Vocabulary Building: Word Formation, Synonyms, and Antonyms

Vocabulary

• Word formation:
  • Prefixes: attach to beginning of words to change meaning (e.g., un-, re-, de-)
  • Suffixes: attach to end of words to change meaning (e.g., -ful, -less, -ly)
  • Compounding: combining two words to create a new word (e.g., bookshelf, toothbrush)
• Synonyms and Antonyms:
  • Synonyms: words with similar meanings (e.g., happy: joyful, cheerful, delighted)
  • Antonyms: words with opposite meanings (e.g., hot: cold, big: small)
• Homophones and Homographs:
  • Homophones: words pronounced the same but with different meanings (e.g., to/too/two)
  • Homographs: words spelled the same but with different meanings (e.g., bank: financial institution vs. riverbank)

Grammar

• Parts of Speech:
  • Nouns: person, place, thing, idea (e.g., dog, city, happiness)
  • Verbs: action or state of being (e.g., run, be, have)
  • Adjectives: modify nouns or pronouns (e.g., big, happy, blue)
  • Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very, well)
  • Pronouns: replace nouns in a sentence (e.g., he, she, it, they)
  • Prepositions: show relationship between words (e.g., in, on, at, with)
  • Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, or)
  • Interjections: express emotion (e.g., oh, wow, ouch)
• Sentence Structure:
  • Simple sentences: one independent clause (e.g., I like coffee.)
  • Compound sentences: two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g., I like coffee, and I drink it every morning.)
  • Complex sentences: one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (e.g., When I wake up, I drink coffee.)
  • Compound-complex sentences: multiple independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (e.g., I like coffee, and when I wake up, I drink it.)

Poetry

• Poetic Devices:
  • Imagery: language that appeals to the senses (e.g., "The golden sun sets slowly in the sky.")
  • Metaphor: comparison between two unlike things (e.g., "He is a lion on the battlefield.")
  • Simile: comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as" (e.g., "He runs like a cheetah.")
  • Alliteration: repetition of initial consonant sounds (e.g., "She sells seashells by the seashore.")
• Poetic Forms:
  • Sonnet: 14-line poem, usually in iambic pentameter, with a specific rhyme scheme
  • Haiku: three-line poem with a syllable count of 5-7-5, traditionally featuring nature imagery
  • Free Verse: poem without a regular rhyme or meter, often with a more conversational tone

Vocabulary

• Word formation involves adding prefixes, suffixes, and compounding to change word meanings
• Prefixes attach to the beginning of words to change their meaning, e.g., un-, re-, de-
• Suffixes attach to the end of words to change their meaning, e.g., -ful, -less, -ly
• Compounding involves combining two words to create a new word, e.g., bookshelf, toothbrush
• Synonyms are words with similar meanings, e.g., happy: joyful, cheerful, delighted
• Antonyms are words with opposite meanings, e.g., hot: cold, big: small
• Homophones are words pronounced the same but with different meanings, e.g., to/too/two
• Homographs are words spelled the same but with different meanings, e.g., bank: financial institution vs. riverbank

Grammar

• Nouns are words that refer to a person, place, thing, or idea, e.g., dog, city, happiness
• Verbs are words that express action or a state of being, e.g., run, be, have
• Adjectives are words that modify nouns or pronouns, e.g., big, happy, blue
• Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, e.g., quickly, very, well
• Pronouns are words that replace nouns in a sentence, e.g., he, she, it, they
• Prepositions are words that show the relationship between words, e.g., in, on, at, with
• Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses, e.g., and, but, or
• Interjections are words that express emotion, e.g., oh, wow, ouch
• Sentence structure can be simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex
• Simple sentences have one independent clause, e.g., I like coffee.
• Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction, e.g., I like coffee, and I drink it every morning.
• Complex sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses, e.g., When I wake up, I drink coffee.
• Compound-complex sentences have multiple independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses, e.g., I like coffee, and when I wake up, I drink it.

Poetry

• Poetic devices are used to create vivid imagery and convey meaning
• Imagery is language that appeals to the senses, e.g., "The golden sun sets slowly in the sky."
• Metaphor is a comparison between two unlike things, e.g., "He is a lion on the battlefield."
• Simile is a comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as," e.g., "He runs like a cheetah."
• Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds, e.g., "She sells seashells by the seashore."
• Poetic forms can include sonnets, haikus, and free verse
• Sonnets are 14-line poems, usually in iambic pentameter, with a specific rhyme scheme
• Haikus are three-line poems with a syllable count of 5-7-5, traditionally featuring nature imagery
• Free verse is a poem without a regular rhyme or meter, often with a more conversational tone