Gender Studies Lecture Notes

Lesson 1: Concepts Related to Gender Studies Transsexual - Refers to people who identifies entirely with the Difference Between SEX & GENDER gender role opposite to the sex assigned...

Lesson 1: Concepts Related to Gender Studies Transsexual - Refers to people who identifies entirely with the Difference Between SEX & GENDER gender role opposite to the sex assigned to at birth and seeks to live permanently in the preferred gender role. Transsexual people might SEX intend to undergo, are undergoing or have 1. Biological Characteristics undergone gender reassignment treatment (which may or may not involve hormone therapy 2. Born with or surgery). 3. It is Universal Gender Gap & Patterns of Gender Inequality 4. It cannot be changed, except with medical 1. Inequality in political power and representation. treatment 2. Inequality in economic participation and opportunities. 3. Educational attainment GENDER 4. Sexual and Domestic Violence 5. Differences in legal status and entitlement. 1. Socially construct4ed 2. Not born with. 3. Gender roles vary greatly in different societies, culture, and historical periods as well as they depend on the socio-economic factors, age, education, ethnicity, and religion. 4. Gender roles can change over time since social values and norms are not fixed. Practical Point - At birth, the difference between boys and girls is their sex; as they grow up society gives them different roles, attributes, opportunities, privileges and rights that in the end create the social differences between men and women. GENDER EQUALITY vs. GENDER EQUITY Gender Equality - Also known as sexual equality or equality of the sexes, is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender, including economic participation and decision-making; and the state of valuing different behaviors, aspirations and needs equally, regardless of gender. - Equal but not fair Gender Equity - Puts the focus on fairness and justice regarding benefits and needs for women and men, girls and boys. Equity is used for example within the education, health and humanitarian sectors referring to the equal distribution of resources based on the needs of different groups of people. - Fair but not equal Important PoInt - Equity leads to equality! Equity means that there is a need to continue taking differential actions to address historical inequality among men and women and achieve gender equality TRANSGENDER & TRANSSEXUAL Transgender - Refers to those trans people who live permanently in their preferred gender, without necessarily needing to undergo any medical intervention/s. Lesson 2: Legal Basis for the Study of Gender live-in partner or former live-in partner, & Society boyfriend or ex-boyfriend: a. Against a woman who is wife/former wife CHED Memorandum Order No.1, Series of 2015 b. Against a woman with whom the person - Inclusion of Gender Courses: has/had a sexual/dating relationship The Commission on Higher Education c. Against a woman with whom he has a (CHED) has issued several memoranda common child encouraging higher education institutions to d. Against her child whether legitimate or integrate gender studies, women's studies, illegitimate and gender sensitivity training into their Of which results in is likely to result in physical, curricula. sexual, psychological harm, or economic abuse. - Gender-Fair Education Common Questions Under RA 9262 a. Is VAWC committed by men alone? MAGNA CARTA OF WOMEN (RA 9710) b. What is the male spouse/partner complains - Who authored RA 9710? about abuses committed by his Sen. Jamby Madrigal, the law’s principal wife/partner? author and chairperson of the Senate c. What can women and children do under RA Committee on Youth, Women, and Family 9262? Relations, said the law is a victory for all d. What are the penalties for committing women who fought and continue to fight, for VAWC? recognition, protection, and equality. Anti-Sexual Harassment Act (RA 7877) - What is Magna Carta of Women? - Under RA 7877, work, education, or training The Magna Carta of Women is a related sexual harassment is committed by comprehensive women’s human rights law an employer, employee, manager, that seeks to eliminate discrimination supervisor, agent of the employer, teacher, against women, by recognizing, protecting, instructor, professor, coach, trainor, or any and promoting the rights of Filipino women, person who, having authority, influence or especially those in the marginalized sector. moral ascendency over another in a work or training or education environment, Women in Development & Nation Building Act demands, requests, or otherwise requires (RA 7192) any sexual favor from the other, regardless - Who authored RA 7192? of whether the demand, request or Sen. Santanin Rasul was the sole author of requirement for submission is accepted or this act that sought to remove all forms of not by the object of the said act. gender discrimination – where the Philippine Military Academy opened the doors to Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (RA 8353) women, and automatically allocated annual The ANTI-RAPE LAW OF 1997 redefines rape as: budget for GAD in all government offices. a. A crime against persons b. A public offense - What is RA 7192 all about? An act promoting the integration of women What constitutes rape? as full and equal partners of men in Rape is committed by: development and nation building and for a. A man who shall have sexual intercourse other purposes. with a woman under any of the following circumstances- force, is unconscious, grave Gender and Development Budget Policy abuse of authority, and victim is under 12 - Gender Mainstreaming in Education: years of age. The GAD Budget Policy, which mandates b. Any person who, commits an act of sexual the allocation of at least 5% of government assault by inserting his penis into another agency budgets to GAD programs, also person’s mouth or anal orifice, or any influences educational institutions. This object, into the genital or oral orifice if includes the development and another person. implementation of gender-responsive How is the crime punished? educational programs and courses on a. Reclusion Perpetua (Imprisonment from gender and society. 20 to 40 years) is imposed on the offender if rape is committed through sexual ANTI-VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND intercourse. CHILDREN (RA 9262) b. Prision Mayor (Imprisonment from 6 to 12 - It is a law that seeks to address the years) is imposed on the offender if rape prevalence of violence against women and was committed through oral or anal sex their children (VAWC) by their intimate through the use of an object that was partners like their husband or ex-husband,  inserted into the mouth or anal orifice of the b. Adultery and Concubinage: woman or a man. - The Revised Penal Code also addresses issues of adultery and concubinage, Safe Spaces Act (RA 11313) providing legal grounds for both men and - Known as the “BAWAL BASTOS” Law, women to take action if their spouse enacted in 2019, this law expands the commits infidelity. scope of sexual harassment to include public spaces, online spaces, workplaces, and educational institutions. - Key Provisions: a. Penalizes catcalling, wolf-whistling, and other forms of gender-based harassment. b. Includes provisions for online harassment and cyber bullying. c. Requires establishments to create mechanisms for reporting and addressing gender-based harassment. Expanded Maternity Leave Act (RA 11210) - Enacted in 2019, this law extends the maternity leave from 60 to 105 days with full pay, with an additional 15 days for solo mothers. - Key provisions: a. Covers all female workers, regardless of civil status or legitimacy of the child. b. Provides the option to extend maternity leave for an additional 30 days without pay. c. Allows for the transfer of up to 7 days of leave to fathers or alternate care givers. Paternity Leave Act (RA 8187) - This law grants married male employees seven days of paternity leave with full pay for the first four deliveries of their legitimate spouse. Solo Parents’ Welfare Act (RA 8972) - Enacted in 2000, this law provides benefits and privileges to solo parents and their children. - Key Provisions: a. Additional leave benefits for solo parents b. Flexible work arrangements c. Access to education, housing, and medical assistance. Revised Penal Code (RA of 3815) a. Provisions for Domestic Violence & Abuse: - The revised penal code includes provisions that allow men to seek legal recourse if they are victims of physical harm, psychological abuse, or other forms of violence. While many laws have traditionally focused on protecting women from domestic violence, the penal code provides a legal basis for men to file complaints against abusive spouse or partners. Lesson 3: What Constitute Sex? - Site of ovum(egg cell) development and ovulation The Physical Self 3. CERVIX - Refers to the body, this marvellous - Allows the flow of menstrual blood and container and complex, machine with which directs the sperm into the uterus during we interface with our environment and copulation fellow beings. Physical self is the concrete 4. UTERUS dimension, the tangible aspect of the person - The womb that can be directly observed and examined. 5. VAGINA - Functions as birth canal Female Reproductive Organ (External) - Provides a passage way for sperm and menstrual flow Male Reproductive Organ Functions of the Female Reproductive Organ Functions of the Male Reproductive System 1. VULVA 1. SEMINAL VESICLES - All of the external parts of the female - Produces fluid that nurtures and gives reproductive organ energy to the sperm 2. MONS PUBIS 2. VAS DEFERENS - The fatty rounded pad of tissue covered - Serves as the passage way for the sperm to with pubic hair travel from the epididymis to the urethra 3. LABIA MAJOR 3. PENIS - To protect the opening of the vagina - Primary male reproductive organ for 4. LABIA MINOR penetration during sexual contact - To protect vaginal opening 4. TESTICLES (testes) 5. CLITORIS - The primary male reproductive structure - Contains sensory receptors that send that supplies sperm and testosterone information to the sexual response area of 5. SCROTUM the brain - Holds the testes; it helps control the 6. VAGINA external temperature to be lesser than the - Contains the hymen which is a thin tissue internal temperature, which is important for stretching across the opening. proper sperm development. 7. URETHRAL OPENING 6. PROSTATE GLAND - For urinary only. - Produces milky saline fluid, which increases sperm mobility. Female Reproductive System Functions of the Female Reproductive System 1. FALLOPIAN TUBE - Carries the egg cells from the ovaries to the uterus and facilitates the fertilization process. 2. OVARIES - Contains the estrogen and progesterone Secondary Sex Characteristics a. Sensuality - Conscience about sexual orientation MALE b. Intimacy - Growth of hair, underarm,pubic hair, chest c. Sexual Identity hair, facial hair d. Sexual Health & Reputation - Heavier skull and bone structure e. Sexualization - Face is scuare with more angular features - How we flirt. - Increase of secretions of oils and sweat glands Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Enlargement of larnyx (adams apple) and 1. SYPHILIS deepining of voice - Caused by bacteria - Increase muscle mass and strength - Effects: Infects the genital area, lips, - Larger bodies mouth, & anus - Cause: Treponema Pallidum FEMALE - Enlargement of breast 2. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) - Errection of nipples - Effects: Warts - Growth of body hair (underarm) - Cause: Intimate or skin-to-skin contact - Pubic hair with your body - Widening of hips - Face is more rounded with softer features 3. GONORRHEA - Effects: Infects your genital tract, mouth, The Sexual Self or anus; difficulty urinating - Refers to a person's understanding, - Cause: Caused by Neisseria experience, and expression of their gonorrhea; unprotected and risky vaginal, sexuality. It encompasses a broad range of oral, or anal sex with someone who is elements which includes: infected A. Sexual Identity B. Sexual Expression 4. URETHRITIS C. Sexual Self-esteem - A condition in which the urethra, or the tube D. Sexual Values and Beliefs that carries urine from the bladder to outside E. Sexual Knowledge and awareness the body, becomes inflamed and irritated. F. Sexual Relationships - Urethritis is not the same as a urinary tract G. Sexual Autonomy infection (UTI). Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra, while a UTI is an infection of Phases of Human Sexual Response Cycle the urinary tract. 5. HIV/AIDS - Effect: Slows down your immune system - Cause: Unprotected and risky vaginal, anal, oral sex with someone who is infected; syringes with infected blood strain; and mother-to-child transmission. Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases PHASE 1: Excitement 1. ABSTINENCE Desire Phase- sexual fantasies trigger sexual urges - Abstinence means not engaging in any Arousal Phase- stimulation of sexual pleasure and sexual activity. It is considered the most physiological signs may include penile tumescence practical and effective way to avoid and vasocongestion & breast tumescence. acquiring these STD’s. PHASE 2: Plateau 2. MONOGAMY This phase represents the period of sexual activity - Engaging in sexual activities with only one when arousal levels are sustained at a high level. person is what is meant by monogamy. Establishing a long-term monogamous PHASE 3: Orgasm relationship with an uninfected partner can The climax of the sexual activity, characterized by certainly keep you safe from infections. the peak of sexual pleasure and the release of sexual tension. 3. VACCINATIONS - Vaccines to prevent infections are safe and PHASE 4: Resolution highly recommended. Sexual drive slows down usually for men after 4. CHECK FOR INFECTIONS Diversity of Human Sexuality  - Put yourself to the test. Early detection is Artificial Methods better when there is no prevention. Many 1. Contraceptives STDs can be easily detected and treated. 5. EDUCATION - Educate yourself and your partner about hygiene, preventive measures against STDs, etc. Natural Methods 1. Calendar Method 2. Subdermal Implants 2. Cervical Mucus Method 3. Permanent Surgical Methods 3. Coitus Interrupts 4. Male Condoms 4. Abstinence Lesson 4: What is Sexuality? Messages about sexual norms can come from: - Parents Understanding Human Sexuality - Media - Sexual Education Classes Human sexuality is complex and personal. It entails - Religous Teaching more than just sexual activity. What causes sexual issues? A person’s own definitions of sexuality may - Mental health ussues that may cause include: sexual issues include - Feelings of attraction towards others a. - Intimacy with others - Felling related to body image Issues linked to sexuality - Personal values a. Impotence b. Lack of sexual desire People express and experience sexuality in c. Anxiety or uncertainty about sexual many ways. Some ways people express their orientation sexuality include: d. Completing sexual desires between - Thoughts partners - Fantasies e. Recovery from sexual abuse are assault - Behavior f. Loneliness - Roles g. Body image issues - Through relationships h. Sexual impulses are compulsions that cause distress Human Sexuality Development i. Promiscuous behavior 1. Early Childhood. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Disorders - Children may explore their own bodies in (DSM-5) early childhood. - At least three sexual disorders for females - They learn about love and intimacy through - It also lists four for males caregiver attachments. - These gender-specific categories have been criticized 2. Childhood (ages 4 to 8) - Research shows sexual interest/arousal - Children may engage in sexual play at this disorder is not exclusive to females stage. - Somehow proposed adding a - This is often done by playing “doctor” gender-neutral category 3. Adolescence 1. Female Sexual Disorder - Go through puberty at this age a. Sexual interest/arousal disorder - They may experiment with masturbation b. Orgasmic disorder and other forms of sexual exploration. c. Genitopelvic pain/penetration disorder - Sexually active during these years 2. Male Sexual Disorder 4. Adulthood a. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder - In young adulthood, sexuality keeps b. Delayed ejaculation developing. c. Erectile dysfunction - In many cultures, it is common to consider d. Premature ejaculation choosing a long-term partner at stage. Paraphilia 5. Mature Adults - Described as a sexual interest in something - Sexual desire may decline in older adults that is not typical considered sexually - But many people maintain the desire for sex arousing and intimate contact. - Some paraphilias focus on activities (spanking, binding, whipping) while others How does Culture Relate to Sexuality? ficus on a specific erotic target (shoes, - Premarital sex clothing, or a specific group of people) - Non-heterosexual relationships 1. Fetishism - Masturbation 2. Pedophilia - Monogamy 3. Transvertism (cross-dressing) - Sexual desires and practices 4. Exhibitionism 5. Voyeurism People are socialized to culture and absolute sex at the young age