Computer Overview PDF

System Software & Computing Concepts CT123-3-1-SSCC Introduction: Computer Overview  Topics we will cover Components of a Computer System Hardware Software Communication Computer System Virtualization...

System Software & Computing Concepts CT123-3-1-SSCC Introduction: Computer Overview  Topics we will cover Components of a Computer System Hardware Software Communication Computer System Virtualization Protocols and Standards Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 2  Learning Outcomes At the end of this section, YOU should be able to: Describe the basic building blocks of a computer system Identify the different types of computer systems Describe the different Protocols and Standards in computer systems Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 3  Key Terms application programming input-process-output primary storage interface (API) (IPO) model protocol arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) interface unit random access memory central processing unit kernel (RAM) (CPU) logical read-only memory (ROM) channel (I/O) memory software communication channel modem standards control unit (CU) network interface card stored program concept distributed computing (NIC) submit (a job) embedded computer open computing suite (protocol) graphical user interface output virtual hardware port (from one computer to von Neumann architecture input another) word Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 4  A Typical Computer Ad Is the computer fast enough to run necessary programs? Is the computer cost- effective? Will it be obsolete in 6 months? Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 5  Importance of Studying Computer Architecture User – Understand system capabilities and limitations – Make informed decisions – Improve communications with information technology professionals Programmer – Create efficient application software for specific processing needs (compiled versus scripted) Systems Architect or Systems Analyst – Specify computer systems and architecture to meet application requirements – Make intelligent decisions about system strategy (Cost, Quality & Time) Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 6  Importance of Studying Computer Architecture System Administrator / Manager – Install, configure, maintain, and upgrade computer systems – Maximize system availability and efficiency – Optimize system performance – Ensure system security Web Services Designer – Optimize customer accessibility to Web services – Optimize web system configurations – Select appropriate data formats, page designs and scripting languages – Design efficient Web pages Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 7  The Process Model (IPO) Stand-alone Computer System Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards Processing: CPU executes the computer program Output: monitor, printer, fax machine Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 8  A Web Browser Application These components work as a well-organized system Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 9  The Human Body Systems Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 10  IT Computer System Layout Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 11  Computer Systems All computer systems, no matter how complex, consists of the following: At least one CPU Memory to hold programs and data I/O devices Long-term storage Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 12  Computer System Components Hardware – Processes data by executing instructions – Provides input and output – Control input, output and storage components Software – Applications and system software – Instructions tell hardware exactly what tasks to perform and in what order Data – Fundamental representation of facts and observations Communications – Sharing data and processing among different systems Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 13  Hardware Components Input/Output devices Storage Devices CPU – Central Processing Unit – ALU: arithmetic/logic unit – CU: control unit – Interface unit Memory – Short-term storage for CPU calculations Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 14  Personal Computer System Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 15  The Central Processing Unit (CPU) ALU: arithmetic/logic unit – Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical calculations CU: control unit – Controls processing of instructions – Controls movement of data within the CPU Interface unit – Moves instructions and data between the CPU and other hardware components – Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between different components Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 16  Memory Also known as primary storage, working storage, working storage, and RAM (random access memory) Consists of bits, each of which hold a value of either 0 or 1 (8 bits = 1 byte) Holds both instructions and data of a computer program (stored program concept) Made changes Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 17  Software Components Applications Operating System – API: application program interface – File management – I/O – Kernel Memory management Resource scheduling Program communication Security – Network Module The Bootstrap or Initial Program Load (IPL) is stored inside the ROM and contains instructions required to load the OS. Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 18  Communication Components (Ext) Hardware – Communication channels Physical connections between computer systems Examples: wire cable, phone lines, fiber optic cable, infrared light, radio waves – Interface hardware Handles communication between the computer and the communication channel Modem or network interface card (NIC) Software – Establish connections – Control flow of data – Directs data to the proper applications for use Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 19  Types Of Computer Systems HP Laptop Computer IBM System z10 EC Mainframe Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 20  Types Of Computer Systems 3DS PlayStation Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 21  Virtualization Virtual (American Heritage Dictionary – Existing or result in essence or effect though not in actual fact, form or name – Created, simulated, or carried on by means of a computer or computer network Examples – Virtual memory – Virtual networks – Java Virtual Machine Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 22  Protocols Common ground rules of communication between computers, I/O devices, and many software programs Examples – HTTP: between Web servers and Web browsers – TCP/IP: between computers on the Internet and local area networks – SATA: between storage devices and computers – XML,RSS, SIP: new protocols Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 23  Standards A Standard is basically a document containing the details of an agreed upon method. Created to ensure universal compatibility of data formats and protocols May be created by committee or may become a de facto standard through popular use Examples: – Computer languages: Java, SQL, C, JavaScript – Display standards: Postscript, MPEG-2, JPEG, GIF – Character set standards: ASCII, Unicode, EBCDIC – Multimedia standards: MPEG-2, MPEG-4, DivX, MP3 Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 24  History Watch BBC Shock and Awe: The Story of Electricity http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhgo9fAlAQQ&list=PL67E0436319CFBE04 1642: Blaise Pascal invents a calculating machine 1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punch cards 1800’s: – Charles Babbage attempts to build an analytical engine (mechanical computer) – Augusta Ada Byron develops many of the fundamental concepts of programming – George Boole invents Boolean logic. Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 25  History of Modern Computers 1937: Mark I is built (Aiken, Harvard University, IBM). – First electronic computer using relays. 1939: ABC is built – First fully electronic digital computer. Used vacuum tubes. 1943-46: ENIAC (Mauchly, Eckert, University of Pennsylvania). – First general purpose digital computer. 1945: Von Neumann architecture proposed. – Still the standard for present day computers. 1947: Creation of transistor – (Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain, Bell Labs). 1951-2: EDVAC and IAS Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 26  Early Computers Babbage’s Analytical Engine ENIAC Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 27  Von Neumann Architecture Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 28  System Software History Early computers had no operating systems and were single user systems – Programs were entered using switches for each bit or by plugging wires into a panel 1953-54: First operating system was built by General Motors Research Laboratories for their IBM 701 computer Other early systems – FORTRAN Monitor System (FMS) – IBSYS – Share Operating System (SOS) Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 29  Operating Systems Development 1963: Master Control Program (MCP) by Burroughs. Included many modern OS features. 1964: OS/360 by IBM. Included batch processing of programs. 1962: MIT Project MAC created a time-sharing OS called CTSS. Shortly afterwards, MIT, Bell Labs, and GE developed Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Services). Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 30  UNIX After Bell Labs withdrew from the Multics project, Ken Thompson developed a personal operating system called UNIX using assembly language. Dennis Ritchie developed the programming language C which was used to rewrite much of UNIX in a high- level language. UNIX introduced – A hierarchical file system – The shell concept – Document production and formatting – Tools for networked and distributed processing Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 31  Graphical User Interface 1960s: Doug Englebart (Stanford Research Institute) – Invented windows and a mouse interface 1970s: Xerox PARC – Creates a practical windowing system for the Dynabook project 1980s: Steve Jobs (Apple) – Developed the Apple Lisa and MacIntosh Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 32  IBM PC 1982: Stand-alone, single user computer PC-DOS, MS-DOS (disk operating system) Later versions of DOS added – Hierarchical directory file storage – File redirection – Better memory management Windowing systems – Windows 2.0, Windows 3.1, Windows 95 – Windows NT, Windows XP, Windows Vista – Windows 7 Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 33  Quick Review Questions Explain the differences between primary storage and secondary storage. What is each type used for? Software component of a computer system are divided into two major categories. Identify each category and give an example of each that you are already familiar with. Briefly explain the role of each category. Virtualization is a concept that has taken on major importance in the early twenty-first century. Explain what is meant by virtualization. What is a protocol? What is a standard? Do all protocols have to be standards? Explain. Are all standards protocols? Explain Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 34  Summary This chapter has presented a brief review of the basics of computing. We began by recalling the input-process-output model for computing. Next we demonstrated the connection between that model and the components of the computer system. We noted that implementation of the model requires four components: hardware, software, communication, and data. The architecture of the computer system is made up of the hardware and system software. In addition, a communication component exists to enable interconnecting systems. We discussed the general architecture of a computer and noted that the same description applies to CPUs both modern and ancient, both large and small. We introduced the important concepts of virtualization, standards and protocols, noting that these ideas will appear throughout the book. The chapter concluded with a brief history of the computer from an architectural perspective. Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 35  END Q&A Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 36  Next Introduction to Computer Architecture Overview of Computer Systems CT123-3-1-System Software & Computing Concepts SLIDE 37