowledged practice in Ancient Greece and Rome.  Pre-colonial Philippines Men and women across the Philippine archipelago held equal status on account of bilateral kinship  Pre-colonial Philippines Datu- considered the wealthiest, the strongest, the wisest, and often the bravest, member of the clan – which made him the rightful head  Pre-colonial Philippines Babaylan- the major representation of the status accorded to women in a balangay or barangay  Pre-colonial Philippines Babaylan- Although the role was often given to women, there were also biological males who performed the role of babaylan albeit most of them were effeminate or blatantly homosexual Pre-colonial Philippines The datu and the babaylan worked together on important social activities. Being the spiritual leader, the babaylan was in charge of rituals.  Pre-colonial Philippines Ancient native Filipinos already had their own sexual and relationship. Polygamy was practiced as early Filipino tribal men had five or more wives, a marital ethnic norm of the archipelago at that time.  Pre-colonial Philippines There was no “family planning” in the pre-colonial Philippines. Everything they did was based on existing customs and beliefs, one of which was that having many children was undesirable and even a disgrace.  Pre-colonial Philippines Almost everyone also practiced abortion. The Boxer Codex reported that it was done with the help of female abortionists who used massage, herbal medicines, and even a stick to get the baby out of the womb.  Pre-colonial Philippines Menarche was seen as a crucial period in womanhood, so much so that all girls were required to go through an elaborate rite of passage  Pre-colonial Philippines Paninilbihan, or the custom requiring the guy to work for the girl’s family before marriage, was already prevalent. The man was required to give bigay-kaya, or a dowry in the form of land, gold, or dependents. GENDER and SEXUALITY ACROSS TIME