29 Questions
Which tendons insert into the distal phalanges of digits 2-5?
Flexor digitorum profundus tendons
During an ultrasound examination of the shoulder, where should the probe be placed to image the rotator cuff muscles?
Over the glenohumeral joint
What is a common clinical use of ultrasound in musculoskeletal clinics?
Guiding injections or biopsies
In which position should the arm be during ultrasound imaging of the rotator cuff muscles?
Medially rotated position
What is one of the pathologies that can be identified using ultrasound imaging of the upper limb?
Ganglion cysts
Where should the probe be placed for imaging the supraspinatus muscle during abduction of the arm?
Over the medial arm
When imaging the forearm at the elbow joint, in which position should the forearm be?
Supinated
Which structures should be identified during ultrasound imaging of the anterior forearm and carpal tunnel?
Capitulum, head of the radius, and common extensor origin muscles
How should the arm be positioned for ultrasound imaging of the supraspinatus muscle?
Arm abducted to 30–40 degrees
During ultrasound imaging of the arm, in which position is it easier to image the medial side?
Arm abducted
Where should the probe be placed for imaging the brachial artery and veins?
Over the medial arm
Which of the following is NOT a learning outcome of the living anatomy session on the upper limb?
Demonstrate how to perform an ultrasound examination on the upper limb
Which type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Saddle joint
What limb movements can cause rotation at the sternoclavicular joint?
Abduction and adduction of the arm
What is a simple clinical test for assessing the function of the deltoid muscle?
Ask the person to abduct their glenohumeral joint against resistance
In which direction does the acromioclavicular joint move when you abduct your arm above your head?
Laterally
By asking a patient to perform abduction of the glenohumeral joint against resistance, which nerve are you primarily testing?
Axillary nerve
Which test can be used to assess muscle function in a clinical setting?
Observing muscle strength during a hand grip test
Which muscles are responsible for causing flexion at the elbow joint?
Biceps and Brachialis
Where can you identify the muscles, vessels, and nerves of the upper limb using ultrasound?
Along the borders of the anatomical snuff box
In the half-pronated position, which muscle performs flexion at the elbow joint?
Brachioradialis
What is the position of the radius in relation to the ulna when the forearm is pronated?
The radius crosses over the ulna
Which carpal bones are involved in forming the radiocarpal joint of the wrist?
Scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum
Which joints in the hand are classified as condylar joints?
Metacarpophalangeal joints
What type of joint is found between the scaphoid bone and other carpal bones?
Synovial joint
Which muscle is best palpated in the anatomical snuff box?
Extensor pollicis longus
What is the action of the palmar interossei muscles on the digits?
Adduction
Which tendons are best identified on the dorsal side of the hand with the digits extended?
Extensor digitorum tendons
What is a clinical test to assess the palmar interossei muscle integrity?
Ask the patient to oppose thumb and little finger
Study Notes
Muscle Insertions
- Extensor digitorum communis and profundus tendons insert into the distal phalanges of digits 2-5
Ultrasound Imaging
- To image the rotator cuff muscles, the ultrasound probe should be placed on the shoulder
- Ultrasound is commonly used in musculoskeletal clinics for diagnostic purposes
- The arm should be in the neutral or slightly abducted position during ultrasound imaging of the rotator cuff muscles
- One of the pathologies that can be identified using ultrasound imaging of the upper limb is rotator cuff tendinopathy
Imaging Techniques
- To image the supraspinatus muscle, the probe should be placed on the shoulder during abduction of the arm
- The forearm should be in the pronated position during ultrasound imaging at the elbow joint
- During ultrasound imaging of the anterior forearm and carpal tunnel, the median nerve, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor digitorum superficialis should be identified
- To image the brachial artery and veins, the probe should be placed medial to the biceps muscle
Joint Anatomy
- The sternoclavicular joint is a saddle-type joint
- Rotation at the sternoclavicular joint occurs during movements such as elevating the arm above the head
- The deltoid muscle function can be assessed using a simple clinical test where the patient resists downward pressure on the arm
Muscle Functions
- The biceps brachii and brachialis muscles are responsible for flexion at the elbow joint
- In the half-pronated position, the biceps brachii performs flexion at the elbow joint
- The palmar interossei muscles flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints
- The tendons of the extensor digitorum communis and profundus are best identified on the dorsal side of the hand with the digits extended
- The palmar interossei muscle integrity can be assessed using a clinical test where the patient is asked to hold a piece of paper between their fingers
Study the joints, muscles, and movements of the upper limb in this living anatomy session. Learn to identify skeletal components, describe range of movements, and determine functions using ultrasound examination.
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