Lecture 2+3: Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer Development + transcriptional regulation

Which stage of the cell cycle is characterized by cells remaining metabolically active but not proliferating?

G0 phase

During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the center of the cell?

Metaphase

Which phase of the cell cycle involves cell growth and preparation for DNA replication?

G1 phase

What is the major checkpoint in mammalian cells between G1 and S phases?

Checkpoint to determine if it is appropriate to divide Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Metaphase-to-Anaphase transition checkpoint?

To ensure all chromatids are properly attached to spindles Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme phosphorylates other proteins or DNA in the cell?

Kinase Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cyclins in the cell cycle?

Control cell progression by activating Cdks Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does DNA get synthesized in the cell cycle?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle is most relevant to cancer therapy?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of the cell cycle do cells divide at different rates?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle involves ~1 hour in M phase and ~12 hours in S Phase in fast-growing human cells?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein as described in the text?

Promoting sequestering of E2F Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is targeted for ubiquitylation and destruction by the SCF complex?

CKIs Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of c-myc in cancer development?

Serving as a powerful proto-oncogene Signup and view all the answers

How does the SCF complex target specific proteins for ubiquitylation?

Via phosphorylation of specific amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the SCF complex in the cell cycle?

Targets proteins for degradation Signup and view all the answers

How does the p53 protein contribute to cell cycle control?

Halts mitosis at the G2 checkpoint Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of tumor suppressor genes in the cell cycle?

Prevent uncontrolled cell growth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of Ubiquitinases in the cell cycle?

Tag proteins for degradation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tumor suppressor genes in the cell cycle?

Inhibit uncontrolled passage through the cell cycle Signup and view all the answers

How is p53 protein involved in preventing cancer?

Triggering apoptosis in cells with damaged DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an oncogene in cancer development?

Regulate normal cell cycle progression Signup and view all the answers

How do Ubiquitinases contribute to cell cycle regulation?

Regulate protein levels by targeted degradation Signup and view all the answers

What is encoded by only 1.5% of the entire human genome according to the text?

20,000 protein-coding genes Signup and view all the answers

In E. coli, how many subunits does the RNA polymerase consist of?

4 subunits Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that cells need to regulate in order to respond to a changing environment according to the text?

Expression of genes Signup and view all the answers

How do cells avoid the inefficiency of using 20,000 different polymerases for gene expression?

By using a single RNA polymerase with 4 subunits Signup and view all the answers

How does acetylation of histones affect the transcriptional barrier?

Weakens the transcriptional barrier Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for placing acetyl groups on histones?

Histone acetyl transferase Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of methylation on DNA transcription?

Strengthens the transcriptional barrier Signup and view all the answers

How are most transcription factors translocated into the nucleus?

After activation and translocation from the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cAMP in turning on the lac operon in E. coli?

It binds to the CAP protein, initiating an allosteric change that allows it to associate with DNA. Signup and view all the answers

How is the lac operon turned off in E. coli?

Binding of lactose metabolite to the repressor Signup and view all the answers

How can turning off a gene be pharmacologically exploited in treating cancer?

Turning off genes that are causing inappropriate cell cycle progression Signup and view all the answers

In gene regulation, what does it mean to turn on a gene?

Recruiting an active polymerase to the promoter to increase transcription Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of regulating gene expression for pharmacology?

To target specific genes and proteins for therapeutic purposes Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the lactose operon in E.coli, what does it mean to 'turn-off' a gene?

To prevent transcription of genes involved in lactose utilization Signup and view all the answers

How can turning off a gene be exploited pharmacologically to treat diseases like cancer?

By inhibiting overactive signaling pathways related to cancer Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates cell-to-cell and species-to-species variations?

The combination of genes that are expressed Signup and view all the answers

How is gene expression related to pharmacology based on the text?

Pharmacological changes in gene expression can lead to therapeutic benefits as seen in cancer treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the regulatory mechanism of the lactose (lac) operon in E. coli according to the text?

Positive and negative regulation both play a role Signup and view all the answers

How can gene expression be pharmacologically exploited for treating cancer according to the text?

By altering gene expression to achieve therapeutic benefits in cancer treatment Signup and view all the answers

What happens to gene regulation when transcription factors are translocated into the nucleus from the cytoplasm?

Transcription factors interact with DNA leading to changes in gene expression Signup and view all the answers

What event triggers the upregulation of cAMP in bacteria to activate the lac operon?

Low glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

How is the lac operon activated when lactose is present in bacteria?

Lactose metabolite binding to a repressor Signup and view all the answers

In gene regulation, what does it mean to turn off a gene?

Preventing an active polymerase from binding the promoter Signup and view all the answers

How can turning on a gene be pharmacologically exploited to treat diseases like cancer?

Turning on a gene that halts cell cycle progression Signup and view all the answers

Lecture 2+3: Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer Development + transcriptional regulation

Questions and Answers

Which stage of the cell cycle is characterized by cells remaining metabolically active but not proliferating?

During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the center of the cell?

Which phase of the cell cycle involves cell growth and preparation for DNA replication?

What is the major checkpoint in mammalian cells between G1 and S phases?

What is the role of the Metaphase-to-Anaphase transition checkpoint?

Which enzyme phosphorylates other proteins or DNA in the cell?

What is the function of cyclins in the cell cycle?

During which phase does DNA get synthesized in the cell cycle?

Which phase of the cell cycle is most relevant to cancer therapy?

In which phase of the cell cycle do cells divide at different rates?

Which phase of the cell cycle involves ~1 hour in M phase and ~12 hours in S Phase in fast-growing human cells?

What is the function of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein as described in the text?

Which protein is targeted for ubiquitylation and destruction by the SCF complex?

What is the role of c-myc in cancer development?

How does the SCF complex target specific proteins for ubiquitylation?

What is the role of the SCF complex in the cell cycle?

How does the p53 protein contribute to cell cycle control?

What is the main function of tumor suppressor genes in the cell cycle?

Which of the following best describes the function of Ubiquitinases in the cell cycle?

What is the function of tumor suppressor genes in the cell cycle?

How is p53 protein involved in preventing cancer?

What is the role of an oncogene in cancer development?

How do Ubiquitinases contribute to cell cycle regulation?

What is encoded by only 1.5% of the entire human genome according to the text?

In E. coli, how many subunits does the RNA polymerase consist of?

What is the main factor that cells need to regulate in order to respond to a changing environment according to the text?

How do cells avoid the inefficiency of using 20,000 different polymerases for gene expression?

How does acetylation of histones affect the transcriptional barrier?

Which enzyme is responsible for placing acetyl groups on histones?

What is the impact of methylation on DNA transcription?

How are most transcription factors translocated into the nucleus?

What is the role of cAMP in turning on the lac operon in E. coli?

How is the lac operon turned off in E. coli?

How can turning off a gene be pharmacologically exploited in treating cancer?

In gene regulation, what does it mean to turn on a gene?

What is the significance of regulating gene expression for pharmacology?

In the context of the lactose operon in E.coli, what does it mean to 'turn-off' a gene?

How can turning off a gene be exploited pharmacologically to treat diseases like cancer?

What differentiates cell-to-cell and species-to-species variations?

How is gene expression related to pharmacology based on the text?

What is the regulatory mechanism of the lactose (lac) operon in E. coli according to the text?

How can gene expression be pharmacologically exploited for treating cancer according to the text?

What happens to gene regulation when transcription factors are translocated into the nucleus from the cytoplasm?

What event triggers the upregulation of cAMP in bacteria to activate the lac operon?

How is the lac operon activated when lactose is present in bacteria?

In gene regulation, what does it mean to turn off a gene?

How can turning on a gene be pharmacologically exploited to treat diseases like cancer?

More Quizzes Like This

Pharmacology III PLC 401 Cancer Chemotherapy

Cell Cycle Regulation

Tumor Suppressor Genes and Cell Cycle Regulation Quiz

Cell Cycle and Cancer: Regulation and Implications