Questions and Answers
How do retroviruses work?
they carry RNA that is transcribed into DNA for genomic integration using reverse transcriptase
A mutation in the ___________ of the gene encoding the enzyme lactase enables expression of this gene in adults.
regulatory sequence
A SNP is________.
a single nucleotide polymorphism which causes slighlty different traits in individuals.
Which of the following mechanisms for genetic change involves the acquisition of genetic material from another organism?
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What is a defining difference between viruses and mobile genetic elements?
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Germline mutations that are deleterious are likely to
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The total size of the human genome is approximately ___________ base pairs.
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How do gene duplications arise?
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A relatively small number of ________gave rise to eukaryotic protein diversity.
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Mobile genetic elements_______.
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Study Notes
Retroviruses and Genetic Elements
- Retroviruses work by inserting their genetic material into the host genome, allowing them to replicate and propagate
- A mutation in the promoter of the gene encoding the enzyme lactase enables its expression in adults
SNPs and Genetic Change
- A SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) is a variation in a single nucleotide in a genome
- Horizontal gene transfer, where genetic material is acquired from another organism, is a mechanism for genetic change
- This process involves the direct transfer of genetic material between organisms other than by vertical inheritance
Viruses vs Mobile Genetic Elements
- A key difference between viruses and mobile genetic elements is that viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that require a host cell to replicate, whereas mobile genetic elements can move within a genome without the need for a host
Germline Mutations
- Deleterious germline mutations are likely to reduce an individual's fitness and may be selected against
Human Genome
- The total size of the human genome is approximately 3.2 billion base pairs
Gene Duplications
- Gene duplications arise through errors during DNA replication, such as unequal crossing over or duplication of a segment of DNA
- These duplications can provide the raw material for the evolution of new genes and proteins
Eukaryotic Protein Diversity
- A relatively small number of domain combinations gave rise to eukaryotic protein diversity
Mobile Genetic Elements
- Mobile genetic elements, such as transposons, can move around a genome, influencing gene expression and contributing to genetic variation
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