Subnetting Tutorial: Understanding /24 and /28 Networks

Subnetting and IP Addresses

• Subnet ID for host 192.168.29.219/29 is 192.168.29.216.
• Host 172.21.111.201/20 belongs to the subnet 172.21.112.0.
• IP address 11001101.01110011.10101000.00110010 in decimal is 205.115.168.50.
• For subnet 172.16.0.0/16, a maximum of 2^16 (65,536) total subnets can be created.
• Subnet ID for host 200.10.45.78/26 is 200.10.45.64.
• The subnet ID for the host with IP address 11011010.00110101.11100011.01001011 is 218.53.227.128 in decimal.
• A /27 subnet has 5 host bits available for addressing.
• The subnet mask for a /29 network is 255.255.255.248.
• Using a block size of 64 in FLSM results in the creation of 4 subnets.
• The network range for the IP address range 192.168.1.0/26 to 192.168.1.63/26 corresponds to the subnet 192.168.1.0/26.
• Minimum subnet mask length required for a network needing 9 host bits is /23.

Networking Protocols

• In binary form, assigning 1 to network bits and 0 to host bits for an 8-bit subnet produces a maximum of 256 addresses.
• The main purpose of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is to prevent loops in network topologies.
• Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDU) in STP carries information to maintain network loop prevention.
• A Bridge ID (BID) includes the Bridge Priority and the MAC address of the bridge, essential for STP decision-making.
• STP helps avoid multiple frame copies at the destination by blocking redundant paths in the network.
• STP aims to reduce broadcast storms and ensure a loop-free topology in a network environment.
• Switches exchange BPDUs in STP to share their view of the network topology and make decisions on path selection.

Network Configuration

• Public IP address can be checked through various online services or by using command-line tools such as curl or wget.
• The Type of Service (TOS) field in IPv4 addressing is used to specify the quality of service for packet transmission.
• The Identification Field in IPv4 addressing is used to uniquely identify fragments of an original IP packet.
• A header length value of 6 in an IPv4 address indicates that the header is 24 bytes long.
• Flags in IPv4 addressing represent control information for fragment handling and indicate whether the packet can be fragmented.
• Shortcut keys like Win + R followed by "ncpa.cpl" allow accessing network connections quickly on a Windows PC.

VLANs and Network Security

• A flat network is characterized by having a single broadcast domain with no segmentation.
• Network security is enhanced through VLANs by isolating traffic and reducing the potential attack surface.
• The purpose of Static VLANs is to assign ports on a switch to a specific VLAN manually for consistent traffic management.
• Static VLANs differ from Dynamic VLANs, which assign VLANs based on MAC addresses and user authentication.
• The 'range' command in VLAN configuration is used to apply configurations to a series of ports simultaneously.
• An Access link in VLAN terminology refers to a connection that carries traffic for a single VLAN.

Learn about subnetting using /24 and /28 networks, and how to calculate the decimal dotted form for different subnet masks. Explore the concepts of network bits and host bits, and understand how to assign values in the decimal dotted representation.