Chapter 1 The Human Organism PDF

Chapter 1 The Human Organism Cel...

Chapter 1 The Human Organism Cells of the Peritoneum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body – Systemic anatomy is the study of the body by organ systems – Regional anatomy is the study of the body by areas – Surface anatomy uses superficial structures to locate deeper structures Physiology is the study of the processes and functions of the body Structural and Functional Organization Six Levels of Organization 1. Chemical Level 2. Cell Level 3. Tissue Level 4. Organ Level 5. Organ System Level 6. Organism Level Structural and Functional Organization 1. Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules 2. Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells 3. Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues Structural and Functional Organization 1. Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules 2. Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells 3. Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues Structural and Functional Organization 1. Chemical Level Atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecules 2. Cell Level Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells 3. Tissue Level Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues Structural and Functional Organization 4. Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder 5. Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system 6. Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism Structural and Functional Organization 4. Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder 5. Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system 6. Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism Structural and Functional Organization 4. Organ Level Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder 5. Organ System Level Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system 6. Organism Level Organ systems make up an organism Organ systems of the human body and their associated organs Fig. 1.3a Organ systems of the human body and their associated organs Fig. 1.3b  Characteristics of Life 1. Organization: all parts of an organism interact to perform specific functions 2. Metabolism: the chemical and physical changes taking place in an organism 3. Responsiveness: adjustments that maintain their internal environment 4. Growth: increase in size of all or part of the organism 5. Development: changes an organism undergoes through time 6. Reproduction: formation of new cells or new organisms  Homeostasis Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment – set point is the ideal normal value (body temperature) normal range is the fluctuation around set point  Homeostasis Homeostasis is maintained by negative and positive feedback mechanisms – Negative feedback turns off the original stimulus – Positive feedback enhances and up-regulates the initial stimulus (is usually harmful to the body)  Terminology and Body Plane Body Positions – Anatomical position human standing erect with the face directed forward, the arms hanging to the sides, and the palms facing forward – Supine – person laying face up – Prone – person laying face down  Terminology and Body Plane Directional terms – Always refer to anatomical position Right Ventral Left Dorsal Superior Proximal Inferior Distal Cephalic Lateral Caudal Medial Anterior Superficial Posterior Deep Body Parts and Regions Fig. 1.11 Body Parts and Regions Fig. 1.12  Body Planes Sagittal plane: divides the body into left and right parts Transverse plane: divides the body into superior and inferior parts Frontal (coronal) plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Fig. 1.13  Organ Planes Longitudinal section: along its long axis Cross (transverse) section: right angle to the long axis Oblique section: across the long axis at an angle other than a right angle Fig. 1.14  Body Cavities Thoracic cavity: bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm Abdominal cavity: bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles Pelvic cavity: surrounded by the pelvic bones Fig. 1.15  Serous Membranes Parietal membrane: lines the wall of the cavity Visceral membrane: is in contact with the internal organs Serous fluid: secreted by the serous membrane and protects organs against friction  Serous Membranes Pericardial cavity: surrounds the heart Pleural cavities: surround the lungs  Serous Membranes Peritoneal cavity: surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic organs – Mesenteries hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs – Retroperitoneal organs are located “behind” the parietal peritoneum