Urban Design and Landscape Architecture PDF

URBAN DESIGN AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE: CREATING A DESIGN VOCABULARY PORCH An Exterior Appendage To A Building Forming A Covered Approach Or Vestibule In A Doorway GARDEN...

URBAN DESIGN AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE: CREATING A DESIGN VOCABULARY PORCH An Exterior Appendage To A Building Forming A Covered Approach Or Vestibule In A Doorway GARDEN WALLS PORTICO A Porch Having A Roof Supported By Columns Often ESPALIER Italian Word Spalle: “Shoulder or To Lean On” Leading To The Entrance Of A Building  A Line Of Trees Whose Branches Are Pruned & Trained Into Formal Patterns Against A Wall, Fence Or Support Structure In Order To PORT COCHERE – A Porch Roof Projecting Over A Driveway At The Make The Most Of Sunshine And Space. Bldg. Entry; Sheltering In & Out Of Their Vehicles HEDGES–Tall, Short, Narrow, Wide, Angular, Or Serpentine TERRACE An Open Paved Area Connected To A House Or  A Hedge Can Form A Wall As The Backdrop For Sculpture Or Building & Serving As An Outdoor Living Area Herbaceous Plantings, Create An Edge, Or Emphasize The Outline Of A Design. VERANDA A Large Open Porch & Is Usually Roofed PALISADE LANAI A Veranda Esp. A Fully Furnished Living Room  A Row Of Closely Planted Trees Or Shrubs Clipped Into A Green Wall. It Creates An Outdoor Architectural Feature. BALCONY A Platform Projecting From A Wall Of A Building Supported By Columns Or Support Brackets Usually TREILLAGE A French Term: TRELLISWORK Enclosed By Balustrade & Above Ground Floor  A Traditional Garden Craft Featuring Latticework Construction OPENINGS THE GARDEN FLOOR ARBOR– Announces An Entry& Indicates Transition Space  A Leafy, Shady Recess Formed By Tree Branches, Shrubs, Or CARPET BEDDING Vines Often Intertwined On A Latticework Or Other AR’l Structure.  The Practice Of Forming Beds Of Low-Growing Foliage Plants, All Of An Even Height, In Patterns That Resemble A Carpet Both In ARCH –A Curved Structure Surmounting & Connecting Two Uprights Intricacy Of Design & In Uniformity Of Surface  Designs Can Vary From Geometrical Shapes To Images & Lettered GATE–An Opening In A Wall, Fence, Or Hedge That Controls The Point Inscriptions. Of Transition From Inside To Outside LAWN –A Land Area Covered By Grass, Usually Mown TRELLIS– Can Announce An Entrance & Provide A Window Into  It Creates A Green Ground Plane Whose Shape & Design Another Realm Of The Garden Complements Or Contrasts With Other Features  Lawns Form Recreational Rooms For Croquet, Volleyball, Baseball, GARDEN HALLWAY Lawn Tennis, Etc. HEDGE– As A Hallway Marker It Directs Movement Through Garden TERRACE  A Row Of Closely Planted Shrubs Or Low-Growing Trees Forming A  A Raised Level Of Earth, Sometimes Retained By Stone Or Fence, Wall Or Boundary Concrete, With A Surface Of Stone, Brick, Turf, Pea Gravel, Ground Cover, Or A Combination Thereof ALLEE / ALLEY  A Walk Bordered By Trees Or Clipped Hedges In A Garden, Park Or MEADOW–A Richly Grassed Area for Mowing or Pasture Street. The Spacing, Scale, & Choice of Plant Materials Control the  Can Be Composed Of Open & Undulating Grasses, Wildflowers, Or Visitor’s Experience Of TheAllee. Wild Prairie Plants  By Linking Landmarks, Entries, Or Gathering Places, Allees Can  Functions As A Transitional Floor Between Garden& Countryside, Control The Dynamics Of The Garden And The Pacing Of The Provides A Setting For Specimen Trees, & Creates The Impression Procession. Of Spaciousness BORDER PARTERRE Italian: “To Divide”; French: “On The Ground”  A Planting Bed, Usually Linear In Form, Made Up Of Layers Of Plant  A Flat Terrace, Usually Adjacent To or Near A Building, In Which Material That One Walks Beside Foliage Patterns Are Created From Plants, Flowers, Or Gravel.  It Shapes Space, Define An Edge, Provides Direction, Or Links Two  Parterres Emphasize The Ground Plane Or Serve As A Picture For Or More Spaces. Viewing, Especially From Above. PLEACHED WALKWAY PATHWAYS  The Effect of Interlacing The Branches Of The Trees & Keeping  An Ornamental, Compositional & Functional Garden Component Their Sides Tightly Pruned  Straight, Wide, Rectilinear Path – Controlled & Orderly Character  A Row Of Closely Planted Trees Trained To Form A Continuous  Curved, Meandering Paths– Mystery, Discovery/Contemplation Narrow Wall Or Hedge  Narrow Paths Are Likely To Cause Visitors To Speed Up Their  Can Be Used Architecturally For Circulation, As A Boundary To Pace And Bring Them Closer To The Plantings Define A Garden Room, Or As A Transitional Device Between  Wide Paths Allow Them To Slow Down& Admire Overall Views. Garden Areas. TAPIS VERT Literally Translates As “Green Cloth” THE CEILING  It Is A Swath Of Lawn, Usually Rectilinear In Shape, Used To GROVE Strengthen A Visual Axis Or Focus Attention On An Object.  A Grouping Of Trees Either Planted Or Occurring Naturally, Usually  It Can Define An Edge, Serve As A Form Of Contrast Between The Of The Same Plant Species And Organic In Form. Smooth Texture Of The Ground Plane & The Surrounding Plant  For An Enclosure Or Connection Between Earth & Sky & Were Materials, Or Function As An Element Of Transition Between Often Considered By The Ancients To Be Places Of Mystical & Buildings And The Natural Landscape Intellectual Power, A Sacred Place. OTHER DEFINITION OF TERMS PERGOLA– Italian Term:ARBOR / BOWER / Close Wall of Boughs ANGLE OF REPOSE – Is The Steepest Angle Of Descent Or Dip  A Structuring Element That Extends The House Or Wall-Like Relative To The Horizontal Plane To Which A Material Can Be Piled Enclosures To The Garden Or Provides A Place For Sitting And Without Slumping Enjoying A Borrowed View  Struc. For Displaying Vines / Sculpture Or For Dining Alfresco. Page 1 of 11  URBAN DESIGN AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE URBAN DESIGN CONTROLS FLOOR AREA RATIO / PLOT RATIO (TOD) TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENTS The Proportions Between The Built Area And The Lot Area  Residents Within 600-700m Of Transit Stations (5 Min. Ave. Walking Time) FLOOR SPACE INDEX (FSI)  Mixed Use Community In A Walkable Environment; Established By Dividing The Area Of The Total Floor-Space Of can Travel By Transit, Bicycle, Foot, Or Car The Buildings On Any By The Site Area, Including Half The  Lessening Dependence On The Automobile Area Of Any Roads Adjoining It URBAN TOD – Are Located Directly On The Trunk Line; Transit Network: LAND USE PLANNING & ZONING – Legal Regulation of Use of Land At Light Rail, Heavy Rail, Or Express Bus Stops Allocating Types Of Uses Based On Growth Patterns NEIGHBORHOOD TOD– On A Local Or Feeder Bus Line INCENTIVE ZONING–Allowing Builders & Developers More Space If 10 Min. Transit Travel Time (No More Than 3 Miles) They Provide Certain Desirable Features & Amenities Such As From A Trunk Line Transit Stop Plazas, Arcades, And Other Open Spaces STREET & CIRCULATION SYSTEM– Local Street System; CLUSTER ZONING–Creating Special Zoning Policies & Regulations Pedestrian Friendly; converging to transit stops, For Medium To Large Sized Controlled Developments core commercial areas or open spaces (EIS) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT TRADITIONAL NEIGHBORHOODS – Traditional Neighborhoods, For Large Projects Developers Are Required To Accommodating Vehicle & Other Modern Amenities Outline Possible Effects Of The Project On The Envi. NEW URBANISM ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION–Protecting Environment From Urban Growth By Restricting Devl’t In Certain Areas SPRAWL – Creates Landscapes Dominated By Parking Lots & ex.) Sensitive Areas Such As Wetlands, Coastal Areas, & Mountain Envi. Undefined Edges CONSERVATION – A Term Used Interchangeably w/ Preservation; More SUBURBAN SPRAWL – Brought About By: Automobile, Development Positive Connotation Of Adaptation Of Parts Of Bldgs While Conspiracies; &The “American Dream” Retaining The Essential Spirit Of The Original Some Suburban Centers Have Roads & Parking Lots Taking Up Close To 80% Of The Land Area CONSERVATION AREA – An Area Containing A Group Of Bldgs Of Special AR’l Or Historical Significance, w/c A Local (CNU) CONGRESS FOR NEW URBANISM Authority May Designate. FOUNDERS – Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Peter Calthorpe, Peter Katz, Daniel Solomon URBAN RENEWAL –The Idea Of Consciously Renewing The Outworn Areas Of Towns & Cities; Covers Most Aspects Of Renewal, FUNDAMENTAL ORGANIZING ELEMENTS OF NEW URBANISM Including Both Redevelopment & Rehabilitation  NEIGHBORHOODS – Are Urbanized Areas w/ A Balanced Mix Of (Exam Question)“The Process Of Cleaning Slum Areas w/c Are Economically & Physically Beyond Repair, Rehabilitation Areas Where Human Activity Houses & Neighborhood Facilities Can Be Restored To Come Up To  DISTRICTS – Are Areas Dominated By A Single Activity Health, Safety, & Good Living Standards, & Protective Measures In Order To Prevent Enrichment Of Undesirable Influences”  CORRIDORS – Are Connectors & Separators Of Neighborhoods & Districts ADAPTIVE REUSE – Converting Old, Usually Historic Buildings, Sections Of, Or Entire Districts To New Uses Other Than Their Original  STREETS – Are Not The Dividing Lines Within A City, But Are To Be Purpose Communal Rooms And Passages REHABILITATION–The Idea Of Repairing, Redecorating & In Some  BLOCKS – Are The Field On Which Unfolds Both The Building Cases Converting, Existing Structurally Sound Property To A Standard Fabric & The Public Realm Of The City Compatible With Modern Requirements Of Amenity & Health  BUILDINGS – Are The Smallest Increment Of Growth In The City INVASION – The Entrance Of A New Population And / Or Facilities In An Already Occupied Area THE CONTEXT OF NEW URBANISM CENTRALIZATION– An Urban Ecological Process In City Land Use  Neighborhood Has A Discernible Center Or A Focal Point Patterning Referring To An Increase In Population At A Certain  Grid Pattern Neighborhood; Dwellings – Five-Minute Walk Of The Geographic Center Center; Average 600–700 Meters (2,000 Feet)  Small Playgrounds Near Every Dwelling – Not More Than 200 GENTRIFICATION – Improving The Physical Set-Up & Consequently Meters Away Affecting The Market For Previously Run-Down Areas  Elementary School Is walking distance from Home  Streets & Sidewalks – Covered With Rows Of Trees & Other BLOCK-BOOSTING – “Forcing” The Old Population Out Of The Area Because Of Social Or Racial Differences Landscaping Elements  Storefronts Built Close to the 3-Meter Wide Sidewalks; w/ Street Furniture EMERGING THEORIES  Parallel Parking Along The Streets With Trees In Between Each (PUD) PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENTS / CLUSTER ZONING Designated Space Used In Areas That Are Being Intensively Developed For The First Time  Parking Lots & Garage Doors Rarely Front The Street; either Underground, To Multi-Level Structures, Or To The Rear Of Buildings; Accessed By Alleys  Areas With Bodies Of Water Of Significant Size, Buildings Will Be Built Facing The Water Page 2 of 11  URBAN DESIGN AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE PHILIPPINE SETTLEMENT PLANNING Pre–Colonial Times; Barangay Community Unit; 30–100 Families FURTHER SUBURBANIZATION – QUEZON As the New Capitol City 1939 Commonwealth Act No. 457 SPANISH COLONIAL TIMES Transfer Of The Capitol To An Area Of 1572 Hectares 1573 LAWS OF THE INDIES By: KING PHILIP II 1941 Master Plan Of Quezon City By Architects JUAN Standards & Planning Procedures For Colonial Settlements ARELLANO, Harry T. Frost, Louis Croft, & A.D. Williams PLAZA COMPLEX – Surrounded By Important Buildings: CONSTITUTION HILL – 158 Ha Area; NOVALICHES WATERSHED  Catholic Church  Municipal / Town Hall 1946 A Search Committee Was Formed To Find A New Site  Marketplace & Merchant’s Stores  Area At Novaliches Watershed Was Selected & Called  Elementary School  Constitution Hill & National Government Center  The Homes of the “Principalia”  Other Government Buildings; Plaza at Center  3 Seats of Gov’t; Form A Triangle At The Center Of The Complex  Included A 20 Hectare Civic Space (The Plaza Of The Republic) INTRAMUROS – Walled City Of Manila  1.2 Sq. KM In Area; Perimeter Is 3.4 KM PHILIPPINE HOMESITE & HOUSING CORPORATION  Home Of The Spanish (Except For Friars & High Ranking Officials)  Precursor of the (NHA) National Housing Authority  Decentralization Occurred; Settlements  Built In MALATE, SAN MIGUEL, & PACO PHILAMLIFE HOMES – Icon of Middle Class Suburbanization  Built Homes for the Masses (“The Projects”, I.E. Proj.4, Proj. 6, Etc.) THE AMERICAN PERIOD  Master Plan by CARLOS ARGUELLES; Based On Suburban  DANIEL BURNHAM – Designed Manila & Baguio “Summer Capital” Devl’ts In California w/ Modifications BURNHAM’S DESIGN FOR MANILA BLISS (BAGONG LIPUNAN SITES & SERVICES)  Fronted Manila Bay Like Most Baroque Plans  Walk–Up Developments For Government Sector  Grand Avenues; Central Civic Core; Civic Mall To House Nat’l Bldgs  But Only the Finance & Agriculture Buildings Were Built METRO MANILA CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTS  Manila As The First Chartered City – Population: 190,000 People MANILA CBD – Traditional CBD; Center Of Business & Commerce  On July 31, 1903; Virtue Of Act No. 183  Has A Population Nucleus, & Seats The National Government  Encompassed Intramuros, & Towns of Binondo, Tondo, Sta. Cruz, Malate, Ermita, Paco, & Pandacan MAKATI CBD 979 Hectares; By The Ayala Conglomerate, 1948  Business, Financial, Commercial, Convention, & Recreational The ARRABALES (means: SLUMS / SUBURBS) Center Of The Metropolitan Region  QUIAPO – Illustrado Territory; Manifestation Of Folk Religiosity ORTIGAS CBD 600 Hectares; By The Ortigas  BINONDO – Trading Port Developed By The Chinese & Arabs Conglomerate, 1950s  STA. CRUZ – Main Commercial District  It’s Present Configuration Fully Developed Only In The Late  SAN NICOLAS – Commercial Town; Streets w/ 80s “Specialized” Categories (I.E. Ceramics, Soap, Etc.)  SAMPALOC – First “UNIVERSITY TOWN” CUBAO CBD 37 Hectare By The Araneta Family, 1960s  Centered On Two Churches  Intended As An Alternative Business Center In The Eastern Our Lady Of Loreto & St. Anthony Of Padua Side Of The Metropolis; Now More Of A Bazaar Economy LATER SUBURBS  SAN MIGUEL (Malacañang) – Rest-Houses For Spanish Gov’t Emerging CBDs FORT BONIFACIO GLOBAL CITY – 500 Hectare Of Prime Land  MALATE – First Fishing & Salt-Making Town  Early “Summer Resort” Of Wealthy & Cultured Filipinos BOULEVARD 2000 – 1167 Ha; Reclaimed Land  ERMITA – Red-Light District; Early Tourist Belt  To Revive Manila As A City Of Commerce & Tourism  PACO – First Town Built Around A Train Station FILINVEST CORPORATE CITY  PANDACAN – Town Built By The Americans For Oil Depots  Joint Venture Of Gov’t & Private Sector  Accessible To Industrial Estates & Technological Parks Page 3 of 11  URBAN DESIGN AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE URBAN DESIGN: HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS Settlement Design  Agricultural Societies – for Herding & eventually for Defense  Rectilinear Plotting Layout  GRID / RECTILINEAR Product of the Farmer  CIRCULAR ( FENCING ) Product of the Herdsman; Defensive Role  RADIOCENTRIC When Circular Settlements Enlarge; Fortress Cities (I.E. Paris) 7000 –9000 BC NEOLITHIC CITIES 9000–6500 BC JERICHO: Early Settlement In Israel  A Well-Organized Community Of About 3000 People  Built Around A Reliable Source Of Freshwater  Only 3 Hectares & Enclosed With A Circular Stone Wall  Rectangular Layouts Followed 5500 BC KHIROKITIA:Early Settlement In Cyprus  First Documented Settlement With Streets  The Main Street Heading Uphill Was Narrow But Had A Wider Terminal, Which May Have Been A Social Spot Circa 7000 BC CATALHOYUK: Largest Neolithic City; Early Settlement In Turkey (Asia Minor)  13 Hectares; 10,000 People  An Intricately Assembled Complex Without Streets  Included Shrines & Quarters For Specialized Crafts, Production Of Paintings, Textile, Metal, Etc.  Rested On A New Rationale For The City At That Time-Trade 2000–4000 BC Cities In The Fertile Crescent; Mesopotamia: Tigris& Euphrates River Valleys  ERIDU Acknowledged As The Oldest City  DAMASCUS Oldest Continually Inhabited City  BABYLON The Largest City With 80,000 Inhabitants 3000 BC Cities Of Thebes & Memphis: Along Nile Valley  Characterized By Monumental Architecture  Cities Had Monumental Avenues, Colossal Temple Plazas & Tombs Cut From Rock  Worker’s Communities Were Built In Cells Along Narrow Roads  TEL–EL–AMARNA An Example of a Typical Egyptian City w/ the Following: 1) Central Area 2) North Suburb 3) South City 4) Custom’s House 5) Worker’s Village 2500 B.C. INDUS VALLEY – Present Day PAKISTAN CITIES OF MOHENJO – DARO & HARRAPA  Administrative-Religious Centers With 40,000 Inhabitants  Archeological Evidence Indicates An Advanced Civilization Lived Here As There Were Housing Variations, Sanitary & Sewage Systems, Etc. 1900 BC Yellow River Valley of China  “Land Within The Passes”; Precursor of LINEAR CITY  ANYANG – Largest City of the Yellow River Valley 800 BC BEIJING – Founded at Same Location It’s In Today  Present Form Originated In The MING DYNASTY (1368-1644) BC To AD Elaborate City Network InMESOAMERICA Built By  ZAPOTECS, MEXTECS, & AZTECS In Rough Rugged Land  TEOTIJUACAN & DZIBILCHATUN Were The Largest Cities Page 4 of 11  URBAN DESIGN AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 700 BC ANCIENT GREECE– ACROPOLIS; AGORA; GREEK TOWNS – A Religious & Defensive Struc. Uphill, w/ No Definite Geometrical Plan “POLIS”: Defined As A “City-State”. Most Famous Is TheACROPOLIS  SPARTA & ATHENS : The Largest Cities (100-150T)  Neopolis&Paleopolis (New & Old Cities) LANDSCAPE Powerfully Assertive HIGH PLACES Fortified Hilltop; Sacred Precinct TOWN DESIGN SENSE OF THE FINITE  Aristotle’s Ideal Size Of City 10,000 – 20,000 People  Never Attempted To Overwhelm Nature  Buildings Give A Sense Of Human Measure To Landscape THE STREET Not a Principal Element But as a Leftover Space For Circulation PLACE OF ASSEMBLY Market (Agora) 400 BC HIPPODAMUS OF MILETUS– The First Noted Urban Planner; Introduced TheGRID SYSTEM& The Agora (Public Market)  3 SECTIONS: For Artisans, Farmers, & The Military ANCIENT ROME THE REPUBLICAN FORUM; THE IMPERIAL FORUM (ROMAN) About the time that Rome morphed from a Republic into an Empire there was not enough room in the original Roman Forum for new buildings & monuments. Hence the Imperial Forums& associated markets were built REPUBLICAN FORUM Roman Republic; center of civic life; Public Meetings, Performing Rites, & Business Transactions took place Important Temples, CURIA (Senate House), & COMITIUM (Assembly Place)werelocated in the FORUM IMPERIAL FORUM Imperial Period; centers of politics, religion &economics in the ancient Roman Empire Became a Monumental Symbol in stone & marble of Roman power & vanity w/ temples of deitified Emperors; Made increasingly grandiose & ceremonial in function; Dedicatory columns & massive triumphal arches celebrating military victories Comparison URBAN DESIGN USE OF SCALE MODULE THE STREET PLACE OF ASSEMBLY Sense Of Based On Human Use Of House As Module For As A Leftover Space GREEKS Market (Agora) The Finite Measurements Town Planning For Circulation Used Proportions Use Of Street Pattern As That Would Relate Module To Achieve A Sense Political Power Built First; Buildings Market, Theater, ROMANS Parts Of Building Of Overpowering Grandeur; & Organization Came Later & Arena Instead Of Human Made For Military Measure Government MEDIEVAL ERA DECLINE OF ROME “DARK AGES”, But Not For Urban Design URBAN SETTINGS Military Strongholds, Castles, Monasteries, Towns MILITARY STRONGHOLDS Acropolis & Capitoline Hill CASTLES Built Atop Hills, Enclosed By Circular Walls; Radiocentric Growth MONASTERIES Citadels of Learning, Laid Out In Rectilinear Pattern MEDIEVAL TOWNS Like Greek Towns, Small & Finite in Size; Lacks Geometry; Became Parts of Larger Territorial States; Growth & Population Created the Need for Marketplaces SIENNA & CONSTANTINOPLE: Signified The Rise Of The Church MEDIEVAL ERA Sets the Stage for RENAISSANCE  Decline Of Roman Power Left Many Outposts All Over Europe  Skill of Builders Where Growth Revolved Around  Wealth of Bourgeoisie & Nobility FEUDALISM Affected The Urban Design Of Most Towns  Organization of the Military & New Force in Gunpowder  Towns Were Fine & Intimate With Winding Roads & Sequenced  Development of Political Powers & Expertise Views Of Cathedrals Or Military Fortifications  New Organizations  Scholarly Knowledge of the Church 11th Century Towns In EUROPE: COASTAL PORT TOWNS  Many Of These Coastal Towns Grew From Military Fortifications, But 3 MAJOR EVENTS MARKING TRANSITION FROM MEDIEVAL TIMES Expansion Was Limited To What The City Could Support 1) Dawn of Science MERCANTILIST CITIES: Continuous Increase In Size 2) Fall of Constantinople  World Trade & Travel Created Major Population Concentrations Like 3) Discovery of the New World Florence, Paris, & Venice  Growth Eventually led To congestion & Slums FROM MEDIEVAL ERA TO RENAISSANCE ERA MEDIEVAL URBAN DESIGN Were To Be Discarded MEDIEVAL ERA TOWN DESIGN Sense of Scale; Intimate Relation between House & Street VISIBLE EXTERIORS – Suit the Viewing Conditions of Small Spaces MEDIEVAL SYSTEM OF TOWN DESIGN – Truly Livable; Humanist Basis VISTA Considerations &HUMAN SCALE – Fine Accents in Landscape STREET LAYOUT Is Functional, Although With No Logical Form RENAISSANCE SYSTEM OF TOWN DESIGN The Role of the Individual As Builder of His Town Was Lost Page 5 of 11  URBAN DESIGN AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE RENAISSANCE – EARLY DEVELOPMENTS RENAISSANCE – THE CAMPIDOGLIO By: MICHAELANGELO One of his finest works; Seen at a distance as a whole composition IDEAL CITIES 1440 (Beginning Of Renaissance)  LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI – Foremost Theoretician EQUESTRIAN STATUE of Marcus Aurelius; as Centerpiece / Guidepost  Alberti’s De Architectura – Treats Architecture & Town Design as Single Theme (Just like Vitruvius) ENTRANCE RAMPS – widen toward the top; perspective effect & stairs appear shorter; similarly, SIDE BUILDINGS are not 15th Century France: Display Of Power parallel; Significance of a REMODELLING JOB  Arts & AR – Major Element Of Town Planning & Urban DS  Geometrical Forms Of Cities Were Proposed RENAISSANCE – URBAN PLAZAS: FRANCE & ENGLAND VIENNA The First “UNIVERSITY TOWN” JACQUES ANDROUET DU CERCEAU – French Architect Who  Emerged As The City Of Culture & The Arts Visited Rome; Brought Plaza Idea to Paris, France  Landscape AR Showcased Palaces & Gardens ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF EARLY RENAISSANCE INIGO JONES – English Architect (a)Public Works&(b) Civic Improvement Projects Brought the Renaissance Plaza to London  Bedford Square– Started In 1631 Rebuilding FERRARA– “Ferrara Is the First Modern City in Europe”  Covent Garden– Modeled After Livorno – Jacob Burckhardt, 1860 OTHER PLAZAS IN LONDON Palazzo Diamenti – Most Famous Structure  Leicester Square – started in 1635 BIAGGIO ROSSETTI – Architect & Town Planner Regarded as one of  Bloomsbury Square – 1665 the World’s Earliest Modern Urban Designers  Six more plazas were built before 1700 Rossetti’s Plan:  Street Widening, New Buildings, Wall Improvement RENAISSANCE PLAZA  Enlarge the Town  One Of The Elements Of Urban Design Par Excellence  Carry On With the Plan  But Did Not Tie Whole City Together  Rossetti’s Ferrara (Street System) Lessons From Rossetti’s Effort  Fontana’s Rome (Guidepost System)  Repair an Existing City  Plan for Enlargement  Decide Which to Concentrate Effort RENAISSANCE – LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE  Lay Down a Plan That Is Logical & Realizable  Provide Framework for Others to Build Upon PARKS & GARDENS – Ties City Together; Connecting Palace & Town RENAISSANCE – LEONARDO DA VINCI VILLA & GARDEN –Rural Counterpart of PALACE & PLAZA  Sketched a City Straddling a River ITALY – Gardens Are Never Too Large  River Streams – Supply Water & Carry Away Waste Built As TERRACES Because Of Hilly Land  Multi–Levels – For Multiple Functions  Proposed Movable Houses – Anticipated the “Greenbelt” Concept FRANCE – Elaborate System of Landscape Design  Satellite Towns – For Workers Roots from Large HUNTING FORESTS  Lessons – Growth or Functional Improvement ROND POINTS – High Ground Intersections Is Not Necessarily an Advantage  Popes in Rome – The “Real Say” In Urban Design at That Time RICHELIEU– Application of “Rond Points” Idea 1630, Landscape Design of Palace Started RENAISSANCE – REBUILDING ROME PROBLEMS Circulation, defense, water supply, sanitation JACQUES LEMERCIER – Architect of Richelieu SOLUTION Popes have to undertake civic improvement projects ANDRE LENOTRE -- Landscape Architect of Richelieu PILGRIMAGE Improved St. Peter’s Cathedral & Western World’s Master of Landscape AR Campidoglio(Rome’s City Hall) DOMENICO FONTANA – Architect commissioned by Pope Sixtus V RENAISSANCE – FRENCH, ENGLISH & ITALIAN LANDSCAPE Fontana’s Plan– streets were visually accented using OBELISKS OBELISKS– as “stakes”, as GUIDEPOSTS for the whole city, FRENCH Regarded Natural Landscape as Barbaric Man-Made, Preferably Geometric Creations as SCALE REFERENCE POINTS for successive designers PHILOSOPHY – Absolute Command of Nature RENAISSANCE – BUILDING GROUPS ENGLISH Characterized By an Attitude of Sympathy with Nature ST. PETER’S CATHEDRAL – BRAMANTE PHILOSOPHY – Practice of Taming Nature TEMPIETTO – Miniature Version of St. Peter’s Cathedral CARLO FONTANA – Basilica inside the Colosseum ITALIAN Terraced Garden: Best model for Limited Space BORROWED DESIGN RENAISSANCE – LENOTRE AND VERSAILLES Renaissance from Medieval, Romans from Greeks ANDREA PALLADIO LENOTRE’S Major Client– Louis XIV, the “Sun King” of France Developed precise theories of proportion & module PALLADIO’S PROTOTYPES – Roman Country Villa (Rural) VERSAILLES – Lenotre’s greatest work; 1670, completed by 1710 &Roman Forum (Urban) “GOOSE FOOT”/ PATTE D’OIE– three roads in a single view PALLADIAN INFLUENCES – G. Washington & T. Jefferson House “FOUR BOOKS OF AR.” – examples of plazas (the modern forum) PIAZZA DEL POPOLO – PatteD’oieEntrance to Rome “COLOSSAL / GIGANTIC” ORDER – Palladio’s San Giorgio Maggiore Appeared Accidentally As Result Of Fontana’s Plan Page 6 of 11  URBAN DESIGN AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE RENAISSANCE – REBUILDING LONDON INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION / “MACHINE AGE” 1666 GREAT PLAGUE  Change From Manpower To Assembly Lines 1667 GREAT FIRE OF LONDON  2 Schools Of Thought: SEVERAL DESIGNERS PROPOSED PLANS 1) Reform Movements Christopher Wren; Robert Hooke; John Evelyn; Valentine Knight 2) The “Specialists” 1707–1709 Laws Banning Use of Combustible Materials Led To Extensive Use of BRICKS MODERN CONCEPTS – IDEAL TOWNS & WORKER TOWNS JOHN GWYNN Produced Plan forLondon CLAUDE NICOLAS LEDOUX – French Architect 1766 “London &Westminster Improved” Heralded the “Golden Age” of Building  Late 18th & Early 19th Century, A New Era In Urban Design GOLDEN AGE Encompassed a30-Year Period  CHAUX, France (1776) – Principal Work ADELPHI TERRACE – Work of the Adam Brothers; LEDOUX’S DESIGN Built Along the River Thames  An Ideal Plan Where “Everything Is Motivated By Necessity”  “Architecture” – Ledoux’s Book Published In 1804 BATH Created By Architects John Wood, Sr. &Jr. 1727 Rectangular Plaza (Queens Square) ROBERT OWEN – English Social Reformer 1754 Great Circle (King’s Circus)  NEW LANARK, Scotland (1799) 1767 Royal Crescent  OWENITE COMMUNITIES – England & United States 1767 EDINBURGH – By Scottish Architect JAMES CRAIG END OF LONDON PLAZA ERA – coming of INDUSTRIAL ERA FRANCOIS FOURIER – French Social Reformer; “PHALANSTERY” RENAISSANCE – DEVELOPMENTS IN PARIS  “The New World Of Industry And Society” – Published In 1829 REBUILDING OF THE LOUVRE – By: CLAUDE PERRAULT JAMES SILK BUCKINGHAM – “Victoria” 1667, Lorenzo Bernini’sdesigns rejected Viewing conditions same as Palladio’s San Giorgio Maggiore  “ National Evils And Practical Remedies” – Published In 1849 & Michelangelo’s Campidoglio ROBERT PEMBERTON – “Happy Colony” In New Zealand BEAULEVARD – from Dutch word: “Bulwark” (means, Fortress) DR. BENJAMIN RICHARDSON – “HYGEIA” In United States City is enlarged, old walls torn, creating broad, long streets THOMAS JEFFERSON – “Jeffersonville” 1748 Proposals for New Plazas 1757 Place De La Concorde MODERN CONCEPTS – PLANNED INDUSTRIAL TOWNS 1789 French Revolution 1793 New Plan for Paris Called PLAN DES ARTISTES FRANCIS CABOT LOWELL – Georgiaville, RA (1812) 1748 Emphasis on Plaza 1793 Emphasis on Street  Waltham, Massachusetts; Harrisville, NH (1816); Lowell, Massachusetss (1822) NAPOLEON I ChampsElyseesAvenueimprovement –ARCH OF TRIUMPH OLIVE– French Architect, Anticipated The 20th C. Garden City; NAPOLEON III Vesinet, France (1859) AssignedBARON GEORGES EUGENE HAUSSMANN Worked On The Reconstruction Of Paris- Linear Connection OTHER INDUSTRIAL TOWNS JEAN CHARLES ADOLPHE ALPHAND – Landscape Architect  Essen, Germany (1863), SETTLEMENTS IN THE AMERICAS Krupp Factories Called SIEDLUNGEN (Worker Colonies)  Pullman, Illinois (1879) 1.) MEDIEVAL ORGANIC CITY – Taken After The Medieval Ages’  “BOUG” (Military Town) &“FAUBORG” (Citizen’s Town)  Port Sunlight Near Liverpool (1887) – W.H. Lever Soap Company  BournvilleNear Birmingham (1889) – Cadbury Chocolate Co. 2.) MEDIEVAL BASTIDE / “NEW TOWNS”  Gary, Indiana (1906), Laid Out By A Steel Corporation,  Taken From The French Bastide A “Made To Order” City  Grids Or Radial Plans Reflecting Flexibility TONY GARNIER – French Architect, Anticipated Modern Day Zoning 3.) SPANISH “LAWS OF THE INDIES” TOWN– by King Philip II  “UNE CITE INDUSTRIELLE”(1901-04) City Guidelines That Produced 3 Types Of Towns: 1) PUEBLO (CIVIL)  A Precursor To Modern Zoning 2) PRESIDIO (MILITARY)  Plan Is Incredibly Detailed 3) MISSION (RELIGIOUS)  Imaginary Site (High Plateau & Level Valley Along A River)  Residential On Plateaufactories On Valley 4.) ENGLISH RENAISSANCE – “THE EUROPEAN PLANNED CITY”  Dam For Hydroelectric Power SAVANNAH(Designed By JAMES OGLETHORPE)  Hospital on High Hill World’s Largest Officially Recognized Historical District  Smelting Factories & Mines At Respectful Distances  Locations for Sewage Plant, Abattoir, Bakery, & Civic Center ANNAPOLIS–Government Bldgs Were Focal Points of the  Testing Grounds for Cars & Even Airplanes! Plan, Though A Civic Square Was Also Provided  Adopted By Dutch Ar. J.J.P. OUD In The Design Of Rotterdam WILLIAMSBURG–Plan Was anchored by the Governor’s Palace, The State Capitol, & The College Of William & Mary 5.) SPECULATORS TOWN – Developments Driven By Speculation PHILADELPHIA– Designed By WILLIAM PENN Page 7 of 11  URBAN DESIGN AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE MODERN CONCEPTS – URBAN DESIGN & MACHINES DON ARTURO SORIA Y MATA – Spanish Businessman & Engineer CHARLES ELIOT – Completed Olmsted’s Boston Park System  Created Madrid’s 1st Streetcar & Telephone System GEORGE KESSLER – Layout of Kansas City Park System  “LA CIUDAD LINEAL” – LINEAR CITY JENS JENSEN – Designed Chicago’s Original Park System  STALINGRAD – PLANNED LINEAR CITY ALPHAND – Haussmann’s Landscape Architect; “The French Olmsted” INVENTIONS INFLUENCING URBAN FORM Electricity – Peter Kropotkin (1899); &Railroad DANIEL SCHREBER – A Physician And Educator  Popularized The Idea Of The Urban Playground In Europe EUGENE HENARD, French, May Have Influenced Le Corbusier w/  “SCHREBERGARTEN” – Small Gardens For Children; Published Book “Les Villes De l’Avenir” (1910) Later Used By Elderly LE CORBUSIER EXPLORATIONS INTO THE PAST  VILLE RADIEUSE – THE RADIANT CITY, also called the  Archaeology Became A Science In 19th Century CITY OF TOWERS CONCEPT – “The Cities of Tomorrow”  CAMILLO SITTE, Viennese Architect  LE CONTEMPORAINE CONCEPT – High-Rise Offices &Resd’ls  “An Architect’s Notes & Reflections Upon Artistic City Planning” Published In 1889 EDGAR CHAMBLESS – MOTOPIA– Proposed In England Vehicular Traffic Along Rooftops; Continuous Network Of Buildings; THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT Streets For Pedestrian Use Only EBENEZER HOWARD– An English Stenographer PAOLO SOLERI – THE ARCOLOGY ALTERNATIVE – The 3D City  “Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path To Social Reform” 1898  Proponent of The “Garden City” Concept KIYONORI KIKUTAKE – FLOATING CITY / MARINE CITY BARRY PARKER & RAYMUND UNWIN (Architects) JEAN GOTTMANN – “MEGALOPOLIS” Concept  LETCHWORTH – First Garden City (1902),35 Miles From London  Became a Satellite of London Because Factories Did Not Materialize ANTONIO SANT’ELIA – Italian Futurist  “LA CITTA NUOVA” – ENORMOUS METROPOLIS LOUIS DE SOISSONS (Architect)  Inspired By The Complex Plans For New York Grand Central Area  WELWYN – 2nd Garden City (1920) More Successful Than Letchworth METABOLISM GROUP– Japanese Architects  Science Cities&Underwater Cities, Biological Cities,Cities Changing THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH Their Own Forms; Cities Built As Pyramids Howard’s Analytical Approach  City So Large & Operations So Complex OTHER VISIONARIES  Understanding Gained By Full Application Of Precise Analysis  Edward Bellamy, Published In 1887 “Looking Backward, 2000-1887”  H.G. Wells (1902-1911) PATRICK GEDDES– Scottish City Planner  Established Tool For Analytical Approach MODERN CONCEPTS – RENEWED ATTITUDE TOWARD NATURE  “Cities In Evolution” 1915; Coined The Term “CONNURBATION”  Laid Out Some 50 Cities In India & Palestine TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES–Not Necessarily A Sign Of Progress CHIEF SPOKESMEN MARSH – Interrelationship between Man & Nature  Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-Le-Duc (French) GEDDES – Interrelationship between People & Cities  John Ruskin (English)  CONNURBATION  Henry David Thoreau (American) “The Waves of Population Inflow To Large Cities, Followed By Overcrowding And Slum Formation, & Then The Wave Of Backflow” ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT–Led By WILLIAM MORRIS THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT  Return To SimplerChristian Virtues Of The Gothic Period GOLDEN AGE OF URBAN DESIGN  NORMAN SHAW, Created Bedford Park (1875-81)  From 1890 to the Great Depression (1930s)  Termed the “CITY BEAUTIFUL ERA” GOTHIC REVIVAL IN 19TH CENTURY “Gothic Period Was The Last Original AR’l Era” – Frank Lloyd Wright WORLD’S FAIRS  As Works Of Civic Art – Application Of Latest Tech.; Façade AR; CONSERVATIONISTS & PARK MOVEMENT Promise Of America Come To Life  As Urban Renewal Operations – Jackson Park – Chicago World’s GEORGE PERKINS MARSH – American Conservationist Fair, San Francisco Marina, Treasure Island, Sf  The Founder of Modern Conservation  “Man & Nature” 1862, An Intro. To Ecology MCMILLAN COMMISSION  AIA Nat’l Conference In Washington D.C. (1901) FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED  Daniel Burnham, Augustus St. Gaudens, & Frederick Law Olmsted  Pioneer of The American Park System Among Present  A Social Reformer & a Farmer  Plan For Improvement Of Central Washington  Concerned w/ Moral Disintegration In Large Formless Cities  Reviving The Original L’enfant Plan  Landscape Design As Solution To Social Ills (i.e. Urban Park) CIVIC CENTERS –City Hall, County Court House, Library, Museum,  CENTRAL PARK OF NYC Won In 1859 Opera House, &Plaza  San Francisco, Buffalo, Detroit, Chicago, Montreal, Boston  “Public Parks &The Enlargement Of Towns” Published In 1870 PUBLIC WORKS  Cities – Planned For Two Generations Ahead  Bridges Designed As Pieces of Sculpture  Maintain Sufficient Breathing Space  Rivers Made Into Classical Garden Terraces  DS Embraces The Whole City  Colleges & Universities – As Visions of Classical World  Railroads Built Roman Basilicas & Baths Page 8 of 11  URBAN DESIGN AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE CITY AS A WHOLE REGIONAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK DANIEL BURNHAM – Father of American City Planning  22 Counties, 500 Municipal Districts, 10 Million People, Ny State,  Plans For Chicago, San Francisco, Cleaveland, Manila, Etc. Nj And Conn.  “Make No Little Plans; They Have No Power To Stir Men’s Blood”  Thomas Adams – Scottish Planner  Last Use Of French Renaissance Principles  2-Volume Plan Produced In 1928 applied At The Largest Scale Possible  Most Complete Plan Study Ever Done PLANNED RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITIES BENTON MACKAYE– Originally, A Forester  Roland Park, Baltimore (1892): Start Of Commuter Suburb  “The New Exploration, A Philosophy Of Regional Planning”  Country Club, Kansas City Published In 1928  Forest Hills Garden, L.I., New York: Commuter Suburb For  Envisioned The “Townless Highway” & “Highwayless Towns” Manhattan (1911)  Showed NY City As The Entry& Exit Portal For The Entire Us Industrial Empire MANY DEVELOPMENTS  “New Exploration” – The Exploration Of The Wilderness &  American City Planning Profession – Zoning Introduced In 1916 Conservation Had To Be Expanded To Include Cities  Many Lessons From Abroad -- England & Garden City Movement  English Architect-Planners Lectured In US ACHIEVEMENTS IN EUROPE  English Books In City Planning ENGLISH NEW TOWN MOVEMENT SUMMARY: City Beautiful Era – Civic Center & Commuter Suburb SIR ANTHONY BARLOW Headed Commission  “The Report Of Royal Commission Of Distribution THE NEW COMMUNITIES MOVEMENT Of Industrial Population” (1940) PROPONENTS  HENRY WRIGHT“Rehousing Urban America” (1934) SIR PATRICK ABERCROMBIE & J.H. FORSHAW  “The County Of London Plan” (1943)  CLARENCE STEIN “Towards New Towns For America” (1951)  “New Towns” – Plan Of Hook; Plan Of Cumbernauld “SUPERBLOCK” CONCEPT”–Answer To Problem Of Through Traffic OTHER DEVELOPMENTS  Island Of Green, Bordered By Houses  London’s Barbican Area & Skirted By Peripheral Automobile Roads  Garden Cities In France  Best Examples – Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles;  DOURGES – 1st Garden City In France (1919) Chatham Village, Pittsburgh  Longueau, Tergnier, Lille-Le-Deliverance  Community–Level Development  Berlin, Germany – Martin Machler  Baku In Russia RADBURN, NJ  West Kungsholmen, Stockholm  Series Of Superblocks, Not Completed Due To Depression  Tapiola, Helsinki In Finland  One Of The Most Important Designs Conceived For The Modern  Amsterdam South, Amsterdam In Holland Residential Community  Other Countries – Italy, Switzerland, Israel “RADBURN” IDEA Organization Of Town Into Cohesive Neighbourhoods ARCHITECTS IN URBAN PLANNING CLARENCE A. PERRY&CLARENCE STEIN ELIEL SAARINEN – Prize-winning plan for HELSINKI in 1911  “The Neighborhood Unit” 1929; Community Planning  Teaching of AR & Urban Planning  “The City” published in 1943 “TOWN COLONIZATION” CONCEPT – G. R. TAYLOR  Metropolitan Growth Through Colonization, Reinforces WALTER GROPIUS– Took same approach to AR& urban planning Ebenezer Howard’s Belief  “Satellite Cities, A Study Of Industrial Suburbs” (1915) RICHARD NEUTRA– “Rush City Reformed”  “The Building Of Satellite Towns” (1925) LUCIO COSTA – Designed BRASILIA, Capital of Brazil REGIONAL PLANNING OSCAR NIEMEYER – Commissioned to DS Civic Bldgs in BRASILIA ROOTS OF REGIONAL OUTLOOK SIR EDWARD LUTYENS– English Ar.; Designed NEW DELHI, India  HOWARD & TAYLOR: Satellite Colonization LE CORBUSIER– Fused Ideas of Modern AR& City Form  Spokesman for the “International Movement”  RADBURN – Demonstrated Satellite Colonization  “UNE VILLE CONTEMPORAINE” – 1922  MARSH & GEDDES – Laid the Groundwork  HENRY WRIGHT & BENTON MACKAYE  Traceable to Henard’s&Garnier’s Ideas  Championed the Regional Outlook  The City of Towers Concept – “The Cities of Tomorrow”  Le Contemporaine Concept – high-rise offices &resdls HENRY WRIGHT & PLAN OF NEW YORK  “Plan Voisin” (Neighborhood Plan) – 1925  Worked Under Commission By CLARENCE STEIN  “La Ville Radieuse” – 1935; “Le Plan de Paris” – 1937  “Report Of The Commission On Housing & Regional  “When Cathedrals Were White” – 1947 Planning For The State Of New York”  “Concerning Town Planning” – 1948  Development Of New York  Chandigarh, India – Designed The Entire City  Small Trade Centers For An Agriculture Society  LEWIS MUMFORD – critical of Le Corbusier  Decline Due To Cheaper Midwestern Farms  Helped organize the  Industrialization Took Hold “Congres International d’ArchitectureModerne (CIAM)  Hudson & Mohawk Valleys Became Spine  Conceived the “CIAM Grid” – graphic file system for recording  New York City Became The Financial Heart pertinent information in an urban study & for explaining a plan & Core ForA Constellation Of Communities  “CIAM grid” four component sections:  WRIGHT’s Plan – One Of Finest Models Of Regional Planning  Work, Residence, Circulation, Leisure  Not Officially Adopted, But Recommendations Realized  Led To Formation Of RPAA MARS Group– The English CIAM organization  Proposed a plan for rebuilding London; Sixteen finger corridors all connected by a major circulation spine & encircling circulation loop Page 9 of 11  URBAN DESIGN AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE LOUIS KAHN– Made Important Designs For Central Philadelphia  “EKISTICS GRID”– System For Recording Planning Data KENZO TANGE– Plan For Tokyo & Ordering Planning Process  Circulation As Determinant Of Urban Form  New Tokyo Over Tokyo Bay, Hung On Bridges  Town Planning As A Science Which Includes Planning & Design, &Contribution Of Sociologist, Geographer, Economist, Politician, FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT Anthropologist, Ecologist, Etc.  Followed Howard, Geddes & Social Reformers  “THE DISAPPEARING CITY” – Published In 1932  EKISTICS – The Science of Human Settlements  “BROADACRES” – Every Family on an Acre of Land  Marin County Civic Center North Of Sf, Calif. CHARLES ABRAMS  Changed Scheme – Full MILE HIGH Superskyscraper  Housing As One Prime Field Of Endeavor For Solving Urban Problems CONSTANTINE DOXIADIS  “Man’s Struggle For Shelter In An Urbanizing World” (1964)  Addressed The Urban Problem On A Worldwide Scale  Major Designs Are Made For Countries Where Economy & BUCKMINSTER FULLER Productive System Can Be Coordinated By Policy & Decree  “Inventory Of World Resources – Human Trends & Needs” (1963)  Best Work Is In Newly Developing Nations Of Africa & Middle East LEWIS MUMFORD  Authored Some Twenty Books & Innumerable Articles  “Architecture In Transition” (1963)  “The City In History” – Published In 1961, Summary Of Mumford’s  Explains Doxiadis’s Total View Thought  Magazine “Ekistics” – Shows Dixiadis’s Many Plans & Programs URBAN FORM: SHAPE (9) a) RADIOCENTRIC  A Large Circle w/ Radial Corridors Of Intense Development Emanating From The Center b) RECTILINEAR IAN BENTLEY – RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS  Usually w/ Two Corridors Of Intense Development Crossing 1) PERMEABILITY The Center  Usually Found In Small Cities Rather Than In Large  Public & Private Access; Physical & Visual Permeability ex.) Designing the Overall Layout of Routes & Development Blocks c) STAR  Radiocentric Form w/ Open Spaces Between The Outreaching 2) VARIETY Corridors Of Development  Offer Places with Varied Forms, Uses, & Experiences ex.) Locating Uses on the Site d) RING– City Built Around A Large Open Space e) LINEAR – May Also Be A Transportation Spine 3) LEGIBILITY  Usually The Result Of Natural Topography Which Restricts  How Layout Is Understood Growth  Two Levels: Physical Form & Activity Patterns ex.) Designing the Massing Of the Buildings & the Enclosure of f) BRANCH–A Linear Span w/ Connecting Arms Public Space g) SHEET–A Vast Urban Area w/ Little or No Articulation 4) ROBUSTNESS h) ARTICULATED SHEET  Environments Can Be Used For Different Purposes  Sheet Accented By One or More Central Clusters & Sub-  Hard & Soft Spaces; Active & Passive Spaces clusters ex.) Designing the Spatial & Constructional Arrangement of Individual Buildings & Outdoor Spaces i) CONSTELLATION  Series of Nearly Equal Sized Cities in Close Proximity 5) VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS j) SATELLITE–Constellation of Cities around a Main Center  Focuses on Details; Visual Cues to communicate levels of choice ex.) Designing the External Image KEVIN LYNCH’S IMAGES OF THE CITY: (5) PHYSICAL ELEMENTS 1) PATHS –Channels along Which the Observer Moves 6) RICHNESS Identifiable, Have Continuity & Directional Quality  Variety of Sense Experiences That Users Can Enjoy 2) EDGES–Linear Elements Not Considered As Paths Sense of Motion: Gained Through Movement Lateral References; may Be Barriers Sense of Smell: Can Not Be Directed Sense of Hearing: User Has Limited Control 3) DISTRICTS–Observer Can Mentally Enter “Inside Of” Sense of Touch: Voluntary & Involuntary Having Some Common, Identifying Character Sense of Sight: Most Dominant & easiest to control; Info. Input 4) NODES– Strategic Spots; Observer Can Enter 7) PERSONALIZATION Intensive Foci from Which Observer Is Traveling  Allows People To Achieve An Environment That Bears The 5) LANDMARKS–Point References; External to Observer Stamp Of Their Own Tastes & Values Physical Elements; Unique & Special; Traveling Guides Page 10 of 11  URBAN DESIGN AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE MAJOR THEORIES OF URBAN SPATIAL ORGANIZATION 1.) CONCENTRIC THEORY / INVASION/SUCCESSION THEORY– By Geographer E.W. BURGESS, 1925  City Grows In A Radial Expansion From Center To Form Circles  A City Is Seen As A Set Of Concentric Rings (These Rings Are Roughly Listed, In Order, Below). As The City Grows, Each Ring Invades And Overtakes The Next Ring Out – A Process Called Invasion/Succession  ZONE 1 – The Central Business District (CBD)  ZONE 2 – Transition  ZONE 3 – Low-Income Housing  ZONE 4 – Middle-Income Housing  ZONE 5 – Commuting 2.) SECTOR THEORY– By Economist HOMER HOYT, 1939  Pulls Growth Of Entire In Same Direction  High-Density Residential, Commercial, And Industrial Uses Radiate Out From The Central Business District (CBD) In “Sectors” That Follow Major Transportation Routes. More Expensive Housing Also Radiates Out From The CBD  Towards Large Open Spaces & Higher Ground. Less Expensive Housing Takes Whatever Land Is Left Over 3.) MULTIPLE NUCLEI ZONE THEORY –By Geographers CHAUNCY HARRIS &EDWARD ULLMAN, 1945  Cities Grow Around Several District Nuclei; Do Not Evolve Around A Single Core But At Several Nodes  Certain Land Uses Group Together To Take Advantage Of Unique Facilities (E.G., Universities), Specializations, Codependencies, Or Externalities. This Theory Is Often Applied To Cities With More Than One CBD 4.) URBAN REALMS – By JAMES VANCE  Presents the Emergence of Self-Sufficient Sectors  Brought By the Impact ofthe Automobile Page 11 of 11