IT Essentials: PC Hardware and Software v4.0 Chapter 1 PDF

Chapter 1: COMPUTER HARDWARE IT Essentials: PC Hardware and Software v4.0 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1  IT Technician  The IT Technician has specialized skills to install,...

Chapter 1: COMPUTER HARDWARE IT Essentials: PC Hardware and Software v4.0 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1  IT Technician  The IT Technician has specialized skills to install, maintain, and repair computers.  Computers include desktop, laptop, and personal electronic devices. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2  1.1 Basic Personal Computer System  A computer system consists of hardware and software components.  Hardware is the physical equipment such as the case, storage drives, keyboards, monitors, cables, speakers, and printers.  Software is the operating system and programs.  The operating system instructs the computer how to operate.  Programs or applications perform different functions. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3  1.1 Classify basic cable and connector types, features, and their purposes 1.1.1 Identify basic cable and connector types 1.1.2 Identify features and their purposes 1.1.3 Identify external ports ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 4 1.1.1 Identify basic cable and connector types ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5  1.1.1 Thunderbolt and Lightning Lenovo Thunderbolt 3 Cable 0.7M 40Gbps 100W 5K 4K Display USB-C ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6  1.1.3 Identify external ports & internal cables  DEFINITION OF PORT  The port has either holes or a slot that matches the plug or card being connected to the port. The picture shows an example of a PS/2 port found on the back of computers that allows a keyboard and mouse with a PS/2 connector to connect to the computer. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 7  USB RJ-45 DB-15 – Serial Port 1/8” Stereo Phone Jacks DB-9 – Com 1 and Com 2 PS/2 - Mini Din – Keyboard DB-15 – Video Port and Mouse ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8  Internal Cables Data cables connect drives to the drive controller, which is located on an adapter card or on the motherboard.  Floppy disk drive (FDD) data cable (34 pin connector)  PATA (IDE) data cable (40 conductors)  PATA (EIDE) data cable (80 conductors)  SATA data cable (7 pin)  SCSI data cable (50 conductors) NOTE: A colored stripe on a cable identifies Pin 1 on the cable. When installing a data cable, always ensure that Pin 1 on the cable aligns with Pin 1 on the drive or drive controller. Some cables may be keyed and therefore they can only be connected one way to the drive and drive controller. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 9  Serial Ports and Cables  A serial port can be either a DB-9, as shown, or a DB-25 male connector.  Serial ports transmit one bit of data at a time.  To connect a serial device, such as a modem or printer, a serial cable must be used.  A serial cable has a maximum length of 50 feet (15.2 m). ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 10 USB Ports and Cables  USB is a standard interface for connecting peripheral devices to a computer.  USB devices are hot-swappable.  USB ports are found on computers, cameras, printers, scanners, storage devices, and many other electronic devices.  A single USB port in a computer can USB 1.1 allowed transmission support up to 127 separate devices rates of up to 12 Mbps in full- speed mode and 1.5 Mbps in low with the use of multiple USB hubs. speed mode. USB 2.0 allows transmission speeds up to 480  Some devices can also be powered Mbps. USB devices can only transfer data up to the maximum through the USB port, eliminating the speed allowed by the specific port. need for an external power source. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11 FireWire Ports and Cables  FireWire is a high-speed, hot-swappable interface.  A single FireWire port in a computer can support up to 63 devices.  Some devices can also be powered through the FireWire port, eliminating the need for an external power source.  The IEEE 1394a standard supports data rates up to 400 Mbps and cable lengths up to 15 feet (4.5 m). This standard uses a 6-pin connector or a 4-pin connector.  The IEEE 1394b standard supports data rates in excess of 800 Mbps and uses a 9- pin connector. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 12  Parallel Ports and Cables  Parallel ports can transmit 8 bits of data at one time and use the IEEE 1284 standard.  To connect a parallel device, such as a printer, a parallel cable must be used.  A parallel cable has a maximum length of 15 feet (4.5 m). ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 13 SCSI Ports and Cables  A SCSI port can transmit data at rates in excess of 320 Mbps and can support up to 15 devices.  Three different types of SCSI ports: – DB-25 female connector – High-density 50-pin female connector – High-density 68-pin female connector  NOTE: SCSI devices must be terminated at the endpoints of the SCSI chain. Check the device manual for termination procedures.  CAUTION: Some SCSI connectors resemble parallel connectors. The voltage used in the SCSI format may damage the parallel interface. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14  SCSI Controllers Small Computer System Interface  Like EIDE, SCSI devices have the controlling electronics on each of the drives.  A standard SCSI interface will allow up to 7 devices to be connected to one SCSI adapter or controller. If the SCSI card is counted, it makes eight SCSI devices.  Such devices may include hard drives, CD-ROM drives, taped drives, scanners, and removable drives.  Each SCSI device in the chain, including the SCSI controller card is given a SCSI ID number from 0 to 7; #0 for the primary boot device (hard drive), and #7 for the SCSI controller card. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15 SCSI continued... ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16  Network Ports and Cables  A network port, also known as an RJ-45 port, connects a computer to a network.  Standard Ethernet can transmit up to 10 Mbps.  Fast Ethernet can transmit up to 100 Mbps.  Gigabit Ethernet can transmit up to 1000 Mbps.  The maximum length of network cable is 328 feet (100 m). ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17  PS/2 Ports and Audio Ports  A PS/2 port connects a keyboard or a mouse to a computer.  The PS/2 port is a 6-pin mini-DIN female connector.  Line In connects to an external source.  Microphone In connects to a microphone.  Line Out connects to speakers or headphones.  Gameport/MIDI connects to a joystick or MIDI- interfaced device. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18  Video Ports A video port connects a monitor cable to a computer.  Video Graphics Array (VGA)  Digital Visual Interface (DVI)  High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMi)  S-Video  Component/RGB ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19  DVI Short for Digital Visual Interface, DVI is a video display interface. It was developed to be an industry standard for transmitting digital video content to display devices at resolutions as high as 2560 x 1600. Common devices that utilize the DVI connection are computer monitors and projectors. DVI can even be used with some TVs, although HDMI is more common as only some DVI cables can transmit audio signals. The DVI connector (shown below) may have one of three names depending on the signals it supports: DVI- A (analog only), DVI-D (digital only), or DVI-I (both digital and analog). ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 20  VGA Short for Video Graphics Adapter or Video Graphics Array, VGA is a popular display standard developed by IBM and introduced in 1987. VGA provides 640 x 480 resolution color display screens with a refresh rate of 60 Hz and 16 colors displayed at a time. If the resolution is lowered to 320 x 200, 256 colors are shown. VGA utilizes analog signals, which means it is only capable of lower resolutions and lower quality display on screens. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 21  HDMI Short for High Definition Multimedia Interface, HDMI is a connector and cable capable of transmitting high-quality and high-bandwidth streams of audio and video between devices. The HDMI technology is used with devices such as an HDTV, Projector, DVDplayer, or Blu-ray player. The picture is an example of an HDMI cable. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 22  S-Video Alternatively referred to as Y/C video, S-Video is short for Super Video. It is a video transmission format, and a type of connection found on video devices. It uses a round connector interface, and cable that transmits video luminance (Y) and chrominance (C) signals separately. When received by the TV or other display devices, this generates a better picture when compared to composite video. The picture shows an example of an S-Video connector on the back of a video card. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 23 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 24 1.2 Classify power supply types & features ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 25  Power Supplies  The power supply converts alternating-current (AC) power coming from a wall outlet into direct-current (DC) power, which is a lower voltage.  DC power is required for all of the components inside the computer.  Cables, connectors, and components are designed to fit together snugly. Never force any connector or component.  Connectors are generally “keyed,” which means they fit in only one way. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 26  Power Supplies ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 27 Power Supply Connectors Molex  A Molex connector is a keyed connector used to Berg connect to an optical drive or a hard drive.  A Berg connector is a keyed connector used to connect to a floppy drive. A Berg connector is smaller than a Molex connector. ATX12V ATX 20-pin  A 20-pin or 24-pin slotted connector is used to connect to the motherboard. The 24-pin slotted connector has two rows of 12-pins each, and the 20-pin slotted connector has two rows of 10-pins each. AT (P8, P9) ATX 20 and 24-pin  A 4-pin to 8-pin auxiliary power connector has two rows of two to four pins and supplies power to all areas of the motherboard. The 4-pin to 8- pin auxiliary power connector is the same shape as the main power connector, but smaller.  Older standard power supplies used two connectors called P8 and P9 to connect to the motherboard. P8 and P9 were unkeyed ATXv12 24-pin connectors. The installation required that the connectors were lined up with the black wires together in the middle. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 28 Power Supply Connectors AT, P8, P9, black to black ATX 20-pin ATX 20-pin to 24-pin connector ATX 20 + 4 connector ATX 24-pin connector 4-pin 12v ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 29 Power Supply Connectors 12v power for PCI express SATA power connector Berg connector Molex connector ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 30  Four Basic Units of Electricity  Voltage (V) is a measure of the force required to push electrons through a circuit. Voltage is measured in volts. A computer power supply usually produces several different voltages.  Current (I) is a measure of the amount of electrons going through a circuit. Current is measured in amperes, or amps (A). Computer power supplies deliver different amperages for each output voltage.  Power (P) is voltage multiplied by current. The measurement is called watts (W). Computer power supplies are rated in watts.  Resistance (R) is the opposition to the flow of current in a circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms. Lower resistance allows more current to flow through a circuit. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 31  Power Color Code ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 32  Power Supply  Wattage, form factor, CPU type, AT – P8/P9 connectors, expandability, energy efficient 12 pins  +12, Yellow, drive motors, fans, bus slots ATX – P1 connector, 20 pins  -12, Blue, serial ports and PROM  +3.3, Orange, newer CPUs and AGP video cards  +5, Red, motherboard, Baby AT and earlier CPUs  -5, White, ISA bus cards and early PROMS  0, Black, ground, used to complete circuits with the other voltages ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 33 Power Supplies CAUTION: Do not open a power supply.  Electronic capacitors located inside of a power supply can hold a charge for extended periods of time. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 34  1.2.1 Identify types of power supply A) Computer Power Supply  Laptop power supply (AC Adapter)  Server power supply (Redundant power supply) B) Power Protection Devices  Surge suppressor  Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)  Standby power supply (SPS) ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 35  1.2.2 Identify features & their functions ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 36  Laptop power supply (AC Adapter)  Alternatively known as an AC/DC adapter, AC converter or charger, an AC adapter is an external power supply used with devices that run on batteries or have no other power source.  AC adapters help reduce the size of a laptop computer by alleviating the need for a standard sized power supply. As shown in the image, an AC adapter is made up of a central unit which draws power from an AC outlet. It then converts the power to DC that is used by the computer, and a second cord that plugs into the computer.  Each AC adapter has a specific power rating, measured in volts or watts that it can handle and output to an electronic device. Because of the power rating and the type of plug on the end, an AC adapter is not universal and can only be used with devices with the same requirements and connector. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 37 Server power supply (Redundant power supply)  Found more commonly in servers and other high-end computers, a redundant power supply contains two (or more) power supply units inside it.  Each power supply is capable of powering the entire computer and only one runs at a time. If one fails, the other power supply starts running to keep the computer powered up.  The switch between the power supplies is seamless, so as not to interrupt the normal use of the computer.  The redundant power supply is important for servers and other highly important computers, to minimize the chance of a complete computer shutdown or failure. The cost associated with the redundant power supply is higher due to the design and functionality, starting at around $300.  It is not commonly found in home computers due to this higher cost, but is still available if a consumer is willing to pay the higher price tag. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 38  POWER PROTECTION DEVICES  To help shield against power fluctuation problems, use devices to protect the data and computer equipment: Surge suppressor - Helps protect against damage from surges and spikes. A surge suppressor diverts extra electrical voltage that is on the line to the ground. Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) - Helps protect against potential electrical power problems by supplying a consistent level of electrical power to a computer or other device. The battery is constantly recharging while the UPS is in use. The UPS provides a consistent quality of power when brownouts and blackouts occur. Many UPS devices can communicate directly with the computer operating system. This communication allows the UPS to safely shut down the computer and save data prior to the UPS losing all electrical power. Standby power supply (SPS) - Helps protect against potential electrical power problems by providing a backup battery to supply power when the incoming voltage drops below the normal level. The battery is on standby during normal operation. When the voltage decreases, the battery provides DC power to a power inverter, which converts it to AC power for the computer. This device is not as reliable as a UPS because of the time it takes to switch over to the battery. If the switching device fails, the battery cannot supply power to the computer.  CAUTION: UPS manufacturers suggest never plugging a laser printer into a UPS because the printer could overload the UPS. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 39  SURGE SUPPRESSOR UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY STANDBY POWER SUPPLY ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 40  POWER FLUCTUATION TYPES  Voltage is the force that moves electrons through a circuit. The movement of electrons is called current. Computer circuits need voltage and current to operate electronic components. When the voltage in a computer is not accurate or steady, computer components might not operate correctly. Unsteady voltages are called power fluctuations.  The following types of AC power fluctuations can cause data loss or hardware failure: Blackout - Complete loss of AC power. A blown fuse, damaged transformer, or downed power line can cause a blackout. Brownout - Reduced voltage level of AC power that lasts for a period of time. Brownouts occur when the power line voltage drops below 80 percent of the normal voltage level. Overloading electrical circuits can cause a brownout. Noise - Interference from generators and lightning. Noise results in poor quality power, which can cause errors in a computer system. Spike - Sudden increase in voltage that lasts for a short period and exceeds 100 percent of the normal voltage on a line. Spikes can be caused by lightning strikes, but can also occur when the electrical system comes back on after a blackout. Power surge - Dramatic increase in voltage above the normal flow of electrical current. A power surge lasts for a few nanoseconds, or one-billionth of a second. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 41  1.3.1 Identify Internal PC Components ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 42  Motherboards  The main printed circuit board.  Contains the buses, or electrical pathways found in a computer. Buses allow data to travel among the various components.  Also known as the system board, the backplane, or the main board.  Accommodates CPU, RAM, expansion slots, heat sink/fan assembly, BIOS chip, chip set, sockets, internal and external connectors, various ports, and the embedded wires that interconnect the motherboard components.  The amount of memory that can be installed and type of connectors that will be on the motherboard are determined by the chipset. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 43 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 44 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 45 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 46 Mmmm…..My motherboard doesn't have a Northbridge! So how? As manufacturers look for new ways to improve performance and lower the overall cost, they are moving the functions of the Northbridge chip to other parts of the CPU and Southbridge. Beginning with the AMD64 AMD and the Intel Nehalem processors the memory controller was moved from the Northbridge to the processor die. Later, the Intel "Sandy Bridge" and the AMD Accelerated Processing Unit processors placed all Northbridge functions onto the CPU. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 47  System Buses ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 48 Motherboard Form Factors  The form factor of motherboards pertains to the size and shape of the board.  It also describes the physical layout of the different components and devices on the motherboard.  Various form factors exist for motherboards. – AT – Advanced Technology – ATX – Advanced Technology Extended – Mini-ATX – Smaller footprint of ATX – Micro-ATX – Smaller footprint of ATX – LPX – Low-profile Extended – NLX – New Low-profile Extended – BTX – Balanced Technology Extended ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 49 The Motherboard ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 50 The Motherboard ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 51 The Motherboard ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 52 The Motherboard ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 53  The Motherboard ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 54  The Motherboard SATA ports ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 55 Inside the Computer Power Supply Hard (C) Floppy (A) CD (D) Drive ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 Drive © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Drive 56  joystick printer USB ports Mouse and ISA slot connector connector keyboard connector AMR slot processor (ZIF) AGP slot socket chipset power connector DIMM memory CD PCI slots IDE hard Floppy slots Drive connectors drive connector ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 57  system RAM Floppy connector IDE hard CD System connectors drive Drive board IC power connector Expansion slots PS/2 or ISA slot Mini-Din mouse keyboard speaker AMR slot AGP slot PCI slots USB Com 2 mic game port Com 1 parallel port/PRT 1 line-in ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 58 Central Processing Units ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 59  There are 3 types of CPU:- PGA Short for pin grid array, PGA is a chip where the connecting pins are located on the bottom. As can be seen in the picture, the bottom of the processor chip in this example is covered by several pins, each of these pins are plugged into a socket on a circuit board. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 60  BGA Short for ball grid array, BGA is a memory chip with solder balls on the underside for mounting. The picture is a close-up example of the bottom of a processor with BGA. As can be seen in this picture, instead of having pins like PGA, BGA has solder balls. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 61  LGA (mostly used today) Short for land grid array, LGA is the interface used to connect Intel Pentium 4 processors and AMD Opteron to the computer motherboard. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 62  Central Processing Unit (CPU)  The CPU executes a program, which is a sequence of stored instructions. Each model of processor has an instruction set, which it executes. The CPU executes the program by processing each piece of data as directed by the program and the instruction set. While the CPU is executing one step of the program, the remaining instructions and the data are stored nearby in a special memory called cache. There are two major CPU architectures related to instruction sets: – Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) – Architectures use a relatively small set of instructions, and RISC chips are designed to execute these instructions very rapidly. – Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) – Architectures use a broad set of instructions, resulting in fewer steps per operation. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 63  Central Processing Unit (CPU)  To an operating system, a single CPU with hyperthreading, which enables different parts of the CPU to work on different tasks concurrently, appears to be two CPUs.  The wider the processor data bus width, the more powerful the processor. Current processors have a 32-bit or a 64-bit processor data bus.  Overclocking is a technique used to make a processor work at a faster speed than its original specification.  MMX enabled microprocessors can handle many common multimedia operations that are normally handled by a separate sound or video card.  The front side bus (FSB) or system bus is the physical bi-directional data bus that carries all electronic signal information between the central processing unit (CPU) and the Northbridge. Some computers also have a back side bus which connects the CPU to a memory cache.  The latest processor technology has resulted in CPU manufacturers finding ways to incorporate more than one CPU core onto a single chip. – Single core CPU and Dual core CPU ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 64  Central Processing Unit (CPU) ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 65  Cooling Systems  Electronic components generate heat. Too much heat can damage components.  A case fan makes the cooling process more efficient. Case Fan  A heat sink draws heat away from the core of the CPU. A fan CPU Fan on top of the heat sink moves the heat away from the CPU.  Fans are dedicated to cool the graphics-processing unit (GPU). ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 66 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 67 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 68 Combination Heat Sink and Cooling Fan ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 69  Liquid Cooling Systems - Exotic systems hobbyists use for overclocking a) Refrigeration -Units containing small refrigerator compressor inside case. -Can reduce temperatures to below zero. b) Peltiers -Heat sink carrying an electrical charge. -Acts as an electrical thermal transfer device. c) Water coolers (most popular) -Small pump sits inside computer case. -Tubes move liquid around components and away from them where fans cool the liquid. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 70  Liquid Cooling Systems Refrigeration Peltiers ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 71 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 72  Read-Only Memory (ROM)  Basic instructions for booting the computer and loading the operating system are stored in ROM. ROM ROM Types Description Types Information is written to a ROM chip when it is ROM Read-only memory chips manufactured. A ROM chip cannot be erased or re-written and can become obsolete. Information is written to a PROM chip after it is Programmable read-only PROM manufactured. A PROM chip cannot be erased memory or re-written. Information is written to an EPROM chip after Erasable programmable read- it is manufactured. An EPROM chip can be EPROM only memory erased with exposure to UV light. Special equipment is required. Information is written to an EEPROM chip after Electrically erasable it is manufactured. EEPROM chips are also EEPROM programmable read-only called Flash ROMs. An EEPROM chip can be memory erased and re-written without having to remove the chip from the computer. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 73 Random-Access Memory (RAM)  Temporary storage for data and programs that are being accessed by the CPU  Volatile memory, which means that the contents are erased when the computer is powered off  More RAM means more capacity to hold and process large programs and files, as well as enhance system performance.  Types of RAM: – Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) – Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) – Fast Page Mode DRAM (FPM Memory) – Extended Data Out RAM (EDO Memory) – Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) – Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM) – Double Data Rate 2 SDRAM (DDR2 SDRAM) – RAMBus DRAM (RDRAM) ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 74  Memory Modules  Dual Inline Package (DIP) is an individual memory chip. A DIP had dual rows of pins used to attach it to the motherboard.  Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) is a small circuit board that holds several memory chips. SIMMs have 30-pin and 72-pin configurations.  Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) is a circuit board that holds SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, and DDR2 SDRAM chips. There are 168-pin SDRAM DIMMs, 184-pin DDR DIMMs, and 240-pin DDR2 DIMMs.  RAM Bus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) is a circuit board that holds RDRAM chips. A typical RIMM has a 184-pin configuration. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 75 RAM – Random Access Memory (SIMMS / DIMMS / RIMMS) ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 76 RAM – Random Access Memory (SIMMS / DIMMS Installation) ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 77  Cache and Error Checking Cache  SRAM is used as cache memory to store the most frequently used data.  SRAM provides the processor with faster access to the data than retrieving it from the slower DRAM, or main memory. Error Checking  Memory errors occur when the data is not stored correctly in the RAM chips.  The computer uses different methods to detect and correct data errors in memory. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 78  Adapter Cards & Expansion Slots  Increase the functionality of a computer by adding controllers for specific devices or by replacing malfunctioning ports.  Examples of adapter cards: – Sound adapter and video adapter – USB, parallel, and serial ports – RAID adapter and SCSI adapter – Network Interface Card (NIC), wireless NIC, and modem adapter  Types of expansion slots: – Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) – Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) – Microchannel Architecture (MCA) – Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) – Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) – PCI-Express ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 79 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 80 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 81 Storage Devices & RAID ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 82  Hard Drives and Floppy Drives  Reads or writes information to magnetic or optical storage media  May be fixed or removable  The hard disk drive (HDD) is a magnetic storage device installed inside the computer. The storage capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB).  A floppy disk drive (FDD) is storage device that uses removable 3.5 inch floppy disks that can store 1.44 MB of data. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 83  Optical Drives and Flash Drives  An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to read data on the optical media. The two types are CD and DVD.  A flash drive is a removable storage device that connects to a USB port. A flash drive uses a type of memory that requires no power to maintain the data.  Some common drive interfaces: – Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) – Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE) – Parallel ATA (PATA) – Serial ATA (SATA) – Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 84 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 85 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 86 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 87  1.3.2 Input & Output Devices Input devices used to enter data or instructions into a computer:  Mouse and keyboard  Digital camera and digital video camera  Biometric authentication device Digital camera  Touch screen Fingerprint scanner  Scanner ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 88  Monitors and Projectors The most important difference between these monitor types is the technology used to create an image:  Cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitor is the most common monitor type. Most televisions also use this technology.  Liquid crystal display (LCD) is commonly used in laptops and some projectors. LCD comes in two forms, active matrix and passive matrix.  Digital light processing (DLP) is another technology used in projectors. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 89  Active matrix Passive matrix ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 90 Other Output Devices  Printers, Scanners, and Fax Machines - Printers are output devices that create hard copies of computer files. Other all-in-one type printers are designed to provide multiple services such as printing, fax, and copier functions.  Speakers and headphones are output devices for audio signals. – Most computers have audio support either integrated into the motherboard or on an adapter card. Headphones – Audio support includes ports that allow Speakers input and output of audio signals. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 91 ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 92