Water in Landscape Architecture PDF

WATER IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mazlina Mansor Dept. of Landscape Architecture KAED, IIUM  THE USE OF WATER Humans seems to be instinctively drawn towards water for both utilitarian and visual purposes. Utilita...

WATER IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mazlina Mansor Dept. of Landscape Architecture KAED, IIUM  THE USE OF WATER Humans seems to be instinctively drawn towards water for both utilitarian and visual purposes. Utilitarian Water is a commodity for survival, provided a source of food, drinking, bath, source of food, transportation, cooling the air, buffering sound and irrigating the soil. Visual aesthetic or visual purpose - the discovery of its value –e.g. and as a mean of recreation and in garden design. 2  THE USE OF WATER IN ISLAM Purification (Tahara) – ablution to achieve purity. Cleansing and Hygiene - Islam places a strong emphasis on cleanliness and personal hygiene. Water is considered the best means of cleansing. Sustainable Stewardship - Islam emphasises responsible stewardship (Khilafah) of the Earth and its resources. The Quran encourages the responsible use of water and warns against wastefulness. Believers are reminded of the importance of conservation and gratitude for the blessings of water. Acts of Charity (Sadaqah) and Social Responsibility - Providing access to clean water is considered a virtuous act in Islam. The Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h.) emphasised the importance of charity, and contributing to the construction of wells, water sources, and infrastructure for clean water is viewed as a noble and rewarding deed. 3 WATER AS DESIGN ELEMENT Categories of water for design 1) Natural water bodies – sea, river, streams, waterfall, lake, pond 2) Designed/man-made water elements – various types of water features WATER AS DESIGN ELEMENT - A basic palette of landscape design spatial material & landscape expression - site designer’s most versatile tool and a unique visual resource. http://foodramblingsbychezb.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/img_1550.jpg?w=225h=300 Water Features Water features that reflect the quality of space One of main visual and sensory attractions Can become the medium to enjoy water, Water features as main attraction as attraction magnet Reflects the quality of a garden or space Water features as medium of enjoyment WATER FEATURES: THE TYPES based on Motion and the Characters Types of motion and character of water feature (element): 1) Flat, static water 2) Flowing water 3) Falling water 1. Flat, static water Water can be used in the outdoor environment as a flat, quiet water body in the form of either pool or a pond depending on the shape of the container. 1. Flat, static water POOL Bodies of still water of any size placed in a hard, well-defined constructed container. Architectonic. Function primarily as reflecting surfaces. 1. Flat, static water POND Designed to appear natural or semi- natural. May be constructed or natural to the site. Naturalistic line quality, usually with plantings. The shape is typically free-form or curvilinear. Located commonly in a park-like setting. Usually located at the lowest elevation of the landform to reinforce the equilibrium with gravity Pastoral and vernacular mood of a place. Created for its feeling of repose and tranquility. 2. Flowing water Any moving water confined to well- defined channel. Flowing water feature is any moving water that is confined to well-defined container such as channel/canal. It produces sounds depending upon its subtle or dynamic motion. The sound can be scarcely audible, gurgling or loud that creates mood of tranquility to observers. Moving water can be subtle or dynamic. It can move almost imperceptibly/unnoticeably or can rush like a torrent. It can make scarcely audible gurgling sounds, or loud splattering ones. It can convey brute force and can mask the loudest of urban noises. 10 2. Flowing water CHANNELS Conduits contain flowing water... Linear in form to convey movement and to decentralise meaning... Sensual effect depends on: water volume, flow rate, channel size, shape, and steepness... 12 3. Falling water Cascades & waterfall 3 types of falling water: a) Free-fall b) Obstructed fall c) Sloped fall 3. Falling water Cascades & waterfall Water moves over and down a sudden drop in the elevation of channel. Express the force of gravity. depends on: ○ volume and rate of flow, condition of edge where water falls, height and nature of the fall, and the surface terminating the fall... 2. Flowing water 4. Other types of water feature WATER JETS large volume of water forced through small apertures result in high velocities of flow ° serves to draw attention, punctuates the landscape, reinforces special points ° points of energy in bucolic settings ° types: single orifice jet, aerated jet, spray jet and formed multijets.  Example – Sectional elevation of WATER JETS Example – Sectional elevation of various types of water features in one area.  Various types of water features Elevated Water Water Comb Water Water Water water wall fall weirs jets curtains channel table Basic Sequence consideration Lighting Music speed Music added with a Creates its moods Speed and rhythms choreographed and visual character of water features water features Give attention, following the music choreographed sense of joy and according to the rhythm excitement music applied Psychology and experience Give moods and character Effects from the characteristics of water features Line Texture Form Color Motion Define a Pleasant to water has no Material Static space touch shape -can give a Dynamic Express Aesthetic Characteristic dramatic impact experience & value determined by emotion. its container Lighting Give movement WATER AS DESIGN ELEMENT IN ISLAM Reflecting Pools Reflecting pools or basins are common features in Islamic gardens. These pools often serve both decorative and practical purposes. They provide a reflective surface, enhancing the visual appeal of the surroundings, and also contribute to a sense of tranquility. Court of the Myrtle in the Alhambra, Granada.  WATER AS DESIGN ELEMENT IN ISLAM Fountains and Water Channels Frequently used in Islamic garden design. They serve as decorative elements while also providing a practical function, such as irrigating the surrounding vegetation. The sound of flowing water is believed to have a calming effect, contributing to the overall ambiance of the garden. Water channel and fountain at the Patio de la Acequia, Alhambra Palace Spain (Granada-Alhambra) Arabic style fountain in the Garden, Granada, Spain. CREDIT: center of the courtyard Andrew Dunn WATER AS DESIGN ELEMENT IN ISLAM Qanat Systems Sustainable water channel Traditional Islamic gardens sometimes incorporate qanat systems, an ancient method of underground water channels. Qanats were employed for efficient water distribution and irrigation, allowing water to be transported over long distances while minimising evaporation. WATER AS DESIGN ELEMENT IN ISLAM Islamic Geometric Design Water features in Islamic gardens often incorporate geometric patterns in their design. Symmetrical and intricate geometric designs are prevalent in Islamic art and architecture, and these patterns are extended to water features, creating a visually harmonious environment. The National Mosque of Malaysia WATER AS DESIGN ELEMENT IN ISLAM Courtyard Gardens Courtyard gardens within Islamic architecture often feature central fountains or pools. These gardens are designed to be contemplative spaces and places for communal gathering. The presence of water enhances the sense of serenity within these courtyards. WATER AS DESIGN ELEMENT IN ISLAM Ablution Pools Gardens surrounding mosques may include ablution pools for ritual cleansing (Wudu) before prayers. These pools often have steps for ease of access and may feature decorative elements. WATER AS DESIGN ELEMENT IN ISLAM Water Basins Large water basins or reservoirs may serve as reservoirs for irrigation or simply as decorative features. E.g. The Sahrij at the Menara Gardens in Marrakech, Morocco. WATER AS DESIGN ELEMENT IN ISLAM Water Wells Some Islamic gardens may include wells as a water source. These wells are not only functional but also add to the historical and cultural aspects of the garden e.g. the Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar, India, includes wells as part of its design. THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER FEATURES IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Why water element incorporated in design? Water elements are commonly incorporated into landscape design for public parks and spaces, contributing to both aesthetic and functional aspects of the environment. Their diverse benefits make them a popular choice for designers seeking to create inviting and multifunctional environments. 28 1)Aesthetic Appeal/Enhancement Water features enhance the visual appeal of public parks. Ponds, fountains, and waterfalls add to a visually pleasing and calming element to the landscape. The reflective properties of water can enhance the overall beauty of the space and create a sense of tranquility.They can serve as focal points, creating a sense of beauty and tranquility within the landscape. Enhances the experience of a place - the presence of water, from the crashing waves to trickling streams and water fountains produce frequent multisensory experience to users and give aesthetic to the place. 29 2) Recreation and Play Depending on the design, water elements can provide opportunities for recreational activities. For example, ponds may support boating or fishing, and fountains might have interactive features that engage visitors, especially children. Interactive fountains, splash pads, and wading pools offer opportunities for people, especially children, to engage with water in a playful and enjoyable manner. 30 3) Enhanced Social Spaces Water features often become gathering points within public spaces - focal points for social interaction. People may gather around fountains or sit by ponds, creating a sense of community and social connection within the park or public space. Seating areas around fountains or ponds encourage social interaction, creating a sense of community and fostering a welcoming environment for visitors. 31 4) Relaxation and Well-being Water has a therapeutic effect - People are emotionally lured toward water for its sight, sound and recreational uses. The sight and sound of water can have a soothing effect on people. Incorporating water elements into public spaces provides visitors with a serene environment, promoting relaxation and a sense of well-being. The sound of flowing water, is often associated with stress reduction. Watching and listening to water can carry a person’s awareness away from reality of the moment to be a more peaceful. The experience is also good for users’ psycho-physiological wellbeing. The ‘presence of water’ in design is for health and wellbeing benefits associated with access to water in biophilic landscape design (e.g. reduced stress, lower heart rate and blood pressure, increased feelings of tranquility, positive emotional responsiveness, improved concentration and perception, and memory restoration). 32 5) Ecological benefits/Promote biodiversity Well-designed water features can contribute to the ecological balance of an area. They can help promote groundwater recharge, and support biodiversity by providing habitat for aquatic plants and animals. E.g. ponds, lakes, and other water features attract wildlife, including birds, insects, and aquatic species. This adds a dynamic and natural element to the landscape, creating opportunities for people to connect with nature and observe local wildlife. Naturalistic water features, such as ponds with native vegetation, contribute to biodiversity by providing habitat for various plant and animal species. This supports ecological balance and enhances the overall health of the park ecosystem. 33 6) Temperature Regulation Water can have a cooling effect on the surrounding area. In hot climates, the presence of water features can help moderate temperatures and create a more comfortable outdoor environment for park and premise visitors. Design can take advantage of favorable placement of water feature as structures e.g. by having open water, irrigated surfaces or water- cooled breeze. 34  7) Stormwater Management Well-designed water features can contribute to stormwater management by capturing and slowing down runoff. This helps prevent erosion, reduces the risk of flooding, and promotes sustainable water use. Water features as environmental design-engineering solution to directly bridge the gap between human experience and building/site performance, such as when the water feature becomes integral to outdoor rainwater management or indoor E.g. rain garden http://wedesign-nyc.com/ humidity control or acoustics. 35 8) Cultural & Symbolic Significance Water has cultural and symbolic significance in many societies. Incorporating water elements into landscape design can be a way to express cultural identity or convey symbolic meanings associated with purity, life, and renewal. Water features may have cultural or symbolic meanings associated with the history or identity of a place. They can be used to express cultural values, tell stories, or commemorate important events. 36 PRINCIPLES IN DESIGNING WATER FEATURE Focal Points Establish a focal point within the water feature, drawing attention to a specific area. E.g. Elements like a central fountain, a unique sculpture, or a distinctive water pattern. Scale and Proportion: Ensure that the size of the water feature is proportionate to the overall landscape. Consider the scale of surrounding elements to maintain a balanced and harmonious design. 37 PRINCIPLES IN DESIGNING WATER FEATURE Unity and Harmony Integrate the water feature seamlessly into the overall landscape design. Ensure that the water feature complements surrounding elements, such as plants, pathways, and structures. Contrast and Variety Introduce contrast through variations in water levels, textures, and materials. Use different water features or elements to create visual interest and variety within the design. 38 PRINCIPLES IN DESIGNING WATER FEATURE Sound and Sensory Experience: Pay attention to the auditory experience created by the water feature. Use the sound of flowing water to enhance the sensory appeal and contribute to a calming atmosphere. Rhythm and Movement Use water to create a sense of rhythm and movement within the landscape. Incorporate elements like cascading waterfalls, flowing streams, or dancing fountains to add dynamic energy. 39 PRINCIPLES IN DESIGNING WATER FEATURE Accessibility Ensure that the water feature is accessible and safe for people to enjoy. Incorporate pathways, bridges, or viewing areas that allow users to interact with and appreciate the water feature. Cultural and Contextual Relevance Consider the cultural context of the site when designing water features. Reflect local traditions, history, or aesthetics in the design to create a meaningful connection with the community. 40 PRINCIPLES IN DESIGNING WATER FEATURE Sustainability Design water features with sustainability in mind, incorporating eco-friendly practices. Implement water recycling systems, consider rainwater harvesting, and choose native plants to promote ecological balance. Balance Achieve balance in the distribution of water features across the landscape. Balance the visual weight of water features with other design elements to avoid a lopsided appearance. 41 PRINCIPLES IN DESIGNING WATER FEATURE Maintenance Considerations Integrate design elements that facilitate ease of maintenance. Consider accessibility for cleaning, use durable materials, and choose plants that are suitable for the water feature environment. 42 Thank you