Introduction to Block IV: Shape, Support, Motion & Protection (Integumentary & Musculoskeletal Systems) PDF

Y1B4M1L0 MUSCULOSKELETAL / INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMS LECTURER: CAROL JOY T. QUIMPO, MD, FPCS, FPSGS OCTOBER 16, 2023 | 1:00-3:00 INTRODUCTION TO BLOCK IV: SHAPE, SUPPORT, MOTION AND PROTECTION (INTEGUMENTARY AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMS) TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Objectives II. Human Anatomy A. Approaches i...

Y1B4M1L0 MUSCULOSKELETAL / INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMS LECTURER: CAROL JOY T. QUIMPO, MD, FPCS, FPSGS OCTOBER 16, 2023 | 1:00-3:00 INTRODUCTION TO BLOCK IV: SHAPE, SUPPORT, MOTION AND PROTECTION (INTEGUMENTARY AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMS) TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Objectives II. Human Anatomy A. Approaches in the study of anatomy 1. Regional 2. Systemic 3. Clinical or Applied III. Tools in the Study of Anatomy A. Models B. WVSU Plastinated Cadavers C. Digital Anatomy Table D. Imaging Techniques 1. Radiologic Anatomy 2. Contrast Studies 3. Contrast Studies with Reconstruction 4. CT Scan 5. X-ray IV. Anatomical Terminology V. The Anatomical Position A. Anatomical Planes 1. Frontal or Coronal Plane 2. Sagittal Plane 3. Midsagittal or Median Plane 4. Parasagittal 5. Transverse Plane 6. Horizontal Plane 7. Oblique Plane VI. Terms of Direction A. Superior B. Inferior C. Anterior D. Posterior E. Medial F. Lateral G. Proximal H. Distal I. Superficial J. Deep K. Ipsilateral L. Contralateral VII. Practical and Clinical Applications of Anatomical Terms A. Physical Examination B. Surgical and diagnostic procedures C. Autopsy procedures Figure 1. The Arm A. APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF ANATOMY 1. REGIONAL ANATOMY ● Considers organization of the body as segments or major parts based on form and mass ○ Ex. head, neck, thorax, upper limb, etc. ● Method of studying body structure by focusing attention on a specific part ● Recognizes the body’s organization by layers ○ Ex. skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, muscles, skeleton, body cavities, visceral organs I. OBJECTIVES ● Overview of the study of human anatomy ● Describe the anatomical position ● Define descriptive anatomic terms ○ Terms related to position ○ Terms related to movement II. HUMAN ANATOMY SURFACE ANATOMY ● The science of body structures and relationships among structures ● Learn to “visualize the structures beneath the surface.” ○ Ex. stab wound at the upper left quadrant of the abdomen ● Physical examination is clinical application of surface anatomy ○ Ex. inspection, auscultation, palpation, percussion ● Surface anatomy landmarks may be in the form of bony prominence, muscular or tendinous boundaries, etc. LAGAPA, RODRIGUEZ, TUMACOLE | MG 4 1 of 7 Y1B4M1LO: INTRODUCTION TO BLOCK IV: SHAPE, SUPPORT, MOTION AND PROTECTION (INTEGUMENTARY AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMS) 2. SYSTEMIC APPROACH ● Recognizes organization of the body’s organs into systems or collective apparatuses working together to carry out complex functions ● Each system of the human body not to be misconstrued as independent of each other but interdependent with each other Figure 2. Surface Anatomy of the Chest Figure 5. Systems of the Body 3. CLINICAL/APPLIED ANATOMY ● Emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice of medicine and other allied health sciences. ● Incorporates regional and systemic approaches ● Involves inverting or reversing thought processes typically followed when studying regional or systemic anatomy ● Q. What is the action of this muscle? ○ CC: Paralysis of this muscle will result to… Figure 3. Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen Figure 6. Lumbrical Muscle Figure 4. Regions of the Abdominal Area LAGAPA, RODRIGUEZ, TUMACOLE | MG 4 2 of 7 Y1B4M1LO: INTRODUCTION TO BLOCK IV: SHAPE, SUPPORT, MOTION AND PROTECTION (INTEGUMENTARY AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMS) Figure 7. Paralysis ● Q. What innervates the beltline at the level of the umbilicus? ○ CC: Loss of sensation at the level of the umbilicus indicates a lesion or injury to what spinal nerve? Figure 9. Models B. WVSU PLASTINATED CADAVERS Figure 10. Plastinated Cadavers C. DIGITAL ANATOMY TABLE Figure 8. Peripheral Nervous System III. TOOLS IN THE STUDY OF ANATOMY ● ● ● ● ● ● Books, Atlases Histology slides and microscopes Models: live, synthetic Cadavers: real, plastinated, digital Preserved specimens (skeletons, brains, other organs) Imaging tools A. MODELS Figure 11. Digital Anatomy Table LAGAPA, RODRIGUEZ, TUMACOLE | MG 4 3 of 7 Y1B4M1LO: INTRODUCTION TO BLOCK IV: SHAPE, SUPPORT, MOTION AND PROTECTION (INTEGUMENTARY AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMS) D. IMAGING TECHNIQUES ● Plain radiography - x-rays ○ Contrast studies ● Ultrasound - high-frequency sound waves ○ Endoscopic ● Computerized Tomography (CT scan) - uses X-rays ● Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - uses strong magnetic fields & radio waves 4. CT SCAN 1. RADIOLOGIC ANATOMY Figure 15. CT Scan 5. X-RAY Figure 12. Radiologic Anatomy 2. CONTRAST STUDIES Figure 13. Contrast Studies Figure 16. X-ray 3. CONTRAST STUDIES WITH RECONSTRUCTION IV. ANATOMIC TERMINOLOGY ● To precisely define the various relationships in the study of structures ● To have a standard nomenclature ● To have a common understanding among health-related professions and scientists ● To prevent confusion: description, documentation V. THE ANATOMICAL POSITION ● ● ● ● Subject stands erect Head level with eyes facing directly forward Feet flat on the floor and directed forward Arms at the sides with palms facing forward Figure 14. Contrast Studies with reconstruction LAGAPA, RODRIGUEZ, TUMACOLE | MG 4 4 of 7 Y1B4M1LO: INTRODUCTION TO BLOCK IV: SHAPE, SUPPORT, MOTION AND PROTECTION (INTEGUMENTARY AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMS) ● Does not pass through the midline creating unequal halves Figure 17. Anatomical Position Figure 19. Median, Parasagittal Planes A. ANATOMICAL PLANES 1. FRONTAL OR CORONAL PLANE ● Divides the body into front (anterior) or back (posterior) 2. SAGITTAL PLANE ● Divides the body into the right and left sides 5. TRANSVERSE PLANE ● Perpendicular to the long axis of a given structure and divides that structure in a cross-sectional orientation ● Often used interchangeably with horizontal plane but not always equivalent Figure 20. Transverse plane Figure 18. Sagittal, Coronal, Transverse Planes 3. MIDSAGITTAL OR MEDIAN PLANE 6. HORIZONTAL PLANE ● Vertical plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves ● Divides the body or structure into a superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts 4. PARASAGITTAL LAGAPA, RODRIGUEZ, TUMACOLE | MG 4 5 of 7 Y1B4M1LO: INTRODUCTION TO BLOCK IV: SHAPE, SUPPORT, MOTION AND PROTECTION (INTEGUMENTARY AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMS) 7. OBLIQUE PLANE F. LATERAL ● Passes the body or structure between the transverse plane and either the sagittal or frontal planes ● Farther from the midline Figure 21. Oblique Plane Figure 23. Hepatobiliary, Pancreas VI. TERMS OF DIRECTION A. SUPERIOR (CEPHALIC, CRANIAL) ● Towards the head portion or upper part of a structure B. INFERIOR (CAUDAL) G. PROXIMAL ● Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk or nearer to the origin of a structure ● Aways from the head or the lower part of the structure H. DISTAL ● Farther from the trunk or away from the origin of a structure Figure 24. Upper Extremities I. SUPERFICIAL Figure 22. Upper Body C. ANTERIOR (VENTRAL) ● Nearer to or at the front of the body ● Towards or near the surface of the body J. DEEP ● Away from the surface D. POSTERIOR (DORSAL) ● Nearer to or at the back of the body E. MEDIAL ● Nearer to the midline LAGAPA, RODRIGUEZ, TUMACOLE | MG 4 6 of 7 Y1B4M1LO: INTRODUCTION TO BLOCK IV: SHAPE, SUPPORT, MOTION AND PROTECTION (INTEGUMENTARY AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMS) VII. PRACTICAL AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF ANATOMICAL TERMS A. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION ● Description of wounds or injuries ● Description of masses or abnormalities, location of tenderness B. SURGICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES ● Describing a tumor, path of a bullet, or any intraoperative or diagnostic findings C. AUTOPSY PROCEDURES Figure 25. Layers of the Skin K. IPSILATERAL ● On the same side of the body as another structure L. CONTRALATERAL ● On the opposite of the body from another structure Figure 28. Langer’s Lines and Surgical Incision References: PPT of Dr. Quimpo Figure 26. Brain Injury Figure 27. Abdominal Quadrants LAGAPA, RODRIGUEZ, TUMACOLE | MG 4 7 of 7